Middle-earth Enterprises

Intellectual property company and subdivision of the Embracer Group

Middle-earth Enterprises

Formerly| Tolkien Enterprises (1977-2010)
Company type| Division
Founded| 1977; 48 years ago (1977)
Headquarters| Berkeley, California

Key people

| Lee Guinchard (CEO)
Brands| The Lord of the Rings
The Hobbit
Parent| The Saul Zaentz Company (1977–2022)
Embracer Freemode (2022–present)
Website| middleearth.com

Middle-earth Enterprises, formerly known as Tolkien Enterprises, is a subdivision of the Embracer Freemode division of Embracer Group[1][2] and formerly a trade name for a division of The Saul Zaentz Company. The subdivision owns the worldwide exclusive rights to certain elements of J. R. R. Tolkien's two most famous literary works: The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. These elements include the names of characters contained within as well as the names of places, objects and events within them, and certain short phrases and sayings from the works.[3]

In 2022, Embracer Group purchased Middle-earth Enterprises from The Saul Zaentz Company.[2]

## Background and history

[edit]

J. R. R. Tolkien, the author of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, sold the film, stage and merchandising rights of those works to United Artists in 1969. They in turn sold them to The Saul Zaentz Company in 1976, which in turn formed Tolkien Enterprises, now named Middle-earth Enterprises, in 1977.[4] United Artists retained distribution rights.[5]

In 1977, Rankin/Bass licensed the rights to produce an animated version of The Hobbit, which was broadcast on NBC. In 1978, Tolkien Enterprises and the distributor United Artists funded and released an animated version of The Lord of the Rings directed by Ralph Bakshi, which covered approximately the first half of The Lord of the Rings.[5]

In 1999, the company severed their licensing agreement with Iron Crown Enterprises (ICE) for role-playing games set in Middle-earth after ICE ceased developing new products for this line. This contributed to ICE filing for bankruptcy in 2001. Tolkien Enterprises then made a new licensing agreement with Decipher Inc. for their The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game, which published content from 2002 to 2006.

Initially, Miramax was backing the production of Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings films in 1997, but was restricted by then-owner Disney, who demanded that they turn the story into one film instead of two films, thus Jackson brought the project to New Line Cinema, who acquired the rights to develop The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit from Miramax for about $12 million (Miramax retained a 5% stake in the gross).[5] Principal photography for Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy was conducted concurrently in New Zealand from 11 October 1999 through to 22 December 2000. Produced under license from Tolkien Enterprises and released by New Line in 2001, 2002, and 2003, the films met critical and commercial success, but in August 2004, Tolkien Enterprises sued New Line for $20 million in unpaid royalties based on the difference between gross and net profits. An out-of-court settlement was reached in August 2005, though details were not released.

Video game rights to Tolkien's literary works were first licensed to Vivendi, which produced The Fellowship of the Ring in 2002 and The Hobbit in 2003. At around the same time licensing agreements for products relating to the films produced by Peter Jackson were obtained by Electronic Arts (EA), leading to the release of a series of games, starting with The Two Towers in 2002. In 2005, EA acquired the rights to produce games based on the literary works as well,[6] producing further titles up to the release of The Lord of the Rings: Conquest in 2009, when the licensing agreement expired.[7] Video game rights then passed to Warner Brothers.[8]

In 2010, the name was changed to Middle-earth Enterprises.[3]

In 2011, Cubicle 7 produced The One Ring Roleplaying Game, a licensed role-playing game set in Middle-earth, in collaboration with Sophisticated Games. While the game featured its own unique rules, Cubicle 7 revealed in 2016 that it would create an adaptation using tabletop gaming rules compatible with Dungeons & Dragons.[9] In 2020, Cubicle 7 lost the rights, which were then relicensed to Free League Publishing, which published the second edition of The One Ring in 2021[10] and later a D&D-compatible version in late 2022.[11]

In 2022, Middle-earth Enterprises was purchased by Embracer Group, the parent company of THQ Nordic.[12]

### Legal disputes

[edit]

Further information: Hobbit (word) § Proprietary status

In March 2012, The Hobbit, a pub in Southampton, England, received documents from Middle-earth Enterprises alleging copyright infringement of its name.[13][14] The Hobbit pub continues to trade under that name as of October 2020. The Hungry Hobbit café in Birmingham, near where J. R. R. Tolkien grew up, was also threatened with legal action in 2011.[15]

