MicroLED

Emerging flat-panel display technology

Not to be confused with LED-backlit LCD § Mini LED.

First InGaN microLED and first passive-driven microLED display – Hongxing Jiang, et al, “Micro-size LED and detector arrays for mini-displays, hyperbright light emitting diodes, lighting, and UV detector and imaging sensor applications” US patent 6,410,940 (filed: 06/15/2000). Sixuan Jin, Jing Li, Jizhong Li, Jingyu Lin and Hongxing Jiang, "GaN Microdisk Light Emitting Diodes" Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 631 (2000), Hongxing Jiang, Sixuan Jin, Jing Li, Jagat Shakya, and Jingyu Lin, “III-Nitride Blue Microdisplays” Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 1303 (2001).  First active-drive microLED microdisplay via integration between microLED array and Si CMOS in VGA format (640 x 480 pixels, pixels size 12 mm and pixel pitch 15 mm) capable of playing video graphics images - Jacob Day, Jing Li, Donald Lie, Zhaoyang Fan, Jingyu Lin, and Hongxing Jiang, “CMOS IC for micro-emitter based microdisplay” US patent 9,047,818 (filed by III-N Technology Inc. Priorities: US31675509P·2009-03-23; US201113046725A·2011-03-12). Jacob Day, Jing Li, Donald Lie, Charles Bradford, Jingyu Lin and Hongxing Jiang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 031116 (2011); Jingyu Lin, Jacob Day, Jing Li, Donald Lie, Charles Bradford, and Hongxing Jiang, "High-resolution group III nitride microdisplays" SPIE Newsroom, Dec. issue (2011); doi: 10.1117/2.1201112.004001. Gallium nitride microLEDs transferred onto a silicon backplane - these optimized for high speed data connections

MicroLED, also known as micro-LED, mLED or μLED is an emerging flat-panel display technology consisting of arrays of microscopic LEDs forming the individual pixel elements. Inorganic semiconductor microLED (μLED) technology[1][2][3][4][5] was first invented in 2000 by the research group of Hongxing Jiang and Jingyu Lin of Texas Tech University (TTU) while they were at Kansas State University (KSU). The first high-resolution and video-capable InGaN microLED microdisplay in VGA format was realized in 2009 by Jiang, Lin and their colleagues at Texas Tech University and III-N Technology, Inc. via active driving of a microLED array by a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) IC.[6]

Compared to conventional LCD displays, microLED displays offer greatly reduced energy requirements while also offering pixel-level light control and a high contrast ratio.[7][8] Compared to OLEDs, the inorganic nature of microLEDs gives them a longer lifetime and allows them to display brighter images with minimal risk of screen burn-in.[7] Compared to other display technologies used for 3D/AR/VR, the sub-nanosecond response time of μLED has a huge advantage since 3D/AR/VR displays need high frames per second and fast response times to minimise ghosting.[7] MicroLEDs are capable of high speed modulation, and have been proposed for chip-to-chip interconnect applications.[9]

As of 2021[update], Sony, Samsung, and Konka started to sell microLED video walls.[10][11][12][13][14][15] LG, Tianma, PlayNitride, TCL/CSoT, Jasper Display, Jade Bird Display, Plessey Semiconductors Ltd, and Ostendo Technologies, Inc. have demonstrated prototypes.[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Sony already sells microLED displays as a replacement for conventional cinema screens.[24] BOE, Epistar, and Leyard have plans for microLED mass production.[25][26] MicroLED can be made flexible and transparent, just like OLEDs.[27][26]

According to a report by Market Research Future, the MicroLED display market will reach around USD 24.3 billion by 2027.[28] Custom Market Insights reported that the MicroLED display market is expected to reach around USD 182.7 Billion by 2032.[29]

## Research

[edit]

Following the first report of electrical injection microLEDs based on indium gallium nitride (InGaN) semiconductors in 2000 by the research group of Hongxing Jiang and Jingyu Lin,[2][3][4][5] several groups have quickly engaged in pursuing this concept.[30][31] Many related potential applications have been identified. Various on-chip connection schemes of microLED pixel arrays have been employed by AC LED Lighting, LLC (a company funded by Jiang and Lin) allowing for the development of single-chip high voltage DC/AC-LEDs[32][33][34][35][36][37][38] to address the compatibility issue between the high voltage electrical infrastructure and low voltage operation nature of LEDs and high brightness self-emissive microdisplays.[39][6]

