Michael Balls

British zoologist

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Michael Balls

CBE

Born| 1938 (age 86-87)
Alma mater| University of Oxford
Children| 3, including Ed and Andrew
Scientific career
Institutions| University of Nottingham
University of East Anglia
Doctoral students| Dennis Brown

Michael Balls CBE (born 1938) is a British zoologist and professor emeritus of medical cell biology at the University of Nottingham. He is best known for his work on laboratory animal welfare and alternatives to animal testing.

## Early life and education

[edit]

Balls was born in 1938 in Norwich, Norfolk, the third son of Nellie Mary (née Dawson) and Charles Edward Dunbar Balls. He studied zoology at Keble College, Oxford, graduating with a second in 1960. He conducted research for a DPhil from Oxford at the University of Geneva Switzerland between 1961 and 1964, followed by post-doctoral research at the University of California, Berkeley, CA, and at Reed College, Portland, OR, from 1964 to 1966.

## Career

[edit]

Balls lectured in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of East Anglia, a job that he had got through his friend Ian Gibson.[1] During that time he taught at Eton for a term.[1] In 1975, he moved to the University of Nottingham Medical School as a senior lecturer in the Department of Human Morphology. Balls became Reader in Medical Cell Biology in 1985 and was promoted to Professor of Medical Cell Biology in 1990. Since 1995, he has been an emeritus professor at Nottingham.

Balls became a Trustee of Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (FRAME) in 1979, and was Chairman of the Trustees from 1981 until his resignation in June 2013. He was Editor-in-Chief of Alternatives to Laboratory Animals (ATLA) from 1983 to 2018.[2]

He acted as an adviser to the British government during the drafting and passage of the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 and, from 1987 to 1995, was a founder member of the Animal Procedures Committee (which advises the Home Secretary on all matters related to animal experimentation). In 1993, Balls became the first Head of the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) which was established in 1991 within the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC).[3] He retired from this position in 2002.[4]

In 2002, Balls was appointed a CBE.[5]

## Awards

[edit]

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* Björn Ekwall Memorial Award (BEMA) (2015): "In recognition of his pioneering work in promoting animal welfare and alternatives to animal testing"[6]
* Marchig Animal Welfare Award – World Society for the Protection of Animals
1986 (first award)

* Russell & Burch Award – The Humane Society of the United States
1994 Contributions to the advancement of alternative methods

* SmithKline Beecham Laboratory Animal Welfare Prize
1997 Outstanding contributions to the welfare of laboratory animals

* Michael Kay Award – Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
1999 Recognition of services to European animal welfare

## Personal life

[edit]

He is the father of politician Ed Balls[7] and investment officer Andrew Balls.[8]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Origins of the Cameron-Balls Feud Archived 30 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine
2. ^ Balls, Michael (2022). "Alternatives to Laboratory Animals : Trends in Replacement and the Three Rs". Alternatives to Laboratory Animals. 50 (1): 10–26\. doi:10.1177/02611929221082250. ISSN 0261-1929. PMID 35311373.
3. ^ Zuang, Valérie; Worth, Andrew P.; Balls, Michael (1 January 2019), Balls, Michael; Combes, Robert; Worth, Andrew (eds.), "Chapter 2.10 - The Role of ECVAM", The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology, History of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Academic Press, pp. 95–107, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813697-3.00013-5, ISBN 978-0-12-813697-3, S2CID 169859109, retrieved 11 December 2022
4. ^ Balls, Michael; Combes, Robert D.; Bhogal, Nirmala (22 March 2012). New Technologies for Toxicity Testing. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. xv. ISBN 978-1-4614-3055-1.
5. ^ "London Gazette Issue 56595 Supplement No.1". London Gazette. London. 15 June 2002. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
6. ^ Kolman, Ada; Tähti, Hanna (December 2015). "Introduction: The Björn Ekwall Memorial Award 2015". Alternatives to Laboratory Animals. 43 (6): 404. doi:10.1177/026119291504300608. ISSN 0261-1929. PMID 26937516. S2CID 36814839.
7. ^ Who's Who, published by A & C Black, (2001 edition); ISBN 0713654325
8. ^ Simon Goodley (2 March 2012). "Balls the Younger, Pimco's rising star | Business". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 February 2016.

