Michigan Republican Party

Michigan affiliate of the Republican Party

Michigan Republican Party

Chairperson| Jim Runestad
Senate Leader| Aric Nesbitt
House Leader| Matt Hall
Founded| July 6, 1854; 170 years ago (1854-07-06), in Jackson, Michigan
Headquarters| Lansing, Michigan
Student wing| Michigan Federation of College Republicans
Youth wing| Michigan Young Republicans
Michigan Teen Age Republicans
Women's wing| Republican Women's Federation of Michigan
Ideology| Conservatism
National affiliation| Republican Party
Colors|   Red
Michigan House of Representatives|

58 / 110

Michigan Senate|

18 / 38

Statewide Executive Offices|

0 / 4

U.S. House of Representatives|

7 / 13

U.S. Senate|

0 / 2

Election symbol
Website
Official website

* Politics of Michigan
* Elections

The Michigan Republican Party is the state affiliate of the national Republican Party in Michigan, United States, sometimes referred to as MIGOP.

Ronna Romney McDaniel was the chairwoman of the party, having been elected in 2015 by delegates to the Republican State Convention, in 2017, McDaniel became Republican National Committee Chairwoman, serving until 2024.[1] The Michigan Republican Party hosts a biennial political conference at the Mackinac Island Grand Hotel called the Mackinac Republican Leadership Conference. The event features notable national Republicans, senators, governors, and presidential candidates.[2]

Even though the Michigan Republican Party has historically been characterized by conservatism, the party took a hard-right turn after Donald Trump won the presidency in 2016.[3][4][5][6] After the 2020 United States elections, the Michigan Republican Party pushed false claims of fraud and sought to overturn the election results.[7][8][9] A months-long Republican investigation found there was no evidence of widespread fraud and recommended for the attorney general to investigate some who had made such allegations for personal gain.[10]

## History

[edit]

Republicans have been elected to the governorship of Michigan in 27 of 48 gubernatorial elections. The first was Kingsley S. Bingham in 1855, and the most recent is Rick Snyder, who was elected in 2010, and then re-elected in 2014.[citation needed]

After President Richard Nixon resigned due to the Watergate scandal, Vice President Gerald Ford became the 38th President of the United States. Ford grew up in Grand Rapids and served as a U.S. Representative from Michigan from 1949 to 1973.[citation needed]

Following the 2016 election and Reince Priebus' selection to be White House Chief of Staff, Michigan Republican Party Chairman Ronna Romney McDaniel became Chairwoman of the Republican National Committee. Then-President-elect Trump recommended McDaniel in December 2016 to replace Priebus.[11] She was officially elected as RNC chair on January 19, 2017, becoming the second woman to hold the post in RNC history, after Mary Louise Smith.[1]

After Joe Biden won the 2020 presidential election in Michigan and Donald Trump refused to concede, the Michigan Republican Party pushed false claims of fraud and sought to overturn the election results.[7][8][9] In January 2021, the Michigan Republican Party sought to replace GOP member Aaron Van Langevelde on the Michigan Board of Canvassers; he had previously voted to certify the Michigan election results in favor of Biden.[12] One of the candidates that the Michigan Republican Party sought to nominate to that position was Linda Lee Tarver, who had been involved in efforts to overturn the election results.[12]

According to the Associated Press, since Trump's defeat in the 2020 presidential election and Michigan swinging back to the Democrats, the Michigan GOP have taken a hard right-wing turn. The shift has altered the once moderate character of the state GOP and has instead embraced more right-wing elements.[13] In 2021, the executive director of the Michigan GOP resigned after he declined to say that the 2020 election was stolen from Donald Trump; delegates in the Michigan GOP had called for him to be fired for his remarks.[14] Increasing internal divisions within the Michigan Republican Party led to a violent physical brawl at a state committee meeting in 2023, during which one party activist allegedly kicked a committee member in the groin and broke his rib.[15]

## Current elected Republicans in Michigan

[edit]

President Gerald Ford (1974–1977)

### Members of Congress

[edit]

#### U.S. Senate

[edit]

* None

Both of Michigan's U.S. Senate seats have been held by Democrats since 2001. Spencer Abraham was the last Republican to represent Michigan in the U.S. Senate. First elected in 1994, Abraham lost re-election in 2000 to Democrat Debbie Stabenow.

