Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)

Ongoing period of increased instability in the Middle East

This article is about the ongoing series of conflicts in the Middle East. For other uses, see List of modern conflicts in the Middle East.

It has been suggested that Israel–Hamas war#Other confrontations be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since November 2024.

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Middle Eastern crisis

Part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, the Palestinian internal political violence, the Israel–Lebanon conflict, the Iran–Israel proxy conflict, the Arab–Israeli conflict, and the spillover of the Israel–Hamas war

Clockwise from top: Fires in the Gaza envelope following the October 7 Hamas-led attack on Israel, damage from the Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip, rising smoke after the assassination of Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah, Israeli troops inside Lebanon during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, two United States carrier strike groups in the Mediterranean Sea.
| Date| 7 October 2023 – present
(1 year, 3 months and 1 week)

|

Location|

Middle East

Status|  Ongoing
Belligerents

Iran

* * *

Palestinian groups

* Hamas
* Palestinian Islamic Jihad
*     * Joint Operations Room and smaller Palestinian militant groups[note 3]

* * *

Lebanese groups

* Hezbollah
* Other Lebanese groups[note 4]

* * *

Lebanese Armed Forces[11]

* * *

Houthi movement
Islamic Resistance in Iraq[12]
Islamic Resistance in Bahrain[13]
Muslim Brotherhood[14]

* * *

Ba'athist Syria (until 2024)

Israel[note 5]

* * *

Allies in the Red Sea crisis

* Prosperity Guardian

* United States
* United Kingdom
* Australia
* Bahrain
* Canada
* Denmark
* New Zealand
* Norway
* Seychelles
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka

* Aspides

* Belgium
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Italy
* Latvia
* Netherlands
* Sweden

* Independent Patrols:

* China
* Egypt
* India
* Pakistan
* Saudi Arabia

* * *

Allies in the 2024 Iran–Israel conflict

* Military support
* United States
* United Kingdom
* France
* Jordan
* Intelligence support
* Saudi Arabia
* United Arab Emirates

* * *

Palestinian Authority[note 6]

* * *

Syrian transitional government (since 2024)
Casualties and losses
Gaza Strip:
Over 46,000 dead
Lebanon:
Over 4,000 dead
West Bank:
Over 600 dead
Yemen:
Over 65 dead|  Israel:
Over 1,800 dead
United States:
5 dead

* v
* t
* e

Israel–Hamas war

* Timeline
* Outline

* * *

7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel
Military engagements

* Re'im
* Sderot
* Sufa
* Nahal Oz
* Ofakim
* Zikim

Civilian attacks

* Nova music festival massacre
* Netiv HaAsara
* Alumim
* Be'eri
* Holit
* Kfar Aza
* Kissufim
* Nir Oz
* Nir Yitzhak
* Nirim

* * *

Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip
Military engagements

* Beit Hanoun
* Gaza City
* Jabalia I
* Khan Yunis
* Al-Qarara
* Shuja'iyya I
* Shuja'iyya ambush
* Shuja'iyya II
* Insurgency in the North Gaza Strip
* Hamad
* Zana
* Rafah
* Khan Yunis II
* Khan Yunis III
* North Gaza
* West Bank
* Israeli incursions
* Tulkarm I
* Operation Summer Camps
* Tulkarm II
* Battle of Netzarim

Civilian attacks

* Gaza genocide
* Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip
* Refugee camps
* Jabalia
* 31 October
* Al-Fakhoora school
* Al-Shati refugee camp
* Al-Maghazi
* Schools
* Palestinians evacuating Gaza
* Health facilities
* Al-Ahli Arab Hospital
* Al-Shifa Hospital
* Ambulance
* Nasser Hospital
* Attacks on religious sites
* Rafah strikes
* Flour massacre
* Kuwait Roundabout
* Attack on journalists in Lebanon
* Friendly fire
* IDF killing of hostages in Shuja'iyya
* Tel al-Sultan
* Al-Mawasi (May)
* Al-Sardi school
* Nuseirat
* Al-Mawasi (June)
* Al-Shati and Tuffah
* 9 July 2024 attacks
* Al-Awda school
* Al-Mawasi (July)
* Al-Shati (July)
* Khan Yunis (July)
* Khadija school
* Hamama school
* Al-Tabaeen school
* Deir al-Balah
* Al-Mawasi (September)
* Al-Jawni school
* Tulkarm Camp
* Deir al-Balah mosque
* Rufaida school
* Al-Aqsa hospital (Killing of Shaban al-Dalou)
* Abu Hussein school
* Beit Lahia (19 October)
* Beit Lahia (29 October)
* Kerem Shalom aid convoy looting
* Al-Mawasi (December)
* Nuseirat (December)

