Mesklin

Fictional planet

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Mesklin

First appearance| Mission of Gravity (1953 (1953))
Created by| Hal Clement
In-universe information
Type| Supergiant planet

Mesklin is a fictional planet created by Hal Clement and used in a number of his hard science fiction stories.

It is distinctive for the interaction of its strong gravity with the centrifugal force due to its fast rotation, originating, according to Clement's original calculations, a gradient in the perceived force of gravity from 3 g on the equator to 665 g on the planet's poles.

## Fictional description

[edit]

Mesklin is a planet in the 61 Cygni binary star system.[1] Its mass is sixteen times that of Jupiter, or 4,800 times Earth mass.[2][3]: 215 It has a very high rate of rotation, one day on the planet lasting only eighteen minutes.[1] As a result, the planet is significantly flattened with a large equatorial bulge: the diameter at the equator is 48,000 miles (77,000 km) while the diameter between the poles is slightly below 20,000 miles (32,000 km); the diameter of Earth, for comparison, is roughly 8,000 miles (13,000 km).[1][2][4] The planet thus has a significantly higher mass than Jupiter within a much smaller volume, and its core is made up of collapsed matter.[2][5] The surface gravity is very high at 665 times Earth gravity at the poles, but the rapid rotation produces a significant centrifugal force that cancels most of this at the equator, resulting in a net gravity at three times Earth gravity there.[6]

Mesklin orbits its star in an elongated ellipse, completing a full revolution in 1,800 Earth-days.[6][7]: 1424–1425 The high orbital eccentricity combines with a pronounced axial tilt to result in an uneven seasonal cycle with very long springs and summers (at 28 months each) and much briefer autumns and winters (2 months each) for the southern hemisphere and vice versa for the northern; the two hemispheres thus have significantly different climates.[7]: 1425 [8]: 87 The planet is cold, with average temperatures ranging from −50 °C at the closest approach to its star to −180 °C at the furthest point in its orbit.[6][9][10] Mesklin is itself orbited by two small moons and a large ring system.[3]: 215 [4]

The surface is covered mostly by methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3), both mainly in the liquid state; the oceans are primarily made up of methane, while the ammonia is also present as snow.[1][4] The atmosphere is principally composed of hydrogen, and its density decreases with increasing altitude to such a degree that atmospheric refraction through the successive layers produces the optical illusion that an observer on the surface perceives the ground as curving upwards, as if living on the concave inside of a bowl rather than the convex surface of a spheroid.[4][11]

The planet is inhabited by various lifeforms.[1][8]: 89 The intelligent native inhabitants, the Mesklinites, resemble centipedes or caterpillars.[1][4][7]: 1424 They are 15 inches (38 cm) long and 2 inches (5 cm) wide, with eighteen pairs of legs ending in suckers and two pairs of pincers.[1][3]: 218 [4][7]: 1424 They have four eyes and mandibles.[4] They have a tough exoskeleton that allows them to withstand the planet's strong gravity.[8]: 88 They have no lungs but breathe hydrogen by absorbing it directly from the atmosphere in a manner similar to that used by the respiratory system of insects, whereas oxygen is toxic to them.[3]: 216, 218 [4][12]: 107–108 They are able to survive while submerged for extended periods of time by breathing dissolved gases.[12]: 107–108 Their lifespans are much longer than those of humans.[8]: 89 They have a strong fear of heights and of being underneath objects, owing to the danger posed by such things in a high-gravity environment.[1][7]: 1425 [8]: 88–89 [12]: 108 For similar reasons, they have no concept of flying or throwing things.[7]: 1425 Their society is pre-industrial with rudimentary technology including seafaring vessels.[1][4][7]: 1424

## Appearances

[edit]