#### U.S. House of Representatives

[edit]

Out of the 13 seats Michigan is apportioned in the U.S. House of Representatives, 7 are held by Republicans:

District  | Member  | Photo

|
|

1st | Jack Bergman |
2nd | John Moolenaar |
4th | Bill Huizenga |
5th | Tim Walberg |
7th | Tom Barrett |
9th | Lisa McClain |
10th | John James |

### Statewide

[edit]

* None

Michigan has not elected any GOP candidates to statewide office since 2014, when Rick Snyder, Brian Calley, Bill Schuette, and Ruth Johnson were re-elected as governor, lieutenant governor, attorney general, and secretary of state, respectively. In 2018, term limits prevented all four politicians from seeking third terms. Schuette ran as the Republican nominee in the 2018 gubernatorial election with Lisa Posthumus Lyons as his running mate and was subsequently defeated by Democratic challenger Gretchen Whitmer and running mate Garlin Gilchrist while Tom Leonard and Mary Treder Lang ran as the Republican nominees for Attorney General and Secretary of State and were subsequently defeated by Democratic challengers Dana Nessel and Jocelyn Benson.

### Michigan Legislature

[edit]

* Senate Minority Leader: Aric Nesbitt
* Majority Leader of the Michigan House of Representatives: Bryan Posthumus
* Speaker of the Michigan House of Representatives: Matt Hall

## United States cabinet members from Michigan who served under a Republican president

[edit]

The following are in order of presidential succession.

Charles Wilson, nicknamed "Engine Charlie", was formerly CEO of GM. Name  | Cabinet position  | Years served  | President(s) served under

|
|
|

Charles Erwin Wilson | Secretary of Defense | 1953–1957  | Dwight D. Eisenhower
Zachariah Chandler | Secretary of the Interior | 1875–1877  | Ulysses S. Grant
Roy D. Chapin | Secretary of Commerce | 1932–1933  | Herbert Hoover
Frederick H. Mueller | Secretary of Commerce | 1959–1961  | Dwight D. Eisenhower
George W. Romney | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | 1969–1973  | Richard Nixon
David Stockman | Director of Office of Management and Budget | 1981–1985  | Ronald Reagan
Spencer Abraham | Secretary of Energy | 2001–2005  | George W. Bush
Betsy DeVos | Secretary of Education | 2017–2021  | Donald Trump
Russell A. Alger | Secretary of War (obsolete)  | 1897–1899  | William McKinley
Truman Handy Newberry | Secretary of the Navy (obsolete)  | 1908–1909  | Theodore Roosevelt
Edwin Denby | Secretary of the Navy (obsolete)  | 1921–1924  | Warren G. Harding
Calvin Coolidge
Arthur Summerfield | Postmaster General (obsolete)  | 1953–1961  | Dwight D. Eisenhower
Ben Carson | Secretary of Housing & Urban Development | 2017–2021  | Donald Trump

## Michigan Republican State Committee

[edit]

The Michigan Republican State Committee is the state central committee of the Michigan Republican Party. It is composed of seven members from each of Michigan's Congressional district Republican committees, the Chairman, Co-Chairman, the various Vice Chairmen of the Party, and the Secretary, Treasurer and General and Financial Counsels. It selects Michigan's two representatives to the Republican National Committee. Additionally, the Chairperson of each County Republican Party organization is a non-voting ex officio member of the State Committee.

