Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)

Ongoing period of increased instability in the Middle East

This article is about the ongoing series of conflicts in the Middle East. For other uses, see List of modern conflicts in the Middle East.

Middle Eastern crisis

Part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, the Gaza–Israel conflict, the Iran–Israel proxy conflict, the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict, the Arab–Israeli conflict, the Israeli–Lebanese conflict, and the Hezbollah–Israel conflict

Clockwise from top: Fires in the Gaza envelope following the October 7 attacks, rising smoke after the assassination of Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah, two United States carrier strike groups in the Mediterranean Sea, Israeli stike on the IRIB studio during Iran–Israel war, damage from the Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip
| Date| 7 October 2023 – present
(1 year, 9 months, 4 weeks and 2 days)

|

Location|

Middle East:

* Israel and the Gaza Strip
* West Bank
* Lebanon
* Syria
* Iraq
* Jordan
* Red Sea
* Yemen
* Iran
* Qatar
* Strait of Hormuz

Status|  Ongoing

* Palestinian militants attack Israel on October 7
* Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip
* Pause in Arab–Israeli normalization
* Attacks on commercial vessels in the Red Sea lead to Operation Prosperity Guardian, Operation Aspides and US–UK airstrikes on Yemen
* Iran–Israel conflict escalates into a war
* Israeli invasion of Lebanon ends in a ceasefire
* Fall of the Assad regime in Syria
* End of attacks by Iraqi militias
* United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites, resulting in retaliatory strikes by Iran

Belligerents
Iran
Syria (until 2024)
Hamas
Hezbollah
Houthis
Islamic Resistance in Iraq
...other allies[a]|  Israel
United States
United Kingdom[b]
France[10]
Popular Forces[c]
...other support[d]|  Syria (from 2024)[e]

* * *

Palestinian Authority[f]|  Self-defense only:
Lebanon[g]
Jordan[h]
Egypt[25]
Qatar[i]
Saudi Arabia[27]
Commanders and leaders
Ali Khamenei
Masoud Pezeshkian (WIA)
Ebrahim Raisi #
Hossein Salami X
Bashar al-Assad
Ismail Haniyeh X
Yahya Sinwar †
Naim Qassem
Hassan Nasrallah X
Hashem Safieddine X
Abdul-Malik al-Houthi|  Benjamin Netanyahu
Isaac Herzog
Donald Trump
Pete Hesgeth
Joe Biden
Lloyd Austin
Keir Starmer
Rishi Sunak
Emmanuel Macron
Yasser Abu Shabab|  Ahmed al-Sharaa
Mahmoud Abbas|  Joseph Aoun
Najib Mikati
Abdullah II
Tamim bin Hamad
Mohammed bin Salman
Strength
Hamas 20,000–40,000+[28]
Hezbollah 20,000–100,000[29]|  Israel 40,000+[30]
USA (in Israel): 100[31]|  Unknown|  Lebanon 80,000[32]
Casualties and losses
Gaza Strip:
55,000+ killed[j]
Lebanon:
4,000+ killed
Iran:
1,000+ killed
West Bank:
900+ killed
Yemen:
500 killed
Syria:
415+ killed|  Israel:
2,000+ killed
United States:
5 killed|  Syria:
500+ killed

* v
* t
* e

Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)

Timeline

* * *

Lebanon

* Israel–Hezbollah (Timeline)
* Attacks on journalists
* Dahieh attack
* US embassy shooting
* Majdal Shams attack
* Haret Hreik airstrike
* August 2024 Nabatieh attack
* August 2024 strikes
* Pager explosions
* Assassination of Ibrahim Aqil
* September 2024 strikes
* Lebanese displacement
* Assassination of Hassan Nasrallah
* 2024 Israeli invasion
* Assassination of Hashem Safieddine
* Israeli attacks on the Lebanese health sector

Iran, Iraq and Syria

* Attacks on US bases
* Tower 22 drone attack
* February 2024 US airstrikes
* Assassination of Razi Mousavi
* 2024 Erbil attack
* Assassination of Sadegh Omidzadeh
* 2024 Homs airstrikes
* Iranian consulate in Damascus airstrike
* 2024 Iran–Israel conflict
* April 2024 Iranian strikes
* April 2024 Israeli strikes
* October 2024 Iranian strikes
* October 2024 Israeli strikes
* Iran–Israel war
* Ceasefire
* Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh
* Masyaf strikes
* 2024 leak of U.S. intelligence on Israeli strike plans
* Palmyra airstrike
* United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites

Yemen and the Red Sea

* Red Sea crisis
* Galaxy Leader
* MV Maersk Hangzhou
* Chem Pluto
* Marlin Luanda
* Eternity C
* Operation Prosperity Guardian
* CTF 153
* 2024 missile strikes
* 2024 Tel Aviv drone attack
* July 2024 Israeli attack
* Attacks on the Sounion
* September 2024 Israeli attack
* December 2024 Israeli airstrikes in Yemen
* 10 January 2025 Israeli attack on Yemen
* March–May 2025 United States attacks in Yemen
* 2025 U.S.–Houthi ceasefire
* 2025 Houthi attack on Tel Aviv airport
* May 2025 Israeli attacks on Yemen