* * *

War crimes and effects

* War crimes and crimes against humanity report
* Hamas war crimes
* Hostage crisis
* Prisoner exchange
* Israeli war crimes
* Israeli blockade of Gaza
* Famine
* AI-assisted targeting
* Mass detentions
* South Africa v. Israel
* ICC arrest warrants
* Gaza Strip mass graves
* Torture
* Executions and assassinations
* Killing of journalists
* List of journalists
* Gaza humanitarian crisis
* Children
* Healthcare collapse
* Premature babies

* * *

Impacts and repercussions

* Diplomatic impact
* 2023 ceasefire
* Calls for a ceasefire
* Three-phase proposal
* Economic impact

* * *

Other theaters
Red Sea crisis

* Operation Prosperity Guardian
* Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou
* Operation Poseidon Archer
* Marlin Luanda missile strike
* Operation Aspides
* Sinking of the MV Rubymar
* Attacks on the MV Tutor
* 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel
* 20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen
* Attacks on the Sounion
* 29 September 2024 Israeli attacks on Yemen

Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Syria, and Jordan

* Iranian airstrikes in Iraq and Syria
* Tower 22 drone attack
* February 2024 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria
* 2024 Homs airstrikes
* Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus
* 2024 Masyaf raid

Israel–Hezbollah conflict

* Israeli invasion of Lebanon
* Odaisseh
* Maroun al-Ras
* Ayta ash-Shab
* Kafr Kila
* Ramyah

Iran–Israel proxy conflict

* 2024 Iran–Israel conflict
* April 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel
* April 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran
* October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel
* October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran

Assassinations and deaths of prominent individuals

* Saleh al-Arouri
* Marwan Issa
* Fuad Shukr
* Ismail Haniyeh
* Ibrahim Aqil
* Hassan Nasrallah
* Hashem Safieddine
* Yahya Sinwar

* * *

See also

* Background
* Antisemitism
* Anti-Palestinianism
* Misinformation
* Protests
* university campuses
* Killing of Ayşenur Eygi
* All Eyes on Rafah
* Israeli document leak scandal
* Israeli public diplomacy

The Middle Eastern crisis is a series of interrelated[20] conflicts and heightened instability in the Middle East which began with the Hamas-led attack on Israel on 7 October 2023, after a period of rising tensions. Mohammed Deif, the head of Hamas' Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades, said that the attack was made in response to the escalating Israeli violence against Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza.[21][22] Israel then began a destructive bombing campaign and invasion of the Gaza Strip.

Large, primarily pro-Palestinian protests have taken place across the world, calling for a ceasefire in the Israel–Hamas war. Various experts and human rights organizations have characterized the events in Gaza as a genocide.[23] A case accusing Israel of committing genocide is being reviewed by the International Court of Justice, while the International Criminal Court has issued arrest warrants for Israeli and Hamas leaders.[24] Israel received extensive military and diplomatic support from the United States, which has vetoed multiple UN Security Council ceasefire resolutions.[25]

The war's spillover resulted in a major escalation of existing tensions between Israel and Iran, with groups in the Axis of Resistance launching attacks on American military bases, and the Yemeni Houthi movement attacking commercial vessels in the Red Sea and incurring a US-led military operation.[26] Meanwhile, by the end of 2024, a year-long exchange of strikes between Israel and Hezbollah escalated into a brief Israeli invasion of Lebanon, before it was paused after a ceasefire.[27] The crisis has also seen the fall of the Assad regime and an ongoing Israeli invasion of Syria.

## Events by country

[edit]

### Israel and the Gaza Strip

[edit]

Main article: Israel–Hamas war

Further information: Background to the Israel–Hamas war

Map of control in the in and around the Gaza Strip in the Israel–Hamas war as of 14 January 2025

On 7 October 2023, the Palestinian militant group Hamas led a surprise attack into Israel from the Gaza Strip that captured territory in southern Israel and killed approximately 1,200 people.[28][29][30] In addition, about 250 Israelis and foreigners were taken into Gaza as hostages by Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups.[31] The attack began with a barrage of over 4,000 rockets and paraglider incursions into Israel.[32] Hamas fighters also breached the Gaza–Israel barrier and massacred civilians in several communities.[33] The attack marked the deadliest day in Israeli history.[34] In response, the Israeli government declared war for the first time since the 1973 Yom Kippur War.[35]