The microLED array has also been explored as a light source for optogenetic applications[40][41] and for visible light communications.[42]

Early InGaN based microLED arrays and microdisplays were primarily passively driven. The first actively driven video-capable self-emissive InGaN microLED microdisplay in VGA format (640 × 480 pixels, each 12 μm in size with 15 μm between them) possessing low voltage requirements was patented and realized in 2009 by Jiang, Lin and their colleagues at Texas Tech and III-N Technology, Inc.(a company funded by Jiang and Lin) via integration between microLED array and CMOS integrated circuit (IC)[6] and the work was also published in the following years.[43][44][45][46]

The first microLED products were demonstrated by Sony in 2012. These displays, however, were very expensive.[47]

There are several methods to manufacture microLED displays. The flip-chip method manufactures the LED on a conventional sapphire substrate, while the transistor array and solder bumps are deposited on silicon wafers using conventional manufacturing and metallization processes. Mass transfer is used to pick and place several thousand LEDs from one wafer to another at the same time, and the LEDs are bonded to the silicon substrate using reflow ovens. The flip-chip method is used for micro displays used on virtual reality headsets. Another microLED manufacturing method involves bonding the LEDs to an IC layer on a silicon substrate and then removing the LED bonding material using conventional semiconductor manufacturing techniques.[48][49][50] The current bottleneck in the manufacturing process is the need to individually test every LED and replace faulty ones using an excimer laser lift-off apparatus, which uses a laser to weaken the bond between the LED and its substrate. Faulty LED replacement must be performed using high accuracy pick-and-place machines and the test and repair process takes several hours. The mass transfer process alone can take 18 days, for a smartphone screen with a glass substrate.[51][52][53] Special LED manufacturing techniques can be used to increase yield and reduce the amount of faulty LEDs that need to be replaced. Each LED can be as small as 5 μm across.[54][55][56][57][58] LED epitaxy techniques need to be improved to increase LED yields.[59][60][61]

The characterization of microLEDs remains highly challenging due to their small size and the complexity of measuring their optical and electrical performance at scale. Techniques for efficient, non-destructive testing are still under development.[62][63]

Excimer lasers are used for several steps: laser lift-off to separate LEDs from their sapphire substrate and to remove faulty LEDs, for manufacturing the LTPS-TFT backplane, and for laser cutting of the finished LEDs. Special mass transfer techniques using elastomer stamps are also being researched.[64] Other companies are exploring the possibility of packaging 3 LEDs: one red, one green and one blue LED into a single package to reduce mass transfer costs.[65][66]

Quantum dots are being researched as a way to shrink the size of microLED pixels, while other companies are exploring the use of phosphors and quantum dots to eliminate the need for different-colored LEDs.[67][68][69][70] Sensors can be embedded in microLED displays.[71]

Over 130 companies are involved in microLED research and development.[72] MicroLED light panels are also being made, and are an alternative to conventional OLED and LED light panels.[73]

Digital pulse-width modulation is well-suited to driving microLED displays. MicroLEDs experience a color shift as the current magnitude changes. Analog schemes change current to change brightness. With a digital pulse, only one current value is used for the on state. Thus, there is no color shift that occurs as brightness changes.

Current microLED display offerings by Samsung and Sony consist of "cabinets" that can be tiled to create a large display of any size, with the display's resolution increasing with size. They also contain mechanisms to protect the display against water and dust. Each cabinet is 36.4 inches (92 cm) diagonally with a resolution of 960 × 540.[74][12][75][13][76][77]

## Commercialization

[edit]

MicroLEDs have already demonstrated performance advantages over LCD and OLED displays, including higher brightness, lower latency, higher contrast ratio, greater color saturation, intrinsic self-illumination, better efficiency and longer lifetime. Compared with OLED displays and LCDs, microLED displays stand out for their combination of high performance, durability, and energy efficiency.[78] Ultrahigh brightness is particularly relevant for applications in augmented-reality displays that compete with the Sun’s brightness in outdoor environments.[78]

Glo and Jasper Display Corporation demonstrated the world's first RGB microLED microdisplay, measuring 0.55 inches (1.4 cm) diagonally, at SID Display Week 2017. Glo transferred their microLEDs to the Jasper Display backplane.[79]