### Current leadership

[edit]

Position  | Name

|

Chair  | Jim Runestad
Co-Chair  | Bernadette Smith
Grassroots Vice-Chair  | Chris Long
Administrative Vice-Chair  | Cheryl Constantino
Coalitions Vice-Chair  | Susan Kokinda
Outreach Vice-Chair  | Rola Makki
Ethnic Vice-Chair  | Michael Farage
Youth Vice-Chair  | Krish Mathrani
National Committeewoman  | Hima Kolanagireddy
National Committeeman  | Dr. Rob Steele

### Chairmen of the Michigan Republican State Committee

[edit]

Henry P. Baldwin is the only former governor to become party chairman; Bagley and Groesbeck had not yet been governor. Name  | Residence  | Years served

|
|

Joseph Warren | Detroit | 1854–1855
James M. Edmunds | Detroit | 1855–1861
E. C. Walker | Detroit | 1861–1862
William Alanson Howard[16] | Detroit | 1862–1868
Governor John J. Bagley[17] | Detroit | 1868–1870
Stephen D. Bingham | Lansing | 1870–1878
George H. Hopkins | Detroit | 1878
Zachariah Chandler[18] | Detroit | 1878–1879
James McMillan[19] | Detroit | 1879–1880
Governor Henry P. Baldwin[20] | Detroit | 1880–1882
Edward S. Lacey | Charlotte | 1882–1884
Philip T. Van Zile | Charlotte | 1884–1886
James McMillan | Detroit | 1886–1888
George H. Hopkins | Detroit | 1888–1890
James McMillan | Detroit | 1890–1896
Dexter M. Ferry | Detroit | 1896–1898
Arthur Marsh | Allegan | 1898–1900
Gerrit J. Diekema[21] | Holland | 1900–1910
Frank Knox | Sault Ste. Marie | 1910–1912
Governor Alex J. Groesbeck[22] | Detroit | 1912–1914
Gilman M. Dame | Northport | 1914–1916
John D. Mangum | Marquette | 1916–1918
Burt D. Cady | Port Huron | 1919–1925
Kennedy L. Potter  | Jackson | 1925–1927
Gerrit J. Diekema | Holland | 1927–1929
Howard C. Lawrence | Ionia and Saginaw | 1929–1937
James Francis Thomson | Jackson | 1937–1940
Leslie B. Butler | Lansing | 1940–1942
John R. Dethmers[23] | Holland | 1942–1945
John A. Wagner | Battle Creek | 1945–1949
Owen Cleary[24] | Ypsilanti | 1949–1953
John Feikens[25] | Detroit | 1953–1957
Lawrence Lindemer | Stockbridge | 1957–1961
George Van Peursem | Zeeland | 1961–1963
Arthur G. Elliott Jr. | Birmingham | 1963–1965
Elly M. Peterson[26] | Charlotte | 1965–1969
William F. McLaughlin | Northville | 1969–1979
Melvin L. Larson | Oxford | 1979–1983
Spencer Abraham[27] | East Lansing | 1983–1991
David J. Doyle | Okemos | 1991–1995
Susy Heintz (Avery) | Clinton Township | 1995–1996
Betsy DeVos[28] | Grand Rapids | 1996–2000
Gerald Hills[29] | East Lansing | 2000–2003
Betsy DeVos | Grand Rapids | 2003–2005
Saul Anuzis | Lansing | 2005–2009
Ronald Weiser[30] | Ann Arbor | 2009–2011
Bobby Schostak | Oakland County | 2011–2015
Ronna Romney McDaniel | Northville | 2015–2017
Ronald Weiser[30] | Ann Arbor | 2017–2019
Laura Cox | Livonia | 2019–2021
Ronald Weiser[30] | Ann Arbor | 2021–2023
Kristina Karamo | Detroit | 2023–2024
Malinda Pego (acting)  | Muskegon | 2024
Pete Hoekstra | Holland | 2024–2025
Jim Runestad | White Lake | 2025–present