After the 7 October Hamas attack, Israel began a bombardment and blockade of the Gaza Strip,[36] which escalated on 13 October into temporary raids into the northern Gaza Strip[36] and on 27 October to a full-scale invasion of Gaza[37] with the stated goals of destroying Hamas and freeing the hostages.[38] The initial phase of the invasion took place in the north of the Gaza Strip, including an Israeli siege of Gaza City that began on 2 November.[39] Hamas and Israel agreed to a six-day truce from 24 November to 30 November that saw Hamas exchange Israeli hostages for Palestinian prisoners held by Israel.[40][41] After the truce expired in December, Israeli troops had reached the city of Khan Yunis in central Gaza.[42] Israel began a bombing campaign of the southern city of Rafah in February,[43] and Israel seized the Rafah border crossing on 7 May 2024 as it began an offensive in an around Rafah.[44] Israeli forces pushed deeper into Rafah on 14 May.[45] In July, Israel initiated a second battle in Khan Yunis.[46] On 16 October 2024, the Israeli military killed the leader of Hamas, Yahya Sinwar, hence achieving a major goal of Israel's invasion of Gaza.[47] The war began a humanitarian crisis in the Gaza Strip,[48] and the Israeli invasion has displaced about 1.9 million of Gaza's 2.2 million pre-war residents[49] and has killed at least 42,000.[note 7]

### West Bank

[edit]

Main articles: Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Israel–Hamas war and Palestinian Authority–West Bank militias conflict

During the Israel–Hamas war, Israeli forces have carried out near-daily incursions and airstrikes in Palestinian communities in the Israeli-occupied territory of the West Bank, some of which have led to clashes with regional Palestinian militias.[74][75] Even before the war, there was escalating violence between Israelis and Palestinians in the region.[76] 2022 was the deadliest year for Palestinians in the West Bank on record,[77] and in 2023 Israeli forces killed 234 Palestinians in the region even before the war began;[78] Hamas said its 7 October attack was in part a response to rising violence against Palestinians.[79] In the first weeks after Hamas's attack, Israel arrested 63 Hamas members in Tulkarm,[80] and struck a mosque in Jenin it said was used by Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ).[75][81][82] Simultaneously, attacks by Israeli settlers more than doubled in the war's first month,[83] part of an overall rise in settler violence[84] that has displaced over 1,500 Palestinians during the war.[85] On 28 August 2024, Israel began an expansive military operation in the West Bank consisting of raids, airstrikes, and the blocking of entry points in Jenin and Tulkarm,[86][87][88] marking its largest offensive in the territory since the Second Intifada.[74] As of August 2024[update], violence in the West Bank during the Israel–Hamas war has killed 607 Palestinians and 25 Israelis.[85]

Additionally, there have been clashes between the Palestinian Authority (PA) and militant groups opposed to it in the West Bank.[89] The PA has partial administrative authority in the region,[90][91] and is dominated by Fatah,[92] whose collaborations with the Israeli military for security[90][93] have been criticized by militias including Hamas and PIJ.[89] Clashes between militants and the PA emerged in July 2024,[94] and in October the PA began a crackdown on militants in Tubas in response to Iranian efforts to undermine the PA in favor of local militias.[89][95] In December, it began a second offensive in Jenin targeting the Jenin Brigades,[91][90] an umbrella group of local militias.[92]

### Lebanon

[edit]

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present).

Main articles: Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) and Israeli invasion of Lebanon (2024–present)

Smoke rises in Beirut following the Israeli attack that killed Hassan Nasrallah on 27 September 2024

A series of border clashes between Israel and the Lebanese militant group Hezbollah along the Israel–Lebanon border began 8 October 2023,[96][97][98] when Hezbollah attacked the Shebaa Farms region in support of Hamas's attack on Israel the day prior, and Israel responded by attacking Hezbollah positions in southern Lebanon.[99][100][101] Skirmishes between Israel and Hezbollah then continued in southern Lebanon and northern Israel, including in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights.[102][103] Hezbollah initially said that it would attack Israel until the latter ended its attacks in Gaza,[104][105] and Hezbollah's attacks caused 96,000 Israelis to be displaced from northern Israel.[106]