Sony launched a 55-inch (140 cm) "Crystal LED Display" in 2012 with 1920 × 1080 resolution, as a demonstration product.[80] Sony announced its CLEDIS (Crystal LED Integrated Structure) brand which used surface mounted LEDs for large display production.[81] As of August 2019[update], Sony offers CLEDIS in 146-inch (3.7 m), 182-inch (4.6 m) and 219-inch (5.6 m) displays.[82] On 12 September 2019, Sony announced Crystal LED availability to consumers ranging from 1080p 110-inch (2.8 m) to 16K 790-inch (20 m) displays.[83]

Samsung demonstrated a 146-inch (3.7 m) microLED display called The Wall at CES 2018.[84] In July 2018, Samsung announced plans on bringing a 4K microLED TV to consumer market in 2019.[85] At CES 2019, Samsung demonstrated a 75-inch (1.9 m) 4K microLED display and 219-inch (5.6 m) 6K microLED display.[86] On June 12 at InfoComm 2019, Samsung announced the global launch of The Wall Luxury microLED display configurable from 73-inch (1.9 m) in 2K to 292-inch (7.4 m) in 8K.[87] On October 4, 2019, Samsung announced that The Wall Luxury microLED display shipments had begun.[14][88]

In March 2018, Bloomberg reported Apple to have about 300 engineers devoted to in-house development of microLED screens.[89][90] At IFA 2018 in August, LG Display demonstrated a 173-inch (4.4 m) microLED display.[17]

At SID's Display Week 2019 in May, Tianma and PlayNitride demonstrated their co-developed 7.56-inch (19.2 cm) microLED display with over 60% transparency.[18][19] China Star Optoelectronics Technology (CSoT) demonstrated a 3.3-inch (8.4 cm) transparent microLED display with around 45% transparency, also co-developed with PlayNitride.[20] Plessey Semiconductors Ltd demonstrated a monolithic monochrome blue GaN-on-silicon wafer bonded to a Jasper Display CMOS backplane 0.7-inch (18 mm) active-matrix microLED display with an 8 μm pixel pitch.[91][92][93][94]

At SID's Display Week 2019 in May, Jade Bird Display demonstrated their 720p and 1080p microLED microdisplays with 5 μm and 2.5 μm pitch respectively, achieving luminance in the millions of candelas per square metre. In 2021, Jade Bird Display and Vuzix have entered a Joint manufacturing agreement for making microLED based projectors for smart glasses and augmented reality glasses [95]

At Touch Taiwan 2019 on September 4, 2019, AU Optronics demonstrated a 12.1-inch (31 cm) microLED display and indicated that microLED was 1–2 years from mass commercialization.[96] At IFA 2019 on September 13, 2019, TCL Corporation demonstrated their Cinema Wall featuring a 4K 132-inch (3.4 m) microLED display with maximum brightness of 1,500 cd/m2 and 2,500,000∶1 contrast ratio produced by their subsidiary China Star Optoelectronics Technology (CSoT).[21]

Samsung's MicroLED display - The Wall (debuted at 2024 CES)

As of 2024, Samsung has already launched microLED display products including The Wall. Samsung’s microLED display technology transfers micrometer-scale LEDs into LED modules, resulting in what resembles wall tiles composed of mass-transferred clusters of almost microscopic lights.[97][98]

Samsung's Transparent MicroLED (debuted at 2024 CES)

Samsung has also debuted at 2024 CES their Transparent MicroLED display.[99]

LG has also debuted at 2024 CES their microLED display, called LG MAGNIT.[100]

In terms of microLED microdisplay, Jade Bird Display launched 0.13" series of MicroLED displays which has an active area of 0.13” (3.3 mm) in diagonal and a resolution of 640X480 for AR and VR display products.[101]

Apple reportedly invested billions of dollars in development of microLED displays in the years leading up to 2024, intending to transition its products to the technology beginning with the Apple Watch Ultra, before ultimately abandoning the effort after deciding it was unviable.[102] However, the company is reportedly still "eyeing microLED for other projects down the road".[102]

## See also

[edit]