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Nelson, Louis (January 19, 2017). "Ronna Romney McDaniel tapped to be new RNC chair". Politico. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
2. ^ "About | Mackinac Republican Leadership Conference". Mackinac Republican Leadership Conference. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
3. ^ "Once the mainstream model, Michigan GOP embraces right wing". AP News. April 20, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
4. ^ "Michigan GOP embraces right wing, moving away from its once mainstream model". The Oakland Press. February 26, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
5. ^ Layne, Nathan (February 17, 2023). "Insight: Far-right Republican groups surge in swing state Michigan". Reuters. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
6. ^ "Once the mainstream model, Michigan GOP embraces right wing". The Independent. February 26, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
7. ^ a b Mack, Julie (November 22, 2020). "6 reasons that allegations of Michigan election fraud defy common sense". mlive. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
8. ^ a b Oosting, Jonathan (December 9, 2020). "'I am certainly not dead!' Living voters contradict Michigan GOP fraud claims". bridgemi.com. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
9. ^ a b Boucher, Dave. "McDaniel claims election misconduct in Michigan, elsewhere, but doesn't present proof". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
10. ^ Oosting, Jonathan (June 23, 2021). "GOP investigation finds no Michigan vote fraud, deems many claims 'ludicrous' | Bridge Michigan". Bridge Michigan. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
11. ^ Spangler, Todd (December 14, 2016). "Trump names Michigan's Ronna Romney McDaniel RNC chair". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
12. ^ a b Mauger, Craig; LeBlanc, Beth. "Michigan Republicans seek to replace GOP canvasser who certified election". The Detroit News. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
13. ^ Beaumont, Thomas and Eggert, David (April 20, 2021). "Once the mainstream model, Michigan GOP embraces right wing". AP News. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
14. ^ Boucher, Dave and Hendrickson, Clara (July 14, 2021). "Michigan GOP executive who blamed Trump for election loss resigns leadership post". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
15. ^ Wade, Peter (July 9, 2023). "'He Kicked Me in My Balls.' Fight at Michigan GOP Meeting Turns Physical: Report". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
16. ^ William Alanson Howard later became U. S. Representative for the Michigan's 1st congressional district (1855–59), (1860–61) and Governor of Dakota Territory (1878–1880)
17. ^ John J. Bagley later served as Governor of Michigan (1873–1877)
18. ^ Zachariah Chandler had previously been Mayor of Detroit (1851–1852), U. S. Senator (Class 1) from Michigan (1857–1875, 1879) U. S. Secretary of the Interior (1875–77) and simultaneously Chairman of the Republican National Committee (1876–79)
19. ^ James McMillan was also a U. S. Senator (Class 2) from Michigan (1889–1902)
20. ^ Henry P. Baldwin had previously served as Governor of Michigan (1869–1873) and United States Senator (Class 1) from Michigan (1879–1881)
21. ^ Gerrit J. Diekema had also been U. S. Representative for the Michigan's 5th congressional district (1907–1911)
22. ^ Alex J. Groesbeck was later Michigan Attorney General (1917–1920) and Governor of Michigan (1921–1927)
23. ^ John R. Dethmers was later Michigan Attorney General (1945–1946)
24. ^ Owen Cleary was later Michigan Secretary of State (1953–1954)
25. ^ John Feikens is currently Senior Judge, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan (since 1986)
26. ^ Elly M. Peterson was the first woman to serve as chairman of any official state party.
27. ^ Spencer Abraham later became U. S. Senator from Michigan (1995–2001) and U. S. Secretary of Energy (2001–2005)
28. ^ Betsy DeVos is married to 2006 Republican gubernatorial candidate Dick DeVos
29. ^ Gerald Hills is currently the spokesman for Michigan Attorney General candidate Bill Schuette.
30. ^ a b c Ronald Weiser is a former United States Ambassador to Slovakia, appointed by George W. Bush in November 2001 and served until December 2004.

## External links

[edit]

* Politics portal
* Conservatism portal
* United States portal

* Michigan Republican Party
* Michigan Young Republicans
* Mackinac Republican Leadership Conference
* Michigan Republican Wayne County organizations

* v
* t
* e

Republican Party

* History
* National Union Party
* Third Party System
* Fourth Party System
* Fifth Party System
* Sixth Party System