On 2 January 2024, Israel conducted an airstrike that in the Dahieh suburb of Beirut that assassinated Hamas deputy leader Saleh al-Arouri.[107] Hezbollah responded on 6 January by launching rockets at an Israeli base near Mount Meron;[108][109] two days later, Israel assassinated the Hezbollah commander it said carried out that attack.[110] On 27 July, 12 children in the Golan Heights were killed in an attack for which Israel accused Hezbollah;[111][112][113] in response, Israel killed Hezbollah commander Fuad Shukr in Beirut on 30 July.[114]

In September 2024, an Israeli operation resulted in the simultaneous explosion of thousands of pagers used by Hezbollah on 17 September[115] and hundreds of walkie-talkies the next day,[116] killing 42 people.[117][118] The attacks marked the beginning of an intensive Israeli campaign against Hezbollah,[119] and in the ensuing days Israel continued attacks in Lebanon and conducted a massive aerial bombardment that killed more than 700 people,[120] including a 20 September attack that killed Hezbollah Redwan Force commander Ibrahim Aqil.[121] On 27 September 2024, Israel assassinated Hassan Nasrallah, the leader of Hezbollah, in an attack on the group's headquarters in Beirut.[119][122]

On 1 October 2024, Israel began an invasion of southern Lebanon that it said was to eliminate the threat posed by Hezbollah and allow the 63,000 Israelis still displaced to return to their homes.[123][124][125] By 15 October, over 25 percent of Lebanon was under Israeli evacuation orders,[126] and during the invasion Israel captured and destroyed several villages and towns in southern Lebanon while it continued airstrikes across the country.[124] During the conflict, more than 3,700 people in Lebanon were killed and about 1.3 million were displaced.[127][128][129] On 27 November, Israel and Hezbollah agreed to a 60-day ceasefire intended to lead to a lasting end to the conflict.[130][131] Despite both Israel and Hezbollah continuing to exchange attacks and accusing the other of violating the ceasefire, the agreement has largely held.[129]

### Yemen and the Red Sea

[edit]

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Red Sea crisis.

Main article: Red Sea crisis

Further information: 2024 missile strikes in Yemen

Houthi attacks on commercial ships in the Bab-el-Mandeb strait

Houthi militants in Yemen have launched strikes against Israel and commercial ships in the Red Sea.[132][133][134] On 19 October 2023, the United States Navy destroyer USS Carney shot down several missiles that were traveling north over the Red Sea towards Israel.[135] On 31 October, Houthi military spokesperson Yahya Saree said that the group had launched ballistic missiles and drones towards Israel, and that they would continue to do so "to help the Palestinians to victory."[136] On 19 November, the Galaxy Leader, a cargo ship chartered by a Japanese logistics company with 25 individuals on board, was hijacked by the Houthis using a Mil Mi-17 helicopter.[137]

On 3 December, the Houthis said that they had attacked two ships, the Unity Explorer and Number 9 in order "to prevent Israeli ships from navigating the Red Sea".[138][139] Any ship destined for Israel, according to the group, was a "legitimate target". Saree announced in a post on X that the "horrific massacres" against the Palestinians in Gaza was the reason for this decision and that they will not stop until the Gaza Strip is supplied with food and medicine. Israeli National Security Adviser Tzachi Hanegbi called this development a "global issue" and that Israel is "giving the world some time to organize in order to prevent this" otherwise, the country would "act in order to remove this naval siege".[140]

#### American-led airstrikes in Houthi-controlled Yemen

[edit]

On 3 January 2024 the United States and a group of countries issued an ultimatum to the Houthis to stop their activities.[141]

Since 12 January 2024 the United States and the United Kingdom, with support from Australia, Bahrain, Canada, and the Netherlands, have launched a series of Tomahawk cruise missile and airstrikes against the Houthis in Yemen in response to Houthi attacks on ships in the Red Sea.[142] Houthi attacks on shipping were condemned by the United Nations Security Council the day before the initial strike.[143][144] US President Joe Biden ordered the strikes, and UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak convened his cabinet to authorize British participation.[145][146] American officials said the strikes were intended to degrade Houthi capabilities to attack Red Sea cargo ships rather than to target leaders and Iranian trainers; the Houthis said at least five people were killed and six wounded.[147][148]

In the week that followed, seven additional Tomahawk missile strikes on targets in Yemen were conducted by the US Navy.[citation needed]