The planet first appeared Hal Clement's novel Mission of Gravity (1954), which was first serialized in Astounding Science Fiction (April–July 1953);[13] in the June 1953 issue, alongside the third of the four serial instalments, was included a 13-page article by Clement titled "Whirligig World" describing the planet in detail.[3]: 215 [14] Clement later wrote an additional three fictional works using the planet or its denizens: the sequel novel Star Light (1971; originally serialized in Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact, June–September 1970) and the short stories "Lecture Demonstration" (1974) and "Under" (2000).[13][15] The book Heavy Planet (2002) is a collection of these five Mesklin-related works.[16][17]

In "Whirligig World", Clement encouraged other authors to use Mesklin as a setting for their stories provided that they stay within "reasonable scientific standards", while acknowledging that to be "certainly an elastic requirement in the field of science fiction".[18]: 107 [19]

## Concept and creation

[edit]

Clement drew inspiration from an object then thought to exist in the 61 Cygni system, which had been inferred by Kaj Aage Gunnar Strand through analysis of the motion of the two already known stars in the system.[8]: 87 [9][20] This was the first evidence—albeit indirect—of what might be an extrasolar planet.[20] Further analysis with more extensive data led to the conclusion that the find had been erroneous.[11] Clement used what was thought to be known about the object, dubbed 61 Cygni C by astronomers, and tried to create an interesting setting for a story within those bounds.[9]

The observed mass of the object, at approximately 16 Jupiter-masses, meant that it was expected to be somewhat smaller than Uranus as a result of gravitational compression.[20] At the time, it was unclear whether the object would behave more like a very low-mass and faint star (a brown dwarf) or a high-mass planet (Super-Jupiter); Clement elected to depict Mesklin as the latter in order to be able to use it as a setting for his story.[20] Given this size and mass, the surface gravity would be about 300 times Earth gravity (300 g).[20][21]: 35 Clement decided to reduce the effective gravity by providing the planet with a rapid rate of rotation to make it possible for humans to land on it in the story.[9][20] He settled on an effective equatorial gravity of 3 g and worked backwards from there to calculate the spin that would result in the centrifugal force necessary to offset the correct amount of the planet's gravitational pull.[9][14][20] A high rate of rotation was deemed plausible given what was known about planet formation and the fact that the more massive planets in the Solar System spin more rapidly than the less massive ones such as Earth.[9][20] The rapid spin also meant that Mesklin would have to be significantly flattened due to its matter being redistributed over time as a result of that same centrifugal force.[2][12]: 106 [20][21]: 35 The combined effect of the difference between the polar radius and the equatorial one and the centrifugal force decreasing from its maximum at the equator to zero at the poles would result in a great difference between the gravitational pulls experienced at the two locations, which was one of Clement's goals: he wanted to challenge the assumption—present in planetary science and science fiction alike—that while different planets might have stronger or weaker gravity, the gravitational field of a single planet would not display a large degree of variation across its surface.[2][8]: 86–87 [22] Clement calculated the gravity at the poles to be 665 g, but noted a low degree of confidence in this figure as the standard methods used for calculating the gravity of a spherical object would not be applicable to such a distorted shape, and stated that formulae different from the ones he used suggested that his figure might be too high by a factor of two;[9][18]: 108 [21]: 35 Clement redid his calculations years later with the aid of a computer rather than the slide rule he had originally used, coming up with a figure around 275 g for the polar gravity.[23]

Based on the observed orbit of 61 Cygni C and the known properties of the stars in the system, Clement calculated that the planet would be very cold at an average temperature of −170 °C throughout the majority of its year.[9][21]: 35

Clement decided this imaginary world would have native life-forms, that they would be based on methane (CH4), and there would be oceans of methane. However, methane has a low boiling point, suggesting that Mesklin's sun might boil its oceans and cause the methane to escape the planet entirely. Thus, the writer arranged the planet so its northern hemisphere's midsummer occurs when it is nearest its sun. Thus, the northern hemisphere would develop a large frozen methane cap during most of its year; the southern hemisphere (where most creatures live) is protected from the sun's closest approach by the rest of the planet. He also asserted the planet would have a fairly rapid precession.