Deaths

* Alim Abdallah
* Issam Abdallah
* Saleh al-Arouri
* Ali Hussein Barji
* Razi Mousavi
* Wissam al-Tawil
* Sadegh Omidzadeh
* Mushtaq Talib Al-Saeedi
* Mohammad Reza Zahedi
* Fuad Shukr
* Ismail Haniyeh
* Ibrahim Aqil

Related topics

* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* Hezbollah–Israel conflict

The Middle Eastern crisis is a series of interrelated wars, conflicts, and heightened instability in the Middle East that began in 2023 after the October 7 attacks, in which Hamas-led militants killed about 1,200 people in Israel and took about 250 more hostage. In the ensuing Gaza war, Israel's blockade, bombardment, and invasion of the Gaza Strip has killed over 60,000 Palestinians, with some estimates suggesting more than 90,000 killed. There is an ongoing humanitarian crisis, and an imminent famine in the Gaza Strip.

Shortly after the Gaza war began, several Iran-backed militias in the Axis of Resistance joined the conflict against Israel. In Lebanon, Hezbollah fired rockets into northern Israel, igniting a fourteen-month conflict that escalated in October 2024 to an Israeli invasion of southern Lebanon and largely ended with a ceasefire at the end of November. In the Red Sea, the Yemen-based Houthis attacked shipping vessels in solidarity with Hamas, drawing international rebuke—including a series of airstrikes against Houthi positions carried out by the United States and the United Kingdom—which ended with the U.S.–Houthi ceasefire in May 2025. Iraqi militias led by the Islamic Resistance in Iraq also carried out attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Syria, and Jordan, but mostly halted in December 2024.

Three times during the crisis, Iran and Israel engaged in direct confrontations. The two exchanged attacks on each other's territory in April and October 2024, and June 2025, the latter of which initiated an undeclared war. This conflict involved U.S. strikes on Iranian nuclear facilities, prompting Iran to retaliate by targeting a U.S. base in Qatar. In November 2024, Syrian opposition groups began an offensive that reignited the Syrian civil war, culminating in the fall of the Assad regime on 8 December and the establishment of a transitional government in the place of the former Ba'athist government. On the same day, Israeli forces invaded the area around the Israel–Syria border.

The diplomatic and political impacts of the crisis have been wide-ranging. The scale of destruction in Gaza has led to the diplomatic isolation of Israel and the pause of normalization talks between Israel and Saudi Arabia. Conversely, the crisis has been said to have severely decreased the regional strength and influence of Iran and its allies. Israel faces accusations of genocide, including from South Africa in an ongoing case at the International Court of Justice; the International Criminal Court has issued arrest warrants for Israeli leaders—including Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu—for alleged war crimes.

## Events by theater

[edit]

### Israel and the Gaza Strip

[edit]

Main article: Gaza war

Further information: Background to the Gaza war and Hamas–Popular Forces conflict

Map of control in the in and around the Gaza Strip in the Gaza war as of 6 August 2025

On 7 October 2023, the Palestinian militant group Hamas led a surprise attack into Israel from the Gaza Strip that captured territory in southern Israel and killed approximately 1,200 people.[33][34][35][36] In addition, about 250 Israelis and foreigners were taken into Gaza as hostages by Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups.[37] The attack began with a barrage of over 4,000 rockets and paraglider incursions into Israel.[38] Hamas fighters also breached the Gaza–Israel barrier and massacred civilians in several communities.[39] The attack marked the deadliest day in Israeli history.[40] In response, the Israeli government declared war for the first time since the 1973 Yom Kippur War.[41]

After the 7 October Hamas attack, Israel began a bombardment and blockade of the Gaza Strip,[42] which escalated on 13 October into temporary raids into the northern Gaza Strip[42] and on 27 October to a full-scale invasion of Gaza[43] with the stated goals of destroying Hamas and freeing the hostages.[44] The initial phase of the invasion took place in the north of the Gaza Strip, including an Israeli siege of Gaza City that began on 2 November.[45] Hamas and Israel agreed to a six-day truce from 24 November to 30 November that saw Hamas exchange Israeli hostages for Palestinian prisoners held by Israel.[46][47]

After the truce expired in December, Israeli troops had reached the city of Khan Yunis in central Gaza.[48] Israel began a bombing campaign of the southern city of Rafah in February,[49] and Israel seized the Rafah border crossing on 7 May 2024 as it began an offensive in and around Rafah.[50] Israeli forces pushed deeper into Rafah on 14 May.[51] In July, Israel initiated a second battle in Khan Yunis.[52] On 16 October 2024, the Israeli military killed the leader of Hamas, Yahya Sinwar, hence achieving a major goal of Israel's invasion of Gaza.[53] On 15 January 2025, Israel and Hamas agreed to a ceasefire that would halt fighting in the Gaza Strip upon its ratification and lead to the release of 33 Israeli hostages in exchange for Palestinian prisoners.[54] It went into effect four days later, with Hamas retaining control over the Gaza Strip.[55][56] On 18 March, Israel launched surprise airstrikes on Gaza as Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu said that Hamas had refused to release more hostages or accept a US proposal to extend the ceasefire.[57]