On 19 July, a Houthi drone strike killed one person and wounded 10 near the US embassy in Tel Aviv.[149] On 20 July Israeli planes struck military facilities and oil depots at the port of Hodeidah in response, killing at least 6 people and wounding at least 83 people.[150] On 29 September, the Israeli Air Force struck power plants and port facilities in Al Hudaydah and Ras Issa killing at least six people and injuring 57 others.[151][152][153] The Ministry of Information claimed that the group had emptied the facilities used to store fuel prior to the attack.[154]

#### Israeli strikes

[edit]

On 19 December, 14 Israeli warplanes dropped dozens of munitions on five locations in Yemen in two waves of airstrikes. The first wave saw four strikes hit Hudaydah Port, two hit the Ras Isa oil terminal,[155] and other strikes hit the Port of Salif. The second wave targeted two power stations north and south of Sanaa.[156][157] The IDF said that the strikes hit targets "used by Houthi forces for their military operations."[158] Houthi-affiliated media outlet Al Masirah reported that Israeli attacks killed at least nine civilians and wounded three others.[155][159] On 26 December, 25 IAF jets carried out airstrikes in Yemen against Houthi targets, hitting the Sanaa International Airport, where an air traffic control tower, the departure lounge and runway were damaged; the Hezyaz power station near Sanaa; as well as infrastructure in Al Hudaydah, As-Salif, and Ras Qantib ports, including a power plant. At least six people were killed and at least 40 others were wounded in the attacks according to the Houthis, with Director-General of the World Health Organization Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, who was visiting Yemen to negotiate the release of UN staff members as well as employees of diplomatic missions and NGO workers arrested by the Houthis, narrowly escaping being killed, and an employee of the United Nations Humanitarian Air Service being seriously wounded.[160][161][162] On 10 January, Israeli strikes hit the Heyzaz power plant and infrastructure at the ports of Hodeidah and Ras Isa.[163] Al-Masirah reported that one person was killed and six others were wounded in Israeli strike in Ras Isa port.[164]

### Iraq and Jordan

[edit]

#### Islamic Resistance in Iraq attacks on U.S. military bases

[edit]

Main article: Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Israel–Hamas war

Starting on 17 October 2023 and in response to United States support for Israel in the Israel–Hamas war, the Islamic Resistance in Iraq initiated a coordinated series of more than 130 attacks on U.S. military bases and assets in Syria and Iraq.[165][142] These attacks resulted in injuries to dozens of U.S. service members and on 28 January 2024 killed three. In response, the U.S. has launched multiple counterattacks, resulting in the death of over 30 militants including a senior commander of the Nujaba Movement, Mushtaq Talib al-Saidi.[166]

#### Islamic Resistance in Iraq attacks on Israel

[edit]

Since November 2023, the Islamic Resistance in Iraq has claimed responsibility for drone and missile attacks against targets within Israel in retaliation for Israeli attacks on Palestinian civilians in Gaza. The group stated it would continue to "strike enemy strongholds." Strikes were recorded in Eilat, the Dead Sea coastline,[167][168] the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights,[169] the Karish rig,[170] Haifa Bay,[171] Ashdod,[172] Kiryat Shmona[173] and in Tel Aviv.[174][175] and in Elifelet.[176]

In late January, the Islamic Resistance in Iraq announced it had entered its second phase of operations which included blockading the Mediterranean maritime routes to Israeli ports and disabling the ports.[172] Since then, the group has launched joint military operations on Israel with the Houthis targeting ships in Haifa port.[177][178]

On 3 October 2024 the Islamic Resistance in Iraq launched a drone strike on an IDF base in the Golan Heights, which killed two IDF soldiers and injured 24 others,[179] which the IRI denied.[180] By late October, the Iraqi resistance had launched drones on an average of around five times a day. In one 24-hour period in October, the ISI launched eight drones at Israel.[181] By December 2024, Iran-backed militias in Iraq decided to stop their attacks on Israel, as requested by the Iraqi government, in light of Assad's fall in Syria.[182][183][184]

#### Iranian missile strikes in Iraqi Kurdistan

[edit]

Main article: 2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria

On 15 January 2024, Iran carried out a series of aerial and drone strikes within Iraq and Syria, claiming that it had targeted the regional headquarters of the Israeli intelligence agency Mossad and several strongholds of terrorist groups in response to the Kerman bombings on 3 January, for which the Islamic State took responsibility.[185] The city of Erbil, which is the capital of Iraq's autonomous Kurdistan Region, was the target of 11 of the 15 total missiles that were fired. The remaining four missiles were directed at Syria's Idlib Governorate, targeting areas held by the Syrian opposition.[186][187] In Erbil itself, the Iranian attack killed four civilians and injured 17 others.[188] Iran's claims of having targeted the Israeli presence in Kurdistan and terrorist groups in Syria were rejected by the Iraqi government and the autonomous Kurdish government, both of which condemned the attack.[189]