Presidential
tickets,
national
conventions,
and
presidential
primaries|

* 1856 (Philadelphia): Frémont/Dayton
* 1860 (Chicago): Lincoln/Hamlin
* 1864 (Baltimore): Lincoln/Johnson
* 1868 (Chicago): Grant/Colfax
* 1872 (Philadelphia): Grant/Wilson
* 1876 (Cincinnati): Hayes/Wheeler
* 1880 (Chicago): Garfield/Arthur
* 1884 (Chicago): Blaine/Logan
* 1888 (Chicago): Harrison/Morton
* 1892 (Minneapolis): Harrison/Reid
* 1896 (Saint Louis): McKinley/Hobart
* 1900 (Philadelphia): McKinley/Roosevelt
* 1904 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Fairbanks
* 1908 (Chicago): Taft/Sherman
* 1912 (Chicago): Taft/Sherman/Butler
* primaries
* 1916 (Chicago): Hughes/Fairbanks
* primaries
* 1920 (Chicago): Harding/Coolidge
* primaries
* 1924 (Cleveland): Coolidge/Dawes
* primaries
* 1928 (Kansas City): Hoover/Curtis
* primaries
* 1932 (Chicago): Hoover/Curtis
* primaries
* 1936 (Cleveland): Landon/Knox
* primaries
* 1940 (Philadelphia): Willkie/McNary
* primaries
* 1944 (Chicago): Dewey/Bricker
* primaries
* 1948 (Philadelphia): Dewey/Warren
* primaries
* 1952 (Chicago): Eisenhower/Nixon
* primaries
* 1956 (San Francisco): Eisenhower/Nixon
* primaries
* 1960 (Chicago): Nixon/Lodge
* primaries
* 1964 (San Francisco): Goldwater/Miller
* primaries
* 1968 (Miami Beach): Nixon/Agnew
* primaries
* 1972 (Miami Beach): Nixon/Agnew
* primaries
* 1976 (Kansas City): Ford/Dole
* primaries
* 1980 (Detroit): Reagan/G. H. W. Bush
* primaries
* 1984 (Dallas): Reagan/G. H. W. Bush
* primaries
* 1988 (New Orleans): G. H. W. Bush/Quayle
* primaries
* 1992 (Houston): G. H. W. Bush/Quayle
* primaries
* 1996 (San Diego): Dole/Kemp
* primaries
* 2000 (Philadelphia): G. W. Bush/Cheney
* primaries
* 2004 (New York): G. W. Bush/Cheney
* primaries
* 2008 (St. Paul): McCain/Palin
* primaries
* 2012 (Tampa): Romney/Ryan
* primaries
* 2016 (Cleveland): Trump/Pence
* primaries
* 2020 (Charlotte/other locations): Trump/Pence
* primaries
* 2024 (Milwaukee): Trump/Vance
* primaries
* 2028 (Houston)

Presidential
administrations|

* Lincoln (1861–1865)
* Johnson (1865–1868)
* Grant (1869–1877)
* Hayes (1877–1881)
* Garfield (1881)
* Arthur (1881–1885)
* Harrison (1889–1893)
* McKinley (1897–1901)
* Roosevelt (1901–1909)
* Taft (1909–1913)
* Harding (1921–1923)
* Coolidge (1923–1929)
* Hoover (1929–1933)
* Eisenhower (1953–1961)
* Nixon (1969–1974)
* Ford (1974–1977)
* Reagan (1981–1989)
* G. H. W. Bush (1989–1993)
* G. W. Bush (2001–2009)
* Trump (2017–2021; 2025–present)

U.S. Senate
leaders
and
Conference
chairs|

* J. P. Hale (1859–1862)
* Anthony (1862–1884)
* Sherman (1884–1885)
* Edmunds (1885–1891)
* Sherman (1891–1897)
* Allison (1897–1908)
* E. Hale (1908–1911)
* Cullom (1911–1913)
* Gallinger (1913–1918)
* Lodge (1918–1924)
* Curtis (1924–1929)
* Watson (1929–1933)
* McNary (1933–1940)
* Austin (1940–1941)
* McNary (1941–1944)
* White (1944–1949)
* Wherry (1949–1952)
* Bridges (1952–1953)
* Taft (1953)
* Knowland (1953–1959)
* Dirksen (1959–1969)
* Scott (1969–1977)
* Baker (1977–1979)
* Stevens (1979–1980)
* Baker (1980–1985)
* Dole (1985–1996)
* Lott (1996–2003)
* Frist (2003–2007)
* McConnell (2007–2025)
* Thune (2025–present)