In November 2012, the Tolkien Estate, trustee and publishers sued Middle-earth Enterprises, Warner Bros., and New Line Cinema for infringing Tolkien's copyrights by producing casino and video games using his characters. The original license to Tolkien's works was limited to the right to sell "tangible" products such as "figurines, tableware, stationery items, clothing, and the like", but did not cover "electronic or digital rights, rights in media yet to be devised or other intangibles such as rights in services".[16] Tolkien's estate claimed that the defendants' actions had caused "irreparable harm to Tolkien's legacy". The lawsuit spent five years in discovery and was settled "amicably" out of court in July 2017, before a trial was held.[17]

In March 2025, Middle-earth Enterprises failed in its attempt to oppose a request by vegan fast food chain Lord of the Fries to protect the three key words "Lord of the", which the company had used in its name for over 15 years.[18]

## Licenses

[edit]

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (May 2023)

|

As of 2023, the company's current licensees are as follows:

* Adaptations:
* New Line Cinema/Warner Bros. – film rights.
* Kevin Wallace Ltd for stage productions of The Lord of the Rings.
* Video games:
* 2000-2004: Sierra Entertainment \- for an adaption of both of the books The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.
* 2004-2009: Electronic Arts – for games based on both books in addition to the official The Lord of the Rings film trilogy license from New Line Cinema.
* Post 2009: Warner Bros. Games – for games based on both books in addition to the official Peter Jackson's film series.
* Daybreak Game Company – for an online role-playing game, The Lord of the Rings Online, originally developed by Turbine for Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment.
* 2019: Daedalic Entertainment/Nacon – for the video game The Lord of the Rings: Gollum (2023).[19]
* 2022: North Beach Games – for the video game The Lord of the Rings: Return to Moria (2023).[20][21]
* 2022: Electronic Arts – for the mobile game The Lord of the Rings: Heroes of Middle-earth.[22]
* Other games:
* Games Workshop PLC for a range of miniatures games (Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game) and Battle Games in Middle-earth magazine.
* Game Systems International Ltd. (Games Systems Inc.) for Middle-Earth Play-By-Mail released by Game Systems Inc. and the One Ring module of Legends (PBM) released by Harlequin Games.
* Card games:
* Wizards of the Coast's Magic: The Gathering's The Lord of the Rings: Tales of Middle-earth (2023-)
* Fantasy Flight Games' The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game (2011-2022)
* Decipher's The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game (2001-2007)
* Iron Crown Enterprises' Middle-earth Collectible Card Game (1982-2000)
* Roleplaying games:
* Free League Publishing The One Ring and The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying (since 2020)[23]
* Cubicle 7's The One Ring Roleplaying Game and Adventures in Middle-earth (2011-2020)[24]
* Decipher's The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game (2001-2006)
* Iron Crown Enterprises' Middle-earth Role Playing (1982-2000)
* Mithril Miniatures for ranges of 32 mm and 54 mm scale metal miniatures.
* US Games Systems Inc. – a Lord of the Rings based tarot card deck and game.
* Collectibles:
* Danbury Mint for a variety of related merchandise such as film cells, watches and goblets.
* Lladró Comercial, S.A.
* Royal Selangor International for a range of pewter goblets, tankards and chess pieces.

## See also

[edit]

* Tolkien Estate, hereditary owners of the copyrights to Tolkien's works
* Category:Works based on Middle-earth, containing adaptions of Tolkien's works on Middle-earth
* Middle-earth in video games, a history of video and computer game adaptions, both licensed and unlicensed