### Syria

[edit]

#### Initial Israeli attacks

[edit]

Main article: Spillover of the Israel–Hamas war in Syria

From the beginning of the Israel–Hamas war in October 2023 to October 2024, Israel launched more than 220 attacks on Syria through air raids and artillery attacks, killing 296 people, but the Syrian government under President Bashar al-Assad largely stayed out of the regional conflict.[190]

During the first month of the war, Israeli attacks on airports in Syria killed two workers,[191][192] and attacks in southwestern Syria killed eight Syrian soldiers.[193] Israel continued strikes in Syria in 2024, including in Damascus[194] and Aleppo.[195] In January, Israel killed an Iranian general of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Quds Force in Damascus alongside 12 others.[196] On 1 April, Israel bombed the consulate annex of Iran's embassy in Damascus, killing 16, including Mohammad Reza Zahedi, the commander of the Quds Force in Syria and Lebanon.[197][198] In September 2024, Israel launched a raid and airstrikes in Masyaf that killed at least 18 people,[199][200][201] and in October, Israeli strikes killed 13 people in Damascus[190] and 10 in al-Quasyr.[202] In November, Israeli strikes targeting Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) killed 23 in Syria,[203][204][205] including two PIJ leaders;[205] later that month, Israeli strikes in Palmyra killed 92 Iran-backed fighters, including four from Hezbollah.[206][207]

#### Opposition offensives and end of the Assad regime

[edit]

Main articles: 2024 Syrian opposition offensives, Fall of the Assad regime, and Israeli invasion of Lebanon (2024–present)

A map of rebel advances during the Syrian opposition offensives that resulted in the fall of the Assad regime on 8 December 2024

On 27 November 2024, a coalition of Syrian opposition groups launched a surprise offensive against the Syrian government led by Bashar al-Assad in the country's northwest.[208] The offensive came after key allies of the Assad government — Russia, Iran, and Hezbollah — were weakened by other conflicts.[209][210] Led by Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) and supported by Turkish-backed rebels, the offensive was the first since the 2020 ceasefire that largely halted major fighting in the Syrian civil war, which began in 2011.[211]

By 30 November, HTS had taken control of most of Aleppo,[212] after which Russia intervened to conduct airstrikes on rebel positions there.[213] By 1 December, the rebels had gained control of significant amounts of land in the governorates of Hama, Idlib, and Aleppo, and were beginning an offensive into the city of Hama.[208][214] Hama fell to the HTS on 5 December,[215] and on 7 December they had moved south to capture the city of Homs, effectively separating the government in Damascus from Syria's coast.[216] Meanwhile, the Southern Operations Room began an assault on the government in Daraa and began pushing into the southern suburbs of Damascus, while the Syrian Free Army, which had captured Palmyra, approached Damascus from the east.[217]

Damascus fell to the rebels in the early morning of 8 December, 11 days after the offensive began, and HTS proclaimed the end of the Assad regime as Assad fled the country for Moscow.[218][219] HTS leader Ahmed al-Sharaa became the de facto leader of Syria[220] and established a transitional government led by Mohammed al-Bashir as the country's caretaker prime minister until March 2025.[221]

After the fall of the Assad regime, Netanyahu said that the 1974 Israel–Syria border agreement had "collapsed" and ordered the Israeli military to begin an invasion of the buffer zone in Syria along the Golan Heights.[222] Israel seized Syria's side of Mount Hermon,[223] occupied border villages in Syrian-controlled parts of the Golan Heights,[224] and bombed targets across Damascus and southern Syria in addition to abandoned Syrian Arab Armed Forces (SAAF) weapons stockpiles and airbases.[225][226] On 9 December, Israel carried out over 100 airstrikes across Syria,[227] including a strike on the Port of Latakia.[228] Israel justified its attacks, which destroyed much of the former SAAF's naval and air assets and its air defenses,[229][230][231] as necessary to prevent extremists from capturing abandoned weapons;[232] al-Sharaa condemned Israel's actions but said Syria would not enter a new conflict.[231]

### Iran

[edit]

