Międzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto

Międzyrzec Ghetto

The ghetto in 1943

Location| Międzyrzec Podlaski, German-occupied Poland
Incident type| Imprisonment, mass shooting, forced labor, starvation, deportations to death camps
Perpetrators| Nazi SS, Order Police battalions
Victims| 20,000 Jews

The Międzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto was one of the Nazi ghettos established for the confinement and persecution of the Jewish population of Międzyrzec Podlaski in the General Government territory of occupied Poland. The ghetto was liquidated in stages between 1942 and 1943 as part of the "Final Solution", with all Jews either killed on the spot in mass shooting actions or deported to Treblinka and Majdanek death camps.

## Ghetto history

[edit]

At the end of September 1939, during the Soviet invasion of Poland, the Red Army occupied the city of Międzyrzec Podlaski. At the beginning of October, the Soviet Union handed over the city to Germany as part of the German-Soviet Frontier Treaty amended to the secret Hitler-Stalin Pact against Poland in 1939. Following the exchange, approximately 2,000 of the city's Jews left for the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union. The Germans set up a transfer ghetto in the historic neighbourhood of Szmulowizna. It held 20,000 Jewish prisoners at its peak. On August 25–26, 1942 some 11,000–12,000 Jews were rounded up by German Order Police battalions amid gunfire and screams and deported to the Treblinka extermination camp.[1]

The next mass extermination action took place around October and November 1942.[1] "Strip-search" of young Jewish women was introduced by Oberleutnant Hartwig Gnade before executions dubbed "mopping up" actions. His first sergeant later said: "I must say that First Lieutenant Gnade gave me the impression that the entire business afforded him a great deal of pleasure."[2] The wave of mass killings lasting non-stop for several days, conducted by the Trawniki battalion of about 350 to 400 men, while the Germans from the parallel Reserve Police Battalion 101 of the Ordnungspolizei from Hamburg dealt with the thousands of ghetto inhabitants.[1]

On the seventeenth of July 1943, the ghetto was liquidated, with all remaining Jews deported to Treblinka and Majdanek extermination camps; at which time the last 160-200 residents were shot, and the city was officially declared free of Jews. Fewer than 1% of the Jewish population of the city survived the German occupation.

## Escape and rescue

[edit]

Jewish townsman Sender Dyszel, who managed to escape shootings in Międzyrzec, was rescued by Polish Righteous Franciszka Abramowicz (1899–1990). She brought him food into the forest until he could return to her later. Dyszel emigrated to Argentina after 1947.[3]

## See also

[edit]

* Timeline of Treblinka

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c Browning, Christopher R. (1998) [1992]. "Arrival in Poland" (PDF file, direct download 7.91 MB complete). Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. Penguin Books. pp. 80–93. Retrieved July 12, 2014. "Also: PDF cache archived by WebCite." `{{cite web}}`: External link in ``|quote=`` (help)
2. ^ Browning 1998, pp. 106-108.
3. ^ "The story of Franciszka Abramowicz | Polscy Sprawiedliwi". sprawiedliwi.org.pl. Retrieved 2018-11-27.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Ghetto's history and liquidation, by Mezritch.org

## External links

[edit]

* Międzyrzec Podlaski, Poland at JewishGen

51°59′N 22°47′E﻿ / ﻿51.983°N 22.783°E﻿ / 51.983; 22.783

* v
* t
* e

The Holocaust in the Lublin District

Part of
The Holocaust in Poland

Ghettos|

* Dęblin–Irena
* Izbica
* Lubartów
* Lublin
* Międzyrzec Podlaski

Forced-labor camps|

* Dęblin–Irena
* Krychów
* Poniatowa
* Trawniki

Extermination camps|

* Belzec
* Majdanek
* Sobibor

Events|

* Nisko Plan
* Operation Reinhard
* Operation Harvest Festival

Major perpetrators|

| Groups|

* Dirlewanger Brigade
* Reserve Police Battalion 101
* Trawniki men
* Deutsche Ausrüstungswerke
* Ostindustrie

|

Individuals|

* Oskar Dirlewanger
* Hans Frank
* Odilo Globocnik

Historiography|

* Gates of Tears
* Christopher Browning
* Bogdan Musiał

Related articles|

* Deportation of Slovak Jews

* v
* t
* e

Holocaust in German-occupied Poland

Main article
The Holocaust
Related articles by country
Belarus
Belgium
Croatia
Denmark
Estonia
France
Germany
Latvia
Lithuania
Norway
Romania
Russia
Slovakia
Ukraine