* OLED
* AMOLED
* Mini LED
* List of flat panel display manufacturers

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Jiang, Hongxing; Lin, Jingyu (March 2023). "How we made the microLED". Nature Electronics. 6 (3): 257. doi:10.1038/s41928-023-00940-0. ISSN 2520-1131.
2. ^ a b US 6410940, Jiang, Hongxing; Lin, Jingyu & Jin, Sixuan et al., "Micro-size LED and detector arrays for mini-displays, hyperbright light emitting diodes, lighting, and UV detector and imaging sensor applications", assigned to Kansas State University Research Foundation
3. ^ a b Jin, S. X.; Li, J.; Li, J. Z.; Lin, J. Y.; Jiang, H. X. (2000-01-31). "GaN microdisk light emitting diodes". Applied Physics Letters. 76 (5). AIP Publishing: 631–633\. Bibcode:2000ApPhL..76..631J. doi:10.1063/1.125841. ISSN 0003-6951. S2CID 12772013.
4. ^ a b Jin, S. X.; Li, J.; Lin, J. Y.; Jiang, H. X. (2000-11-13). "InGaN/GaN quantum well interconnected microdisk light emitting diodes". Applied Physics Letters. 77 (20). AIP Publishing: 3236–3238\. Bibcode:2000ApPhL..77.3236J. doi:10.1063/1.1326479. ISSN 0003-6951. S2CID 2062985.
5. ^ a b Jiang, H. X.; Jin, S. X.; Li, J.; Shakya, J.; Lin, J. Y. (2001-02-26). "III-nitride blue microdisplays". Applied Physics Letters. 78 (9). AIP Publishing: 1303–1305\. Bibcode:2001ApPhL..78.1303J. doi:10.1063/1.1351521. ISSN 0003-6951. S2CID 121580793.
6. ^ a b c US 9047818, Day, Jacob; Li, Jing & Lie, Donald et al., "CMOS IC for micro-emitter based microdisplay", published 2015-06-02, assigned to III-N Technology, Inc.
7. ^ a b c Micro LEDs. Hongxiang Jiang, Jingyu Lin. Cambridge, MA. 2021. ISBN 978-0-12-823063-3. OCLC 1256450564.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
8. ^ Lin, Jingyu; Jiang, Hongxing (2020-03-09). "Development of microLED". Applied Physics Letters. 116 (10): 100502. Bibcode:2020ApPhL.116j0502L. doi:10.1063/1.5145201. ISSN 0003-6951. S2CID 216297255.
9. ^ Moore, Samuel (2023-01-01). "A Dark (Blue) Horse Emerges to Speed Up Computing". IEEE Spectrum. 60 (1): 30–31\. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2023.10006658. S2CID 255418718.
10. ^ "Konka launches tiled large microLED TV displays - with the 236" 8K display priced at $1.25 million | MicroLED-Info". www.microled-info.com.
11. ^ "Eyes on Sony's CLED (Crystal LED) display technology: Samsung isn't the only player in the Micro LED game". TechHive. August 2, 2019.
12. ^ a b "Samsung's Massive 292-Inch MicroLED TV Wall Now Shipping - ExtremeTech". www.extremetech.com.
13. ^ a b Shilov, Anton. "Samsung's Micro LED Wall TVs Now Available: Up to 8K, Up to 292-Inches". www.anandtech.com.Sony creates colossal 16K screen in Japan. BBC. April 9, 2019.
14. ^ a b "Samsung's Massive 292-Inch MicroLED TV Wall Now Shipping - ExtremeTech". www.extremetech.com. Retrieved 2019-10-11.
15. ^ ソニーの新LEDディスプレイ「CLEDIS」日本初披露。新たな大画面・高画質へ (in Japanese). Impress Corporation [ja]. June 16, 2016.
16. ^ "About". JBD home.
17. ^ a b "LG microLED TV sneaks into IFA, takes a swipe at Samsung". Digital Trends. 2018-08-31. Retrieved 2019-09-14.
18. ^ a b "Tianma's Mini-LED HDR and Micro-LED Displays Named People's Choice Award Winners at Display Week 2019". news.thomasnet.com. Retrieved 2019-09-14.
19. ^ a b "See PlayNitride's latest flexible and transparent OLED prototypes". MicroLED-Info. Retrieved 2019-09-14.
20. ^ a b "CSoT demonstrates a 3.3" transparent Micro-LED prototype produced in collaboration with PlayNitride". MicroLED-Info. Retrieved 2019-09-14.
21. ^ a b "TCL shows its Cinema Wall at IFA 2019 - a 132" 4K tiled Micro-LED display". MicroLED-Info. Archived from the original on 2021-10-25. Retrieved 2019-09-14.
22. ^ "Full Page Reload". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. 22 July 2019. Retrieved 2019-10-25.
23. ^ "Ostendo Develops First Vertically Integrated RGB LED". Insight Media: Display Intelligence. 5 February 2017. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