## Analysis

[edit]

### Hard science fiction

[edit]

> In short, to avoid a much longer list, it is safe to say that nearly everything about the planet Mesklin is not only scientifically valid, but also carefully extrapolated from known data and theory. Mesklin was constructed by Clement through a process something like this: If A is postulated, then current scientific knowledge and theory states that B, C, D, and so on either must follow or can logically and validly follow.

L. David Allen, 1973[12]: 107

Science fiction scholar Gary Westfahl, in a 1993 study of the history of hard science fiction, noted "Whirligig World" as both "the first article about a piece of writing firmly identified" as belonging to the subgenre and the first outline of the process of hard science fiction worldbuilding by collecting as much scientific data as possible and extrapolating from it, noting that while Clement rejected the notion of the article being a how-to guide, such texts were later written both by Clement and others such as Poul Anderson.[24]: 162–164 In Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia (2021), Westfahl further commented that Mission of Gravity and "Whirligig World" together "effectively launched" the hard science fiction subgenre a few years before the term was coined in 1957.[15] Basil Davenport, writing in 1955, commented that the only aspect not in line with current scientific knowledge was that humans had sent a spaceship to the planet;[21]: 36 L. David Allen [Wikidata], writing in 1973, similarly called this level of human spaceflight "one of the few imaginary science details".[12]: 105 Clement himself, in "Whirligig World", described his approach to writing (hard) science fiction as a game between the author and the reader, wherein the latter attempts to spot scientific errors and the former attempts to avoid making them; Westfahl commented that this was probably the first description of this "game", and that it has since come to be intimately associated with hard science fiction.[9][11][25] In a 1980 interview with Donald M. Hassler [Wikidata], Clement recalled science fiction fans at MIT[a] using university computers to calculate the shape of Mesklin, determining that it would actually have a sharp edge at the equator; Clement described having mixed feelings about this, being dismayed at having been caught making an error but heartened that his writing had inspired readers to go to such lengths.[8]: 87, 97n1 [25]

### Setting

[edit]

Clement's stories about Mesklin were the first stories set on a planet outside the Solar System believed (then) to actually exist.[24]: 170 Stephen L. Gillett [Wikidata], writing in The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy (2005), described Mesklin as the prototypical example of an alien world vastly dissimilar to Earth.[26] John J. Pierce, writing in 1987, commented that it far surpassed the exotic settings imagined in works like Stanley G. Weinbaum's "Parasite Planet" (1935) and E. E. Smith's Lensman series in terms of its alienness.[5] Westfahl noted that while Clement's "Whirligig World" outlines the creation of the fictional location in detail, it does not discuss the decision to set a story on the world or the process of creating that story. Clement stated that the story came after the setting and the lifeforms that could plausibly inhabit it had already been invented; Westfahl considered this to be a half-truth, reasoning that the purpose behind the lower and thus human-tolerable gravity at the equator and the presence of a chemical environment conducive to life was evidently to facilitate an encounter between humans and aliens and that this basic story idea must thus have been present from the outset even if the details were worked out later.[24]: 164–165

### As a character

[edit]

Westfahl, writing in 1996, argued that Mesklin itself may be considered the main character of Mission of Gravity.[27]: 86

### Mesklinites

[edit]