Main article: 2024 Iran–Israel conflict

On 13 April 2024, Iran launched more than 300 missiles and drones towards Israel, of which Israel said it intercepted more than 99 percent.[233] The attack, which was the first-ever direct strike by Iran on Israel, was launched from Iran, Lebanon, Syria, and Yemen[234] and came after the 1 April Israeli bombing of the Iranian consulate in Damascus that killed two Iranian generals among others, for which Iran had pledged retaliation.[235][236] Ballistic missiles from the attack damaged an air base in southern Israel, but the base remained operational.[234][237] The Israeli defense was aided militarily by the United States, United Kingdom, France, and Jordan,[238] and several Arab states including Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates provided intelligence support.[239] In response, on 19 April Israel launched a limited airstrike on Iran that targeted an air defense facility.[240]

Missile interceptions in Lower Galilee during the 1 October 2024 Iranian attack on Israel

On 1 October 2024, in retaliation for several Israeli assassinations — the July killing of Ismail Haniyeh in Tehran, and the 27 September Beirut strike that killed Hassan Nasrallah and Abbas Nilforoushan — Iran launched a second direct attack on Israel that consisted of roughly 200 ballistic missiles.[241][242] The U.S., U.K., France, and Jordan again helped Israel repel most of the Iranian attack.[243][244] Shrapnel from the attack killed one Palestinian civilian in the West Bank.[245] Israel retaliated on 26 October, in the largest attack on Iran since the Iran–Iraq War,[246] with over 100 Israeli aircraft targeting Iran's radar and air defense systems.[247] Israel said the attack severely damaged Iran's air defense and missile production capabilities.[248]

## Casualties

[edit]

Further information: Casualties of the Israel–Hamas war

According to the Gaza Health Ministry, 46,584 Palestinians have been killed in the Gaza Strip during the Israel–Hamas war,[249] with indirect deaths likely to be multiple times higher.[250] More than 109,000 Palestinians have been injured in the war.[249] The GHM does not distinguish between civilians and combatants;[251] the Israeli Institute for National Security Studies says Israel has killed more than 17,000 militants,[252] while Hamas said in April 2024 that it had lost no more than 20 percent, or about 6,000, of its fighters.[253] An Associated Press analysis of GHM data up to April 2024 found that women and children comprised 54 percent of all identified dead, a statistic often used as a proxy for civilian casualties.[253] Several governments and non-governmental organizations have accused Israel of targeting civilians and committing genocide against Palestinians in Gaza, which Israel rejects.[254][255]

In Israel, the 7 October Hamas-led attack resulted in the deaths of 1,195 people, including 816 civilians and 379 members of the security forces.[256][257][258] Of the 251 people from Israel taken back to Gaza as hostages, 117 have been returned to Israel alive, 37 have been returned dead, three were killed by friendly fire, and 94 remain in captivity.[259][260][261] At least 405 Israeli soldiers and one officer were killed during the Israeli invasion of Gaza.[262] Eighty Israeli soldiers and 46 civilians have been killed in the conflict with Hezbollah;[262][263] violence in the West Bank has killed 25 Israelis,[264]including six soldiers and police.[262] The United Nations Human Rights Council said there was "clear evidence" of war crimes by both Israel and Hamas during the war,[265] and human-rights organizations have accused Hamas and other militias of committing crimes against humanity in the 7 October attack.[256]

In Lebanon, Israeli attacks killed 4,047 people and wounded 16,638 others.[266] Hezbollah has confirmed the death of 521 of its members,[267] and the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that 67 Hezbollah members have been killed in Syria since the outbreak of the Israel–Hamas war.[268][269] The Israeli military estimated that that around 3,800 Hezbollah members died in the conflict,[270] while media reports claimed Hezbollah believes its number of dead could be as high as 4,000.[271] Initial clashes in southern Lebanon also killed at least 20 members of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad.[272]According to Lebanon's ministry of public health, fourteen journalists have been killed by Israeli attacks while reporting on the conflict.[273]

In the West Bank, 607 Palestinians were killed by August 2024, primarily due to Israeli military raids.[264] Additionally, the Palestinian Authority's offensive in Jenin resulted in the death of six PA soldiers, four Palestinian militants, and three civilians.[274] During the Red Sea crisis, the Houthis have killed four sailors in the Red Sea,[273][275] while in December 2023 U.S. strikes on Houthi boats in the Red Sea killed at least 10 Houthi members,[276] and by the end of May 2024 the U.S. and U.K. airstrikes in Houthi-controlled Yemen had killed 56 people and injured 77 others.[273][277] Five U.S. soldiers died in January 2024: two were lost at sea on a mission to seize Iranian weapons[278] and three were killed in an IRI attack in Jordan that injured 47 others.[279]