## External links

[edit]

* Biography at the Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc.

* v
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Animal welfare

Issues|

* Abandoned pets
* Animal husbandry
* Animal testing
* Animals in sport
* Artificial insemination
* Barn fire
* Battery cage
* Beak trimming
* Bile bear
* Blood sports
* Captivity
* Chick culling
* Culling
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* Cow-calf separation
* Dairy farming
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* Eating live animals
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* Intensive animal farming
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Concepts|

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Pain|

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Organisations|

* ASPCA
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Publications|

* American Humane Magazine
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* Cruel Sports
* Human Advocate
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* Our Dumb Animals
* The Animals' Friend
* The Animals' Guardian
* The Cat
* The Zoophilist

Books|

* A Few Notes on Cruelty to Animals (1846)
* Black Beauty (1877)
* Diet for a New America (1987)
* Min ko vill ha roligt (1990)
* Miracle Dog (2005)
* Striking at the Roots (2007)
* Pawprints of Katrina (2008)
* No Animals Were Harmed (2011)

Activists
and workers|

| Contemporary|

* Michael C. Appleby
* Cynthia Bathurst
* Matthew E. Bershadker
* Christa Blanke
* Moira Brown
* Jan Cameron
* Judy MacArthur Clark
* Kendra Coulter
* Peter Ronald Davies
* Petra Deimer
* Alanna Devine
* Robin Ganzert
* Celia Hammond
* Alison Hanlon
* Brian Hare
* Kathrin Glock
* Emily Patterson-Kane
* Philip Lymbery
* Damien Mander
* Christine Nicol
* Wayne Pacelle
* Sharon Pincott
* Ilka Reinhardt
* Jill Robinson
* Naomi Sagara
* Sepehr Salimi
* Adolfo Sansolini
* Rakesh Shukla
* Karen Stockin
* Patti Strand
* Sally Varma
* Tina M. Widowski

|

Historical|

* Gertrude Ansell
* Emily Appleton
* Gertrude Baillie-Weaver
* H. Baillie-Weaver
* Madeleine Bemelmans
* Henry Bergh
* Annie Bradshaw
* Victoria Braithwaite
* Mary Brancker
* Benjamin Bryan
* Roger A. Caras
* Ada Cole
* Edith Cole
* Jim Cronin
* Brian Davies
* Gerard Lysley Derriman
* Maria Dickin
* Marjorie Doggett
* Muriel Dowding
* Alice Drakoules
* Sarah J. Eddy
* Thomas Erskine
* Agnes Estcourt-Oswald
* Edward G. Fairholme
* Aida McAnn Flemming
* Lucy Furman
* Basil Goldstone
* Julia Goddard
* Robert Gower
* Norman Child Graham
* Colesworthey Grant
* George Greenwood
* Peter Gurney
* Catherine Victoria Hall
* Edward Hemingway
* Rachel Hirschfeld
* Sjoerd Hofstra
* Clive Hollands
* Douglas Houghton
* John A. Hoyt
* W. Hugenholtz
* Rowland Johns
* Velma Bronn Johnston
* Albert Knapp
* Agnes von Konow
* Titus Lander
* Carla Lane
* Etta Lemon
* Victoria Lidiard
* George Watson Little
* Alasdair Alpin MacGregor
* Terry Maple
* Fergus MacCunn
* Frederick Messer
* Richard Martin
* Shirley McGreal
* Lady Mount Temple
* Harriet Nevins
* Felix Ortt
* Catherine Louisa Pirkis
* Eliza Phillips
* Maude Gillette Phillips
* Duchess of Portland
* Samuel Jackson Pratt
* Nancy Price
* Wilfred Risdon
* Peter Roberts
* Jules Rühl
* Jan Salter
* Olive Smith-Dorrien
* Catherine Smithies
* Thomas Bywater Smithies
* Herbert Snow
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* Christine Stevens
* Douglas S. S. Steuart
* Elisabeth Svendsen
* Mary Tealby
* Ralph Waldo Trine
* Sidney Trist
* Ethel Venton
* M. Dudley Ward
* Jessey Wade
* Abiathar Wall
* Christopher Wathes
* Franz Weber
* Caroline Earle White
* Emily Williamson
* H. Fergie Woods
* Alice Morgan Wright
* Gretchen Wyler