U.S. House
leaders,
Speakers,
and
Conference
chairs|

* Pennington (1860–1861)
* Grow (1861–1863)
* Colfax (1863–1869)
* Pomeroy (1869)
* Blaine (1869–1875)
* McCrary (1875–1877)
* Hale (1877–1879)
* Frye (1879–1881)
* Keifer (1881–1883)
* Cannon (1883–1889)
* Reed (1889–1891)
* T. J. Henderson (1891–1895)
* Reed (1895–1899)
* D. B. Henderson (1899–1903)
* Cannon (1903–1911)
* Mann (1911–1919)
* Gillett (1919–1925)
* Longworth (1925–1931)
* Snell (1931–1939)
* Martin (1939–1959)
* Halleck (1959–1965)
* Ford (1965–1973)
* Rhodes (1973–1981)
* Michel (1981–1995)
* Gingrich (1995–1999)
* Hastert (1999–2007)
* Boehner (2007–2015)
* Ryan (2015–2019)
* McCarthy (2019–2023)
* Johnson (2023–present)

RNC|

| Chairs|

* Morgan
* Raymond
* Ward
* Claflin
* Morgan
* Chandler
* Cameron
* Jewell
* Sabin
* Jones
* Quay
* Clarkson
* Campbell
* Carter
* Hanna
* Payne
* Cortelyou
* New
* Hitchcock
* Hill
* Rosewater
* Hilles
* Wilcox
* Hays
* Adams
* Butler
* Work
* Huston
* Fess
* Sanders
* Fletcher
* Hamilton
* Martin
* Walsh
* Spangler
* Brownell
* Reece
* Scott
* Gabrielson
* Summerfield
* Roberts
* Hall
* Alcorn
* T. Morton
* Miller
* Burch
* Bliss
* R. Morton
* Dole
* Bush
* Smith
* Brock
* Richards
* Laxalt/Fahrenkopf
* Fahrenkopf
* Atwater
* Yeutter
* Bond
* Barbour
* Nicholson
* Gilmore
* Racicot
* Gillespie
* Mehlman
* Martínez/Duncan
* Duncan
* Steele
* Priebus
* McDaniel
* Whatley

|

Chair elections|

* 2009
* 2011
* 2013
* 2015
* 2017
* 2019
* 2021
* 2023
* 2024

Parties by
state and
territory|

| State|

* Alabama
* Alaska
* Arizona
* Arkansas
* California
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Florida
* Georgia
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* Massachusetts
* Michigan
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Ohio
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming

|

Territory|

* American Samoa
* District of Columbia
* Guam
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Puerto Rico
* Virgin Islands

Affiliated
organizations|

| Congress|

* House Conference
* Legislative Digest
* Steering and Policy Committees
* Senate Conference
* Policy Committee
* Factions
* Freedom Caucus
* Problem Solvers Caucus
* Republican Governance Group
* Republican Study Committee

|

Campaign
committees|

* National Republican Congressional Committee
* National Republican Redistricting Trust
* National Republican Senatorial Committee
* Republican Attorneys General Association
* Republican Governors Association

Constituency
groups|

* College Republicans
* Chairmen
* Congressional Hispanic Conference
* Log Cabin Republicans
* National Black Republican Association
* Republican Hindu Coalition
* Republican Jewish Coalition
* Republican Muslim Coalition
* Republican National Hispanic Assembly
* Republicans Abroad
* Teen Age Republicans
* Young Republicans
* Republicans Overseas

Factional
groups|

* Republican Main Street Partnership
* Republican Majority for Choice
* Republican Liberty Caucus
* Republican National Coalition for Life
* ConservAmerica
* Liberty Caucus
* Ripon Society
* The Wish List

Related|

* Primaries
* Debates
* Bibliography
* International Democracy Union
* Three Legged Stool
* Timeline of modern American conservatism
* Trumpism

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* United States
* Israel

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template