* v
* t
* e

Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks

Camps|

| Extermination|

* Auschwitz II-Birkenau
* Chełmno
* Majdanek
* Operation Reinhard
* Belzec
* Sobibor
* Treblinka

|

Concentration|

* Auschwitz I
* Gross-Rosen
* Kraków-Płaszów
* Potulice
* Soldau
* Stutthof
* Szebnie
* Trawniki
* Warsaw
* Danzig-Matzkau

Mass shootings|

* Białystok
* Bloody Sunday
* Bronna Góra
* Bydgoszcz
* Dynów
* Erntefest
* Kielce cemetery
* Aktion Krakau
* Palmiry
* Sonderaktion Krakau

Pogroms|

* Kielce (1946)
* Jedwabne
* Lviv
* Szczuczyn
* Tykocin
* Wąsosz

Ghettos|

* Będzin
* Białystok
* Brest
* Częstochowa
* Grodno
* Kielce
* Kraków
* Lwów (Lviv pogroms (1941))
* Łódź
* Lubartów
* Lublin
* Międzyrzec Podlaski
* Mizocz
* Nowy Sącz
* Pińsk
* Radom
* Siedlce
* Sambor
* Słonim
* Sosnowiec
* Stanisławów
* Tarnopol
* Wilno
* Warsaw

Other atrocities|

* Action T4
* Grossaktion Warsaw
* Human medical experiments
* Heidelager

* v
* t
* e

Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators

Perpetrators|

| Organizers|

* Viktor Brack
* Josef Bühler
* Adolf Eichmann
* Theodor Eicke
* Ludwig Fischer
* Hans Frank
* Odilo Globocnik
* Richard Glücks
* Arthur Greiser
* Heinrich Himmler
* Hermann Höfle
* Fritz Katzmann
* Wilhelm Koppe
* Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger
* Franz Kutschera
* Erwin Lambert
* Ernst Lerch
* Georg Michalsen
* Oswald Pohl
* Heinz Reinefarth
* Julian Scherner
* Arthur Seyss-Inquart
* Jakob Sporrenberg
* Bruno Streckenbach
* Richard Thomalla
* Otto Wächter
* Dieter Wisliceny

|

Camp command|

* Hans Aumeier
* Richard Baer
* Wilhelm Boger
* Hermine Braunsteiner
* Irmfried Eberl
* Theodor van Eupen
* Kurt Franz
* Karl Frenzel
* Karl Fritzsch
* Amon Göth
* Maximilian Grabner
* Otto Hantke
* Fritz Hartjenstein
* Gottlieb Hering
* Rudolf Höss
* Franz Hössler
* Karl-Otto Koch
* Josef Kramer
* Arthur Liebehenschel
* Maria Mandl
* Heinrich Matthes
* Hermann Michel
* Karl Möckel
* Robert Mulka
* Johann Niemann
* Josef Oberhauser
* Franz Reichleitner
* Heinrich Schwarz
* Johann Schwarzhuber
* Franz Stangl
* Gustav Wagner
* Christian Wirth

Gas chamber
executioners|

* Erich Bauer
* Kurt Bolender
* Lorenz Hackenholt
* Josef Klehr
* Hans Koch
* Herbert Lange
* Otto Moll
* Ludwig Plagge
* Adolf Theuer

Physicians|

* Franz von Bodmann
* Carl Clauberg
* Karl Gebhardt
* Horst Fischer
* Fritz Klein
* Josef Mengele
* Horst Schumann
* Alfred Trzebinski
* Eduard Wirths

Ghetto command|

* Heinz Auerswald
* Hans Biebow
* Josef Blösche
* Franz Bürkl
* Heinrich Klaustermeyer
* Franz Konrad
* Alexander Palfinger
* Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg
* Jürgen Stroop