24. ^ "Sony's Crystal cinema display supports 16K, but could cost millions". Engadget. September 13, 2019.
25. ^ "Epistar and Leyard Opto-Electronics to build a $142 million micro-LED and mini-LED production fab in China | MicroLED-Info". www.microled-info.com.
26. ^ a b "Rohinni and BOE launch a micro-LED JV called BOE Pixey, first products to reach the market by the end of 2020 | MicroLED-Info". www.microled-info.com.
27. ^ "See PlayNitride's latest flexible and transparent MicroLED prototypes | MicroLED-Info". www.microled-info.com.
28. ^ "Micro-LED Display Market" (Press release). 12 January 2022.
29. ^ "[Latest] Global Micro-LED Display Market Size/Share Worth USD 182.7 Billion by 2032 at a 58.1% CAGR: Custom Market Insights (Analysis, Outlook, Leaders, Report, Trends, Forecast, Segmentation, Growth, Growth Rate, Value)". Yahoo Finance. 2023-10-30. Retrieved 2024-01-02.
30. ^ Ozden, I.; Diagne, M.; Nurmikko, A.V.; Han, J.; Takeuchi, T. (2001). "A Matrix Addressable 1024 Element Blue Light Emitting InGaN QW Diode Array". Physica Status Solidi A. 188 (1). Wiley: 139–142\. Bibcode:2001PSSAR.188..139O. doi:10.1002/1521-396x(200111)188:1<139::aid-pssa139>3.0.co;2-h. ISSN 0031-8965.
31. ^ Choi, H.W.; Jeon, C.W.; Dawson, M.D. (2004). "High-Resolution 128<tex>$times$</tex>96 Nitride Microdisplay". IEEE Electron Device Letters. 25 (5). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers: 277–279\. doi:10.1109/led.2004.826541. hdl:10722/42699. ISSN 0741-3106. S2CID 43644267.
32. ^ US 6957899, Jiang, Hongxing; Lin, Jingyu & Jin, Sixuan, "Light emitting diodes for high AC voltage operating and general lighting"
33. ^ US 7210819, Jiang, Hongxing; Lin, Jingyu & Jin, Sixuan, "Light emitting diodes for high AC voltage operation and general lighting", published 2007-05-01, assigned to AC LED Lighting LLC
34. ^ US 7213942, Jiang, Hongxing & Lin, Jingyu, "Light emitting diodes for high AC voltage operation and general lighting", published 2007-05-08, assigned to AC LED Lighting LLC
35. ^ US 7221044, Fan, Zhaoyang; Jiang, Hongxing & Lin, Jingyu, "Heterogeneous integrated high voltage DC/AC light emitter", published 2007-05-22, assigned to AC LED Lighting LLC
36. ^ US 7535028, Fan, Zhaoyang; Jiang, Hongxing & Lin, Jingyu, "Micro-LED based high voltage AC/DC indicator lamp", published 2009-05-19, assigned to AC LED Lighting LLC
37. ^ US 7714348, Fan, Zhaoyang; Jiang, Hongxing & Lin, Jingyu, "AC/DC light emitting diodes with integrated protection mechanism", published 2010-05-11, assigned to AC LED Lighting LLC
38. ^ US 8272757, Fan, Zhaoyang; Jiang, Hongxing & Lin, Jingyu, "Light emitting diode lamp capable of high AC/DC voltage operation", published 2012-09-25, assigned to AC LED Lighting LLC
39. ^ US 8058663, Fan, Zhaoyang; Li, Jing & Lin, Jingyu et al., "Micro-emitter array based full-color micro-display", published 2011-11-15, assigned to III-N Technology Inc.
40. ^ Dawson, Martin D; Neil, Mark A A (2008-04-04). "Micro-pixellated LEDs for science and instrumentation". Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 41 (9). IOP Publishing: 090301. Bibcode:2008JPhD...41i0301D. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/41/9/090301. ISSN 0022-3727.
41. ^ Poher, V; Grossman, N; Kennedy, G T; Nikolic, K; Zhang, H X; et al. (2008-04-04). "Micro-LED arrays: a tool for two-dimensional neuron stimulation". Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 41 (9). IOP Publishing: 094014. Bibcode:2008JPhD...41i4014P. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/41/9/094014. ISSN 0022-3727. S2CID 14519094.
42. ^ McKendry, Jonathan J. D.; Massoubre, David; Zhang, Shuailong; Rae, Bruce R.; Green, Richard P.; et al. (2012). "Visible-Light Communications Using a CMOS-Controlled Micro-Light- Emitting-Diode Array". Journal of Lightwave Technology. 30 (1). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers: 61–67\. Bibcode:2012JLwT...30...61M. doi:10.1109/jlt.2011.2175090. hdl:10072/51676. ISSN 0733-8724. S2CID 22496989.