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Shaun Prescott (18 August 2022). "Embracer goes on spending spree: buys Lord of the Rings IP rights, Tripwire Interactive, and more". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
2. ^ a b "Embracer Group enters into agreement to acquire IP rights to The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit literary works by J.R.R Tolkien". Embracer Group. 18 August 2022. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
3. ^ a b "About". Middle-earth Enterprises. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011.
4. ^ Dotinga, William (26 November 2012). "Tolkiens Aghast at Warner Bros.' Exploitation". Courthouse News. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
5. ^ a b c Quinn, Karl (14 December 2013). "Lord of the Rings a chronicle of legal disputes". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
6. ^ Ea Granted Rights to Develop the Lord of the Rings Games Based on J. R. R. Tolkien'S Epic Literary Fiction, 25 July 2005, EA press release Archived 31 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine gamershell.com
7. ^ IncGamers: Tolkien IP License, 23 February 2009 Archived 13 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine incgamers.com
8. ^ Lord of the Rings game rights now at Warner Bros Archived 15 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine weblogs.variety.com
9. ^ [1] Archived 15 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine"cubicle7.co.uk D&D comes to Middle-Earth, 14, March 2016, Cubicle 7 press release"
10. ^ [2] Archived 7 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine "Lord of the Rings tabletop RPG The One Ring is getting a second edition"
11. ^ [3] Archived 8 August 2022 at the Wayback Machine "Free League Announces The Lord of the Rings™ Roleplaying For 5E"
12. ^ Prescott, Shaun (18 August 2022). "Embracer goes on spending spree: buys Lord of the Rings IP rights, Tripwire Interactive, and more". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
13. ^ "Hobbit pub in Southampton threatened with legal action". BBC News. 13 March 2012. Archived from the original on 16 July 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
14. ^ Brooks, Xan (14 March 2012). "Stephen Fry joins The Hobbit pub's fight with Hollywood". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
15. ^ "Hungry Hobbit café told to change name". BBC News. 21 November 2011. Archived from the original on 4 January 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
16. ^ "Tolkien estate sues Hobbit producers over video and gambling games". The Guardian. 20 November 2012. Archived from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
17. ^ "Warner Bros., Tolkien Estate Settle $80 Million 'Hobbit' Lawsuit". The Hollywood Reporter. 3 July 2017. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
18. ^ "Despite Tolkien to their lawyers, Middle-earth is not lord of the courtroom". The Age. 5 March 2025. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
19. ^ Shanley, Patrick (25 March 2019). "'Lord of the Rings: Gollum' Video Game in the Works From German Studio Daedalic". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
20. ^ North Beach Games (10 June 2022). "The Lord of the Rings: Return to Moria, the Only Survival Crafting Game Set in the Fourth Age of Middle-earth™, Revealed During Epic Games Summer Showcase" (PDF). www.returntomoria.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
21. ^ "The Lord of the Rings: Return to Moria™". Epic Games Store. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
22. ^ "Electronic Arts Partners with Middle-earth Enterprises on the Development of Upcoming Mobile Game The Lord of the Rings: Heroes of Middle-earth™". news.ea.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
23. ^ "Fria Ligan | News". Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
24. ^ "UNEXPECTED TOR2 UPDATE – Cubicle 7". Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2020.

## External links

[edit]

* Middle-earth Enterprises website

* v
* t
* e

Middle-earth

* J. R. R. Tolkien
* Bibliography
* Canon
* Legendarium
* Outline

Works|

| In Tolkien's
lifetime|

* The Hobbit (1937)
* The Lord of the Rings (1954-55)
* The Fellowship of the Ring
* "The Shadow of the Past"
* "The Council of Elrond"
* The Two Towers
* The Return of the King
* "The Scouring of the Shire"
* "The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen"
* The Adventures of Tom Bombadil (1962)

|

Posthumous|

* The Silmarillion (1977)
* "Ainulindalë"
* Unfinished Tales (1980)
* The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien (1981)
* Bilbo's Last Song (1990)
* The three "Great Tales"
* The Children of Húrin (2007)
* Beren and Lúthien (2017)
* The Fall of Gondolin (2018)
* The Fall of Númenor (2022)

History of
composition|

| History of
Middle-earth|

* [1–2] The Book of Lost Tales (1983–84)
* Ælfwine
* [3] The Lays of Beleriand (1985)
* [4] The Shaping of Middle-earth (1986)
* [5] The Lost Road and Other Writings (1987)
* The Etymologies
* Lhammas
* [6–9] The History of The Lord of the Rings (1988–92)
* The Notion Club Papers
* [10] Morgoth's Ring (1993)
* [11] The War of the Jewels (1994)
* [12] The Peoples of Middle-earth (1996)

|

Others|

* John D. Rateliff
* The History of The Hobbit (2007)
* Carl F. Hostetter
* The Nature of Middle-earth (2021)

Fictional
universe|

| Peoples,
monsters|

* Ainur
* Maiar
* Balrogs
* Wizards
* Valar
* Dragons
* Ancalagon
* Smaug
* Dwarves
* Eagles
* Elves
* Half-elven
* Noldor
* Sundering
* Ents
* Hobbits
* Men
* Beornings
* Drúedain
* Dúnedain
* Orcs
* Trolls

|

Characters|

* First and Second Ages
* Celebrimbor
* Eärendil and Elwing
* Elendil
* Fëanor
* Fingolfin
* Finwë and Míriel
* Gil-galad
* Húrin
* Isildur
* Lúthien and Beren
* Melian
* Morgoth
* Thingol
* Tuor and Idril
* Túrin Turambar
* Ungoliant
* Third Age
* Elrond
* Galadriel
* Gandalf
* Glorfindel
* Goldberry
* Gollum
* Saruman
* Sauron
* Tom Bombadil

Places|

* First and Second Ages
* Beleriand
* Númenor
* Valinor
* Third Age
* Bree
* Esgaroth
* Gondor
* Harad
* Isengard
* Lonely Mountain
* Lothlórien
* Mirkwood
* Mordor
* Moria
* Rivendell
* Rohan
* The Shire
* Bag End