The Mesklinites are generally regarded as similar to humans in the way they act, think, and speak—even if their appearance is inhuman—and this is often regarded as a flaw in Clement's creation.[27]: 84–85 Chris Morgan [Wikidata], writing in 1999, described the Mesklinites' value system as resembling that of Victorian-era England, and commented that their human-like thought processes in combination with their desire to gain scientific knowledge while seeking to avoid giving up their independence makes them more reminiscent of an "emerging third world country" than a wholly alien species.[3]: 218–219 Neil Barron, writing in 1979, commented that the depiction of Mesklinite psychology suggests that understanding of the world is shaped by sensory input related to one's physical environment and compared the Mesklinites' perception of their world as a bowl to the human perception of the Earth as flat.[7]: 1425 Hassler noted that while the Mesklin stories are narrated from a third-person omniscient perspective, the viewpoint characters are Mesklinites a majority of the time, meaning readers learn things about them from their reactions to things like the much longer duration of Earth days than the Mesklin days they are used to.[8]: 89 Hassler further compared the depiction of the Mesklinites to the works of Jonathan Swift, both in terms of the size differential as in Gulliver's Travels (1726)—calling them "Lilliputians in a Brobdingnagian world"—and their use as a vehicle for social commentary.[8]: 88–89

## See also

[edit]

* Extrasolar planets in fiction
* Jinx, a strongly prolate (rugby football shaped) planet in Larry Niven's Known Space setting.

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Hassler identifies the group as the New England Science Fiction Association (NESFA),[8]: 87 but Clement himself identifies it as the MIT Science Fiction Society (MITSFS) in "Addendum to Whirligig World".[23]