## Political and legal impact

[edit]

In 2023 before the conflict, Israel and Saudi Arabia were reported to be working on normalizing relations.[280] These talks have since ceased.[281][282]

### United Nations

[edit]

Further information: South Africa's genocide case against Israel

On 29 December 2023, South Africa brought a case against Israel before the International Court of Justice accusing Israel of committing genocide against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip during the Israel–Hamas war, in violation of the Genocide Convention.[283] South Africa requested that the ICJ order an immediate halt to Israel's military operations in Gaza among other provisional measures of protection.[284] Israel has contended that its actions in Gaza are targeted only at Hamas and are in legitimate self-defense in accordance with international law.[285] On 26 January 2024, the ICJ said in a preliminary ruling that South Africa's allegations are "plausible" and that Israel must "take all measures within its power" to prevent genocide in Gaza.[286]

Over the course of the Israel–Hamas war, the United Nations Security Council has made numerous attempts to negotiate a ceasefire. A February 2024 resolution demanding a ceasefire was vetoed by the United States for not including a condemnation of the 7 October attack,[287] and on 22 March Russia and China vetoed a U.S.-drafted resolution that would have called for an immediate six-week ceasefire conditional on the release of hostages.[288][289] On 25 March, the UNSC passed Resolution 2728, which called for a ceasefire during the month of Ramadan, the "immediate and unconditional" release of all hostages, and the allowance of humanitarian aid into Gaza.[290][291][292] The U.S. vetoed a later ceasefire resolution in November 2024, saying this was due to the fact that the resolution did not require the immediate release of all hostages.[293]

## See also

[edit]

* List of modern conflicts in the Middle East

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b Activity outside the Gaza Strip is unconfirmed for PRC and PFLP-GC.
2. ^ Lions' Den are only active in the West Bank.
3. ^ In the Gaza Strip, smaller Palestinian groups fighting in the war include: The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine and the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Palestinian Mujahideen Movement[1][2][3], Popular Resistance Committees[4][note 1], Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command[note 1]
Lions' Den[note 2], Palestinian Freedom Movement (Al-Ansar Brigades),[2][3] Jaysh al-Ummah,[verification needed][better source needed][5] and various minor al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades splinter groups (several of which possibly rejoined the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades just before the war).[3] Furthermore, a number of Palestinian militant groups in the West Bank have involved themselves in the conflict, including: Lions' Den,[6] and various al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades sub-groups such as Hornets' Nest,[7] Jenin Battalion,[8] Qalqilya Battalion, etc.[8]
4. ^ These include the Islamic Group,[9] Amal Movement, and Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon[10]
5. ^ See List of military aid to Israel during the Israel–Hamas war for more details
6. ^ While not formally an ally of Israel, the Palestinian Authority actively coordinates with the IDF to combat Palestinian militias in the West Bank and is backed by Israel in its own ongoing conflict against the militias, which has significantly escalated during the Israel–Hamas war.[15][16][17][18][19]
7. ^ Per the Gaza Health Ministry[50] the number of deaths recorded is 42,519.[51][52]
The number of dead identified is 34,344, including:[53][54]
* 13,737+ men[53][54]
* 11,355+ children[53][54]
* 6,297+ women[53][54]
* 2,955+ elderly[53][54]
* 79+ paramedics and 885+ medical staff[a]
* 220+ UN staff[b]
* 177+ journalists.[58][59][60]

* * *

Indirect deaths likely to be multiple times higher[61]

* The number of natural deaths has gone up by a factor of more than 6 (was 3.85/1000).[62][63]
* At least 37 deaths confirmed due to malnutrition only and deaths were also confirmed due to dehydration,[64][65] but the true figure is likely to be far higher.[66][67]

* * *

Per Hamas

* ≤ 20% Hamas fighters (late April 2024)[68]

* * *

Per Israel:

* 33,000+ Palestinians killed (August 2024)[69]
* 16,000 civilians (May 2024)[70]
* 17,000+ militants (September 2024)[71]

* * *

Per US intelligence:

* 9,000–12,000 militants (as of 6 June 2024)[72][73]

* * *

1. ^ Per United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs: 493 (May 2024)[53]
Per Gaza government media office: 885[55]
2. ^ Per the UN[56][57]

## References

[edit]

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## Sources

[edit]

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