Objects|

* Mithril
* Palantír
* Red Book of Westmarch
* Rings of Power
* One Ring
* Silmarils
* Two Trees of Valinor
* List of weapons and armour

Analysis|

| Elements|

* Artwork
* Family trees
* Heraldry
* Languages
* Adûnaic
* Black Speech
* Elvish
* Quenya
* Sindarin
* Khuzdul
* Valarin
* Westron
* Maps
* Tolkien's poetry
* Scripts
* Cirth
* Sarati
* Tengwar

|

Themes|

* Anachronism
* Ancestry as guide to character
* Architecture
* Christianity
* Cosmology
* Round World dilemma
* Death and immortality
* Decline and fall
* Dreams and visions
* Economy
* England
* Environmentalism
* Evil
* First World War
* Forests
* Frame stories
* Hell
* Heroism
* Light
* Luck and fate
* Magic
* Mental illness
* Modernism
* Moral dilemma
* Music
* Naming of weapons
* Northern courage
* Old Straight Road
* Paganism
* Plants
* Psychological journeys
* Quests
* Sound and language
* Time
* Trees

Literary|

* Tolkien's impact on fantasy
* Influences
* Beowulf
* Celtic
* Classical world
* Finnish language and literature
* Medieval
* Modern
* William Morris
* Norse
* Philology
* Shakespeare
* Prose style
* Ambiguity
* A mythology for England

Geographic|

* The Atlas of Middle-earth
* Journeys of Frodo
* A Map of Middle-earth

Adaptations,
legacy|

| Artists|

* Pauline Baynes
* Cor Blok
* Anke Eißmann
* Brothers Hildebrandt
* Jenny Dolfen
* Mary Fairburn
* Donato Giancola
* John Howe
* Tove Jansson
* Alexander Korotich
* Alan Lee
* Tom Loback
* Margrethe II of Denmark
* Ted Nasmith

|

Composers|

* Bo Hansson
* Johan de Meij
* Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings
* Howard Shore
* Music of The Lord of the Rings film series
* Music of The Hobbit film series
* Music of The Rings of Power TV series
* Blind Guardian
* Nightfall in Middle-Earth

Settings|

* Donald Swann
* The Road Goes Ever On
* Poems and Songs of Middle Earth
* The Tolkien Ensemble
* An Evening in Rivendell
* A Night in Rivendell
* At Dawn in Rivendell
* Leaving Rivendell

Other media|

* Impact
* Middle-earth Enterprises
* Works inspired by Tolkien
* Fan fiction
* Film
* Calendars
* Video games
* Things named after Tolkien and his works

Literary
criticism|

* The Complete Guide to Middle-earth
* A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien
* Interrupted Music
* Master of Middle-Earth
* Picturing Tolkien
* A Question of Time
* J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century
* The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide
* J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia
* The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion
* Perilous Realms
* The Road to Middle-Earth
* Splintered Light
* Tolkien and the Invention of Myth
* Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'
* Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings
* A Tolkien Compass
* Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth
* Tolkien, Race and Cultural History
* Tolkien's Legendarium
* Tolkien and the Great War
* The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien
* The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary

* v
* t
* e

Embracer Group

List of video games (Deep Silver, Prime Matter, Ravenscourt, Saber Interactive, THQ Nordic) / List of mergers and acquisitions (THQ Nordic)

| THQ Nordic|

* Black Forest Games
* Bugbear Entertainment
* Gunfire Games
* HandyGames
* Purple Lamp

|

Plaion|

* Anime Limited
* Deep Silver
* Dambuster Studios
* Fishlabs
* DigixArt
* Flying Wild Hog
* Milestone
* Warhorse Studios

Coffee Stain|

* Coffee Stain Studios
* Easy Trigger
* Ghost Ship Games

Amplifier Game Invest|

* Tarsier Studios

Deca Games|

* Cryptic Studios

Dark Horse Media|

* Dark Horse Comics
* Dark Horse Entertainment

Freemode|

* Limited Run Games
* Middle-earth Enterprises

CDE Entertainment|

* Crystal Dynamics
* Eidos-Montréal

Other assets|

* 4A Games
* Arc Games
* Aspyr
* Beamdog
* Demiurge Studios
* Snapshot Games
* Tripwire Interactive
* Zen Studios

Former assets|

* 3D Realms
* Asmodee
* Days of Wonder
* Fantasy Flight Games
* Lookout Games
* Plaid Hat Games
* Z-Man Games
* Digic Pictures
* Easybrain
* Free Radical Design
* Gearbox Entertainment
* New World Interactive
* Nimble Giant Entertainment
* Piranha Bytes
* Rainbow Studios
* Saber Interactive
* Slipgate Ironworks
* Square Enix Montreal
* Volition

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