43. ^ Day, Jacob; Li, J.; Lie, D. Y. C.; Bradford, Charles; Lin, J. Y.; Jiang, H. X. (2011-07-18). "III-Nitride full-scale high-resolution microdisplays". Applied Physics Letters. 99 (3). AIP Publishing: 031116. Bibcode:2011ApPhL..99c1116D. doi:10.1063/1.3615679. ISSN 0003-6951. S2CID 16751667.
44. ^ J. Y. Lin, J. Day, J. Li, D. Lie, C. Bradford, and H. X. Jiang, "High-resolution group III nitride microdisplays," SPIE Newsroom, December issue (2011). doi: 10.1117/2.1201112.004001
45. ^ Jiang, H. X.; Lin, J. Y. (2013-05-06). "Nitride micro-LEDs and beyond - a decade progress review". Optics Express. 21 (S3): A475-84. Bibcode:2013OExpr..21A.475J. doi:10.1364/OE.21.00A475. ISSN 1094-4087. PMID 24104436.
46. ^ Lin, J. Y.; Jiang, H. X. (2020-03-09). "Development of microLED". Applied Physics Letters. 116 (10): 100502. Bibcode:2020ApPhL.116j0502L. doi:10.1063/1.5145201. ISSN 0003-6951. S2CID 216297255.
47. ^ "MicroLED explained: The next-gen display technology". Android Authority. October 6, 2017.
48. ^ "Mastering the manufacture of microLED micro-displays - News". Compound Semiconductor.
49. ^ "MicroLEDs: status and reality check" (Press release). Yole Développement. Archived from the original on 2020-11-23. Retrieved 2020-01-12.
50. ^ "MicroLEDs: technology advancements pave the way for cost reduction" (Press release). Yole Développement. Archived from the original on 2019-12-16. Retrieved 2020-01-12.
51. ^ "Researchers unveil micro LED displays without mass transfer". DIGITIMES. 2 October 2019.
52. ^ "The Challenges of Micro LED Display Inspection and Repair". www.ledinside.com.
53. ^ "Micro LED Manufacture Process Introduction and Difficulties Analysis". www.ledinside.com.
54. ^ "MicroLEDs: The Next Revolution In Displays?". May 29, 2019.
55. ^ "MicroLED - The Display-Technology of the Future :: AIXTRON". www.aixtron.com.
56. ^ "Apple Granted 64 New Patents Including a Mass Transfer System for Micro LED Displays". www.ledinside.com.
57. ^ "It Would Take 18+ Days To Make A MicroLED-based Smartphone Screen ..." October 4, 2019.
58. ^ "Laser Processing of Micro-LEDs". Industrial Laser Solutions. November 8, 2018.
59. ^ "Micro LED, 9 challenges for commercialization". THE ELEC, Korea Electronics Industry Media. March 5, 2019.
60. ^ "LEDinside: Observing the Development Trend of Micro LED Display from Micro LED Technology Challenges". www.ledinside.com.
61. ^ "The Key Technology to Micro LED: Mass Transfer". December 12, 2018.
62. ^ González-Izquierdo, Palmerina; Rochat, Névine; Zoccarato, Davide; Rol, Fabian; Simon, Julia; Le Maitre, Patrick; Volpert, Marion; Charles, Matthew; Lafossas, Matthieu; Torrengo, Simona; Borowik, Łukasz (October 16, 2023). "Influence of Shape and Size on GaN/InGaN μLED Light Emission: A Competition between Sidewall Defects and Light Extraction Efficiency". ACS Photonics. 10 (11): 4031–4037\. doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00971.
63. ^ González-Izquierdo, Palmerina; Rochat, Névine; Sakowski, Konrad; Zoccarato, Davide; Charles, Matthew; Borowik, Łukasz (April 20, 2024). "GaN/InGaN LED Sidewall Defects Analysis by Cathodoluminescence and Photosensitive Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy". ACS Photonics. 11 (5): 2097–2104\. doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.4c00384.
64. ^ "X-Celeprint | MicroLED-Info". www.microled-info.com.
65. ^ "Korean companies develop packaged RGB microLED technology for easier transfer process". www.microled-info.com.
66. ^ https://www.coherent.com/assets/pdf/Coherent_Whitepaper_-_Laser_Processing_of_µLED.pdf [bare URL PDF]
67. ^ "StackPath". www.laserfocusworld.com. 26 April 2019.
68. ^ "StackPath". www.laserfocusworld.com. 8 January 2019.