## References

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1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Stableford, Brian (1999). "Mesklin". The Dictionary of Science Fiction Places. Wonderland Press. p. 199\. ISBN 978-0-684-84958-4.
2. ^ a b c d e Goswami, Amit (1983). "The Planet of Mission of Gravity". The Cosmic Dancers: Exploring the Physics of Science Fiction. With Maggie Goswami. Harper & Row. pp. 63–65. ISBN 978-0-06-015083-9.
3. ^ a b c d e f Morgan, Chris (1999). "Hal Clement". In Bleiler, Richard (ed.). Science Fiction Writers: Critical Studies of the Major Authors from the Early Nineteenth Century to the Present Day (2nd ed.). Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 215–219. ISBN 0-684-80593-6. OCLC 40460120.
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Raham, Gary (2004). "The Physical Sciences". Teaching Science Fact with Science Fiction. Heinemann. pp. 57–59. ISBN 978-0-313-07981-8.
5. ^ a b Pierce, John J. (1987). "Aliens and Alien Worlds". Great Themes of Science Fiction: A Study in Imagination and Evolution. Greenwood Press. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-0-313-25456-7.
6. ^ a b c Lambourne, R. J.; Shallis, M. J.; Shortland, M. (1990). "The Science in Science Fiction". Close Encounters?: Science and Science Fiction. CRC Press. pp. 39–41. ISBN 978-0-85274-141-2.
7. ^ a b c d e f g h Barron, Neil (1979). "Mission of Gravity". In Magill, Frank N. (ed.). Survey of Science Fiction Literature: Five Hundred 2,000-Word Essay Reviews of World-Famous Science Fiction Novels With 2,500 Bibliographical References. Vol. 3: Imp – Nin. Salem Press. pp. 1424–1428. ISBN 978-0-89356-194-9.
8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hassler, Donald M. (1982). "The Irony in Hal Clement's World Building". In Wolfe, Gary K. (ed.). Science Fiction Dialogues. Academy Chicago Publishers. pp. 85–92. ISBN 978-0-89733-067-1.
9. ^ a b c d e f g h i Bainbridge, William Sims (1986). "Hal Clement, Hard Scientist". Dimensions of Science Fiction. Harvard University Press. pp. 64–66. ISBN 978-0-674-20725-7.
10. ^ Wendland, Albert (1985). "Natural Conceptual Worlds". Science, Myth, and the Fictional Creation of Alien Worlds. Studies in Speculative Fiction. UMI Research Press. pp. 72–75. ISBN 978-0-8357-1608-6.
11. ^ a b c Stanway, Elizabeth (2024-03-11). "Peculiar Planets". Warwick University. Cosmic Stories Blog. Archived from the original on 2024-03-25. Retrieved 2024-09-21.
12. ^ a b c d e f Allen, L. David (1974) [1973]. "Mission of Gravity, Hal Clement (1954)". Science Fiction Reader's Guide. Centennial Press. pp. 103–111. ISBN 978-0-8220-1611-3.
13. ^ a b Clute, John; Langford, David (2023). "Clement, Hal". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 2024-09-17.
14. ^ a b May, Andrew (2023). "Gravity on Other Worlds". How Space Physics Really Works: Lessons from Well-Constructed Science Fiction. Science and Fiction. Springer. p. 31\. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-33950-9_2. ISBN 978-3-031-33950-9.
15. ^ a b Westfahl, Gary (2021). "Clement, Hal". Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 201–202. ISBN 978-1-4408-6617-3.
16. ^ D'Ammassa, Don (2005). "Clement, Hal". Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Facts On File. pp. 87–88. ISBN 978-0-8160-5924-9.
17. ^ Husband, Janet G.; Husband, Jonathan F. (2009). "Clement, Hal". Sequels: An Annotated Guide to Novels in Series. American Library Association. ISBN 978-0-8389-0967-6.
18. ^ a b Clement, Hal (June 1953). Campbell, John W. Jr. (ed.). "Whirligig World". Astounding Science Fiction. Vol. LI, no. 4\. Street & Smith. pp. 102–114.
19. ^ Kneale, James (2009). "Space". In Bould, Mark; Butler, Andrew M.; Roberts, Adam; Vint, Sherryl (eds.). The Routledge Companion to Science Fiction. Routledge. p. 429\. ISBN 978-1135228361.
20. ^ a b c d e f g h i Schmidt, Stanley (1995). "Case Studies: Mission of Gravity". Aliens and Alien Societies: A Writer's Guide to Creating Extraterrestrial Life-forms. Science Fiction Writing Series. Writer's Digest Books. pp. 187–190. ISBN 978-0-89879-706-0.
21. ^ a b c d e Davenport, Basil (1955). "Scientific Science Fiction". Inquiry into Science Fiction. Longmans, Green and Co. pp. 33–37.
22. ^ Schweitzer, Darrell (1979). "Hal Clement". Science Fiction Voices #1: Darrell Schweitzer Interviews Theodore Sturgeon, Alfred Bester, Frederick Pohl, James Gunn, Fritz Leiber, Hal Clement, and L. Sprague de Camp. Wildside Press LLC. p. 44\. ISBN 978-1-4344-0784-9.
23. ^ a b Clement, Hal (January 2000). Schmidt, Stanley (ed.). "Addendum to Whirligig World". Analog Science Fiction and Fact. Vol. CXX, no. 1\. Dell Magazines. p. 50.
24. ^ a b c Westfahl, Gary (July 1993). "'The Closely Reasoned Technological Story': The Critical History of Hard Science Fiction". Science Fiction Studies. 20 (2): 157–175. ISSN 0091-7729. JSTOR 4240246. Archived from the original on 2024-09-12. Retrieved 2024-09-17. "Mission of Gravity is noteworthy not only as an impressive piece of planet-building, but as the first SF novel built on actual observational data involving another possible solar system"
25. ^ a b Westfahl, Gary (2005). "Hard Science Fiction". In Seed, David (ed.). A Companion to Science Fiction. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 194–195. ISBN 978-0-470-79701-3.
26. ^ Gillett, Stephen L. (2005). "Alien Worlds". In Westfahl, Gary (ed.). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 12–14. ISBN 978-0-313-32951-7.
27. ^ a b Westfahl, Gary (1996). "'Like Something Living': Hal Clement's Mission of Gravity". Cosmic Engineers: A Study of Hard Science Fiction. Greenwood Press. pp. 83–95. ISBN 978-0-313-29727-4.

## External links

[edit]

* Mesklin series listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
* Depiction of Mesklin, from the cover of the Tor Books edition of Heavy Planet, from artist Stephan Martinière's site.