Scholars
and writers|

| Contemporary|

* Arnold Arluke
* Jonathan Balcombe
* Michael Balls
* Geoffrey Barstow
* Marc Bekoff
* Donald Broom
* Marian Dawkins
* Bob Fischer
* Bruce Fogle
* Jane Goodall
* Temple Grandin
* Celia Haddon
* Jane Hurst
* Erich Hoyt
* Barbara J. King
* Alistair Lawrence
* David Macdonald
* Jeremy Marchant
* Jeff McMahan
* Daniel Mills
* Sy Montgomery
* Virginia Morell
* Yew-Kwang Ng
* Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell
* Clare Palmer
* Susan J. Pearson
* Dale Peterson
* Jessica Pierce
* Diana Reiss
* Carl Safina
* Matthew Scully
* Paul Shapiro
* Jennifer Skiff
* Brian Tomasik
* Peter Wohlleben

|

Historical|

* George T. Angell
* Patrick Bateson
* Beddow Bayly
* Ernest Bell
* Edward Berdoe
* Arthur Broome
* Jean Burden
* Gerald Carson
* W. H. Cock
* Stephen Coleridge
* Christian Adam Dann
* J. Morewood Dowsett
* Audrey Eyton
* George Fleming
* Ralph Fletcher
* Ruth Harrison
* Caroline van der Hucht-Kerkhoven
* C. W. Hume
* E. Douglas Hume
* Beatrice Lindsay
* James Macaulay
* Basheer Ahmad Masri
* Francis Orpen Morris
* George Nicholson
* Siobhan O'Sullivan
* Charles Reinhardt
* Francis H. Rowley
* W. M. S. Russell
* Chris Sherwin
* Colin Spedding
* William O. Stillman
* John Styles
* Bell Taylor
* Ernst von Weber
* D. G. M. Wood-Gush
* Frans de Waal
* Meta Wellmer
* Hugh Wirth
* William Youatt
* Thomas Young

Categories|

* Animal advocacy parties
* Animal killing
* Animal rights
* Animal welfare and rights legislation
* Animal welfare in sports
* Animal sacrifice
* Animal sanctuaries
* Animal testing
* Animal welfare and rights by country
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* Vivisection
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Religious
considerations|

* Dhabihah
* Jhatka
* Kutha
* Shechita
* Tza'ar ba'alei chayim

Rituals and
festivals|

* Blessing of animals
* Bous al carrer
* Cock throwing
* Combat de Reines
* Eid al-Adha
* Gadhimai festival
* Goat throwing
* Goose pulling
* International Primate Day
* Kapparot
* Dog Meat Festival
* Monkey Buffet Festival
* October Horse
* Pushkar Camel Fair
* Rapa das Bestas of Sabucedo
* Running of the bulls
* Surin Elephant Round-up
* Toro embolado
* World Animal Day

Legislation|

* Animal testing regulations
* Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 (UK)
* Animal Welfare Act 1999 (NZ)
* Animal Welfare Act 2006 (UK)
* Animal Welfare Act of 1966 (US)
* Animal Welfare (Sentience) Act 2022 (UK)
* Cruelty to Animals Act 1876 (UK)
* EU Directive 2010/63/EU (EU)
* EU Directive 1999/74/EC (EU)
* Horse Protection Act of 1970 (US)
* Hunting Act 2004 (UK)
* List of international animal welfare conventions
* Philippine Animal Welfare Act 1998 (Philippines)

Related|

* List of animal rights advocates
* List of animal sanctuaries

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Academics|

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