69. ^ "Quantum Dots to Shrink MicroLED Display Pixels". EETimes. January 11, 2019.
70. ^ Morrison, Geoffrey. "MicroLED could soon replace OLED screens, and Samsung's first in line to try". CNET.
71. ^ "How to turn the promises of micro LED displays into reality?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-23.
72. ^ Dash, Sweta (April 8, 2019). "MicroLED: Emerging as a Next Generation Display Technology". DisplayDaily.
73. ^ "Microluce". Archived from the original on January 12, 2020.
74. ^ "Samsung's The Wall | MicroLED Displays | Samsung Business". Samsung Electronics America.
75. ^ "Build the Wall? Check out Samsung's massive direct view microLED display | IT World Canada News". www.itworldcanada.com. 5 January 2020.
76. ^ "IW008J | SMART LED Signage | Samsung Display Solutions". displaysolutions.samsung.com.
77. ^ "IW008R | SMART LED Signage | Samsung Display Solutions". displaysolutions.samsung.com.
78. ^ a b Kumar, Vikrant; Behrman, Keith; Kymissis, Ioannis (2024-06-01). "Putting microLED technology on display". Physics Today. 77 (6): 30–36\. Bibcode:2024PhT....77f..30K. doi:10.1063/pt.bmot.fjtv. ISSN 0031-9228.
79. ^ "IC04 Glo is Looking for Partners in MicroLED", Display Daily, 5 June 2017
80. ^ Cheng, Skavy (5 Aug 2016), "Overview of Micro-LED History and Current Developments", Led Inside
81. ^ InfoComm 2016: Sony Unveils New CLEDIS Display Featuring Ultrafine LEDs.
82. ^ "Sony reveals its Cystal-LED MicroLED display prices in Europe". MicroLED-Info. Retrieved 2019-09-14.
83. ^ "Sony Electronics Brings 16K-capable Display System to Consumers' Living Rooms with Crystal LED Residential Solutions". www.sony.com. Retrieved 2019-09-20.
84. ^ "Our first look at Samsung's massive 146-inch 4K MicroLED TV". Engadget. Retrieved 2018-02-01.
85. ^ "Samsung aims to release a premium Micro-LED consumer TV in 2019". MicroLED-Info. Retrieved 2019-09-14.
86. ^ Welch, Chris (2019-01-06). "Samsung's 75-inch MicroLED 4K TV is a huge step into the future". The Verge. Retrieved 2019-10-11.
87. ^ "The Wall Luxury: Samsung's New Digital Display Innovations Introduced at InfoComm 2019". news.samsung.com. Retrieved 2019-10-11.
88. ^ "Samsung's the Wall Luxury TV Delivers 8K in up to 292 Inches". 12 June 2019.
89. ^ "Apple Is Secretly Developing Its Own Screens for the First Time", Bloomberg.com, 18 Mar 2018
90. ^ "Apple is developing own MicroLED screens: Bloomberg". Reuters. March 18, 2018. Retrieved 2018-03-19.
91. ^ "Products on Display at Display Week 2019". Information Display. 35 (3): 35–52\. 2019. doi:10.1002/msid.1038. ISSN 2637-496X.
92. ^ Palomaki, Peter (2019-06-17). "Top Trends in Quantum Dots at SID Display Week 2019 – Part 1". DisplayDaily. Retrieved 2019-10-25.
93. ^ "【SID Display Week 2019】Micro LED Display Products Progress with Chinese Panel Makers Joining the Field". www.ledinside.com. Retrieved 2019-10-25.
94. ^ Langridge, Sam (14 May 2019), "Overview of Micro-LED History and Current Developments", PR Newswire
95. ^ "Vuzix Confirms that it has Entered into a Joint Manufacturing and Supply Agreement with Jade Bird Display for MicroLED-Based Display Engine and Waveguide Products" (Press release) – via PR Newswire.
96. ^ "AUO Expects Micro LED Commercialization in 1-2 Years". www.ledinside.com. Retrieved 2019-09-14.
97. ^ "Samsung's The Wall | MicroLED Displays | Samsung Business | undefined US". Samsung us. Retrieved 2024-08-17.
98. ^ "MICRO LED - The One and Only". Samsung us. Retrieved 2024-08-18.
99. ^ CNET (2024-01-07). Samsung Shows World's First Transparent MicroLED, 8K Wireless Projector. Retrieved 2024-08-17 – via YouTube.
100. ^ "LG MAGNIT". LG Global. Retrieved 2024-08-18.
101. ^ Jade Bird Display. "MicroLED 0.13" Display". www.jb-display.com. Retrieved 2024-08-17.
102. ^ a b "Apple Drops Plans to Develop MicroLED Displays for Apple Watch". MacRumors. 22 March 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2025.