Einsatzgruppen|

* Wolfgang Birkner
* Helmut Bischoff
* Lothar Beutel
* Paul Blobel
* Karl Brunner
* Ernst Damzog
* Gerhard Flesch
* Ludwig Hahn
* Felix Landau
* Josef Meisinger
* Bruno Müller
* Erich Naumann
* Emanuel Schäfer
* Hermann Schaper
* Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
* Udo von Woyrsch

Personnel|

| Camp guards|

* Hans Anhalt
* Jenny-Wanda Barkmann
* Herta Bothe
* Juana Bormann
* Alexander Bülow
* Luise Danz
* John Demjanjuk
* Margot Dreschel
* Feodor Fedorenko
* Hans Hoffmann
* Kurt Gerstein
* Paul Götze
* Irma Grese
* Karl-Friedrich Höcker
* Karl Jeschke
* Oswald Kaduk
* Josef Kollmer
* Hildegard Lächert
* Johanna Langefeld
* Anton Lechner
* Eduard Lorenz
* Erich Muhsfeldt
* Detlef Nebbe
* Alice Orlowski
* Elisabeth Volkenrath

|

By camp|

* Sobibor
* Treblinka

Organizations|

* Einsatzgruppen (SS)
* Order Police battalions (Ordnungspolizei)
* WVHA
* RKFDV
* VoMi
* General Government
* Hotel Polski

Collaboration|

* Schutzmannschaft (Belarusian Auxiliary Police, Estonian Auxiliary Police / 36th Estonian Police Battalion, Latvian Auxiliary Police, Arajs Kommando, Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions, Ypatingasis būrys, Ukrainian Auxiliary Police / Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118)
* Trawniki men

* v
* t
* e

Resistance, victims, documentation and technical

Organizations|

* AK
* AOB
* Bund
* GL
* PKB
* Żegota
* ŻOB
* ŻZW

Uprisings|

* Ghetto uprisings
* Białystok
* Częstochowa
* Sobibor
* Treblinka
* Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

Leaders|

* Mordechai Anielewicz
* Icchak Cukierman
* Mordechai Tenenbaum
* Marek Edelman
* Leon Feldhendler
* Paweł Frenkiel
* Henryk Iwański
* Itzhak Katzenelson
* Michał Klepfisz
* Miles Lerman
* Alexander Pechersky
* Witold Pilecki
* Frumka Płotnicka
* Roza Robota
* Szmul Zygielbojm

Victim lists|

| Ghettos|

* Kraków
* Łódź
* Lviv (Lwów)
* Warsaw

|

Camps|

* Auschwitz
* Bełżec
* Gross-Rosen
* Izbica
* Majdanek
* Sobibór
* Soldau
* Stutthof
* Trawniki
* Treblinka

Documentation|

| Nazi sources|

* Auschwitz Album
* Frank memorandum
* Höcker Album
* Höfle telegram
* Katzmann Report
* Korherr Report
* Posen speeches
* Sobibor perpetrator album
* Special Prosecution Book – Poland
* Stroop Report
* Wannsee Conference

|

Witness accounts|

* Graebe affidavit
* Gerstein Report
* Vrba–Wetzler report
* Witold's Report
* Sonderkommando photographs

Concealment|

* Sonderaktion 1005

Technical and logistics|

* Identification in camps
* Gas chamber
* Gas van
* Holocaust train
* Human medical experimentation
* Zyklon B

* v
* t
* e

Aftermath, trials and commemoration

Aftermath|

* Holocaust survivors
* Population transfers (1944–1946)
* Bricha
* Kielce pogrom
* Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946
* Ministry of Public Security

Trials|

| West German trials|

* Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
* Treblinka trials

|

Polish, East German, and Soviet trials|

* Auschwitz trial (Poland)
* Stutthof trials
* Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission

Memorials|

* Monument to the Ghetto Heroes
* Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
* Majdanek State Museum
* Sobibór Museum
* International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz
* March of the Living

Righteous Among the Nations|

* Polish Righteous Among the Nations (List)
* Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
* Garden of the Righteous

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template