Message

Discrete unit of communication

For other uses, see Message (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with Massage or Messuage.

Geheime Korrespondenz (secret correspondence), by Carl von Bergen A headstone message in the Jerusalem British World War I Cemetery on Mount Scopus

A message is a unit of communication that conveys information from a sender to a receiver. It can be transmitted through various forms, such as spoken or written words, signals, or electronic data, and can range from simple instructions to complex information.[1][2]

The consumption of the message relies on how the recipient interprets the message, there are times where the recipient contradicts the intention of the message which results in a boomerang effect.[3] Message fatigue is another outcome recipients can obtain if a message is conveyed too much by the source.[4]

One example of a message is a press release, which may vary from a brief report or statement released by a public agency to commercial publicity material.[5] Another example of a message is how they are portrayed to a consumer via an advertisement.

## History

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Main article: History of communication

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2022)

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## Roles in human communication

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In communication between humans, messages can be verbal or nonverbal:

* A verbal message is an exchange of information using words. Examples include face-to-face communication, telephone calls, voicemails, emails, etc.
* A nonverbal message is communicated through actions or behaviors rather than words, such as conscious or unconscious body language.

The phrase "send a message" or "sending a message" is also used for actions taken by a party to convey that party's attitude towards a certain thing. For example, a government that executes people who commit acts of treason is sending a message that treason will not be tolerated.[6] Conversely, a party that appears through its actions to endorse something that it opposes can be said to be "sending the wrong message",[6] while one which appears to simultaneously endorse contradictory things can be said to be sending "mixed messages".[7]

## In computer science

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### Events vs. Messages

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In distributed systems, events represent a fact or state change (e.g., OrderPlaced) and are typically broadcast asynchronously to multiple consumers, promoting loose coupling and scalability. While events generally don’t expect an immediate response, acknowledgment mechanisms are often implemented at the infrastructure level (e.g., Kafka commit offsets, SNS delivery statuses) rather than being an inherent part of the event pattern itself.[8][9]

In contrast, messages serve a broader role, encompassing commands (e.g., ProcessPayment), events (e.g., PaymentProcessed), and documents (e.g., DataPayload). Both events and messages can support various delivery guarantees, including at-least-once, at-most-once, and exactly-once, depending on the technology stack and implementation. However, exactly-once delivery is often achieved through idempotency mechanisms rather than true, infrastructure-level exactly-once semantics.[8][9]

Delivery patterns for both events and messages include publish/subscribe (one-to-many) and point-to-point (one-to-one). While request/reply is technically possible, it is more commonly associated with messaging patterns rather than pure event-driven systems. Events excel at state propagation and decoupled notifications, while messages are better suited for command execution, workflow orchestration, and explicit coordination.[8][9]

Modern architectures commonly combine both approaches, leveraging events for distributed state change notifications and messages for targeted command execution and structured workflows based on specific timing, ordering, and delivery requirements.[8][9]

## See also

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* Airmail – Service which transports mail by air
* Amateur radio emergency communications – Fallback service
* Beacon – Device used to attract attention
* Communications satellite – Artificial satellite that relays radio signals
* Communication studies – Academic discipline
* Drums in communication – Drums used for long-distance signalling and communications
* Email – Mail sent using electronic means
* Emergency Alert System – Method of emergency broadcasting in the United States
* Encryption – Process of converting plaintext to ciphertext
* Express mail – Accelerated mail delivery service
* Flag semaphore – System to transmit information by hand
* Instant messaging – Form of computer communication over the internet or locally
* List of interstellar radio messages
* Mail – System for transporting documents and other small packages
* Message in a bottle – Form of communication
* Network packet – Formatted unit of data carried by a packet-switched network
* Optical telegraph – Tower-based signaling network
* Pioneer plaque – Plaques on the Pioneer 10 and 11 space probes with pictorial messages about humanity
* Pony Express – 1860–1861 mail service in the United States
* Radio – Use of radio waves to carry information
* Semaphore – Mechanical apparatus used to send messages
* Semiotics – Study of signs and sign processes
* Sign language – Language that uses manual communication and body language to convey meaning
* Smoke signal – Smoke used as a mode of communication
* SMS – Text messaging service component
* Telegraphy – Long distance transmission of text
* Telephony – Field of telecommunication services
* Television – Medium for transmitting moving images and sound
* Voicemail – Voice message storage and retrieval

## References

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1. ^ Communication in Everyday Life: A Survey of Communication. ISBN 978-1-5443-4987-9.
2. ^ Theories of Human Communication. ISBN 978-1-57766-706-3.
3. ^ Zhao, Xinyan; Fink, Edward L. (2021). "Proattitudinal versus counterattitudinal messages: Message discrepancy, reactance, and the boomerang effect". Communication Monographs. 88 (3): 286–305\. doi:10.1080/03637751.2020.1813317. Retrieved 2024-05-24.
4. ^ So, Jiyeon; Kim, Soela; Cohen, Heather (2017). "Message fatigue: Conceptual definition, operationalization, and correlates". Communication Monographs. 84: 5–29\. doi:10.1080/03637751.2016.1250429. Retrieved 2024-05-24.
5. ^ Tsai, Wan-Hsiu (Sunny); Lancaster, Alyse R. (2012). "Message Strategies in Direct-to-Consumer Pharmaceutical Advertising: A Content Analysis Using Taylor's Six-Segment Message Strategy Wheel". Health Marketing Quarterly. 29 (3): 239–255\. doi:10.1080/07359683.2012.705708. PMID 22905945. Retrieved 2024-05-24.
6. ^ a b "Send a message definition". Cambridge English Dictionary. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
7. ^ Marie, A. (November 8, 2022). "A Mixed Message is THE Message". Medium.
8. ^ a b c d Kleppmann, Martin. Designing Data-Intensive Applications: The Big Ideas Behind Reliable, Scalable, and Maintainable Systems. ISBN 978-1-4493-7332-0.
9. ^ a b c d Building Event-Driven Microservices: Leveraging Organizational Data at Scale. ISBN 978-1-4920-5789-5.

## External links

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* Media related to Messages at Wikimedia Commons
* The dictionary definition of message at Wiktionary
* Quotations related to Message at Wikiquote

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* Germany

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