* Murphy, David (3 May 2014). "Apple Acquires Micro-LED Display Maker LuxVue Technology". PC Mag.
* Campos, Alvaro (13 May 2014). "Why Did Apple Inc Buy This Micro-LED Tech Startup?". Motley Fool.
* US 8552436, Bibl, Andreas; Higginson, John A. & Law, Hung-fai Stephen et al., "Light emitting diode structure", published 2013-10-08, assigned to LuxVue Technology Corp.

## External links

[edit]

* First actively driven video-capable high-resolution microLED microdisplay in VGA format
* MicroLED review (2013)
* Putting microLED technology on display (2024)
* Crystal LED \- Sony
* The Wall
* LG MAGNIT MicroLED
* "The Long View With John Doerr", John Doerr of KPC&B describes the microLED concept, starts around the 5 minute mark.
* LED screens are significantly different from microLED

* v
* t
* e

Display technology

Video displays|

| Past
generation|

* Eidophor
* Cathode-ray tube (CRT)
* Jumbotron
* Electroluminescent display (ELD)
* Rear-projection display
* Plasma display panel (PDP)
* ALiS

|

Current
generation|

* Quantum dot display (QLED)
* Electronic paper
* E Ink
* Gyricon
* Light-emitting diode display (LED)
* Organic light-emitting diode (OLED)
* Active-Matrix Organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED)
* Liquid-crystal display (LCD)
* TFT
* TN
* IPS
* LED-backlit
* Blue Phase
* Digital light processing (DLP)
* Liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS)

Next
generation|

* microLED
* Electroluminescent Quantum Dots (ELQD/QD-LED)
* Organic light-emitting transistor (OLET)
* Surface-conduction electron-emitter display (SED)
* Field-emission display (FED)
* Laser TV
* Quantum dot
* Liquid crystal
* MEMS display
* IMoD
* TMOS
* Ferroelectric liquid crystal display (FLCD)
* Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology (TDEL)
* Laser-powered phosphor display (LPD)

Non-video|

* Electromechanical
* Flip-dot
* Split-flap
* Eggcrate
* Fiber-optic
* Nixie tube
* Vacuum fluorescent display (VFD)
* Light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC)
* Lightguide display
* Dot-matrix display
* Seven-segment display (SSD)
* Eight-segment display
* Nine-segment display
* Fourteen-segment display (FSD)
* Sixteen-segment display (SISD)

3D display|

* Stereoscopic
* Autostereoscopic
* Multiscopic
* Hologram
* Holographic display
* Computer-generated holography
* Volumetric
* Fog display

Static media|

* Monoscope
* Movie projector
* Neon sign
* Slide projector
* Transparency
* Laser beam

Display capabilities|

* EDID
* CEA-861
* DisplayID
* Always-on display
* See-through display

Related articles|

* Scan line
* History of display technology
* Large-screen television technology
* Optimum HDTV viewing distance
* High Dynamic Range (HDR)
* Color Light Output
* Flexible display
* Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays

Comparison of display technology
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template