The war has caused widespread destruction, a humanitarian crisis, and an imminent famine in the Gaza Strip.[58][59] Most of the population was forcibly displaced.[58] More than 60,000 Palestinians in Gaza have been killed as of July 2025.[60]

### West Bank

[edit]

Main articles: Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Gaza war and Palestinian Authority–West Bank militias conflict

During the Gaza war, Israeli forces have carried out near-daily incursions and airstrikes in Palestinian communities in the Israeli-occupied territory of the West Bank, some of which have led to clashes with regional Palestinian militias.[61][62] Even before the war, there was escalating violence between Israelis and Palestinians in the region.[63] 2022 was the deadliest year for Palestinians in the West Bank on record,[64] and in 2023 Israeli forces killed 234 Palestinians in the region even before the war began;[65] Hamas said its 7 October attack was in part a response to rising violence against Palestinians.[66] In the first weeks after Hamas's attack, Israel arrested 63 Hamas members in Tulkarm,[67] and struck a mosque in Jenin it said was used by Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ).[62][68][69] Simultaneously, attacks by Israeli settlers more than doubled in the war's first month,[70] part of an overall rise in settler violence[71] that has displaced over 1,500 Palestinians during the war.[72] On 28 August 2024, Israel began an expansive military operation in the West Bank consisting of raids, airstrikes, and the blocking of entry points in Jenin and Tulkarm,[73][74][75] marking its largest offensive in the territory since the Second Intifada.[61] On 21 January 2025, Israel launched its first major post-ceasefire raid, targeting Jenin, and announced that it intended to maintain a long-term military presence in the city, marking a shift in strategy.[76]

Additionally, there have been clashes between the Palestinian Authority (PA) and militant groups opposed to it in the West Bank.[77] The PA has partial administrative authority in the region,[78][79] and is dominated by Fatah,[80] whose collaborations with the Israeli military for security[78][81] have been criticized by militias including Hamas and PIJ.[77] Clashes between militants and the PA escalated in July 2024,[82] and in October the PA began a crackdown on militants in Tubas in response to Iranian efforts to undermine the PA in favor of local militias.[77][83] In December, it began a second offensive in Jenin targeting the Jenin Brigades,[79][78] an umbrella group of local militias.[80]

### Lebanon

[edit]

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present).

Main articles: Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) and 2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon

Smoke rises in Beirut, Lebanon following the Israeli air raid that killed the leader of Hezbollah, Hassan Nasrallah, on 27 September 2024

A series of border clashes between Israel and the Lebanese militant group Hezbollah along the Israel–Lebanon border began 8 October 2023,[84][85][86] when Hezbollah attacked the Shebaa Farms region in support of Hamas's attack on Israel the day prior, and Israel responded by attacking Hezbollah positions in southern Lebanon.[87][88][89] Skirmishes between Israel and Hezbollah then continued in southern Lebanon and northern Israel, including in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights.[90][91] Hezbollah initially said that it would attack Israel until the latter ended its attacks in Gaza,[92][93] and Hezbollah's attacks caused 96,000 Israelis to be displaced from northern Israel.[94]

On 2 January 2024, Israel conducted an airstrike in the Dahieh suburb of Beirut that assassinated Hamas deputy leader Saleh al-Arouri.[95] Hezbollah responded on 6 January by launching rockets at an Israeli base near Mount Meron;[96][97] two days later, Israel assassinated the Hezbollah commander it said carried out that attack.[98] On 27 July, 12 children in the Golan Heights were killed in an attack for which Israel accused Hezbollah;[99][100][101] in response, Israel killed Hezbollah commander Fuad Shukr in Beirut on 30 July.[102]

In September 2024, an Israeli operation resulted in the simultaneous explosion of thousands of pagers used by Hezbollah on 17 September[103] and hundreds of walkie-talkies the next day,[104] killing 42 people.[105][106] The attacks marked the beginning of an intensive Israeli campaign against Hezbollah,[107] and in the ensuing days Israel continued attacks in Lebanon and conducted a massive aerial bombardment that killed more than 700 people,[108] including a 20 September attack that killed Hezbollah Redwan Force commander Ibrahim Aqil.[109] On 27 September 2024, Israel assassinated Hassan Nasrallah, the leader of Hezbollah, in an attack on the group's headquarters in Beirut.[107][110]

On 1 October 2024, Israel began an invasion of southern Lebanon that it said was to eliminate the threat posed by Hezbollah and allow the 63,000 Israelis still displaced to return to their homes.[111][112][113] By 15 October, over 25 percent of Lebanon was under Israeli evacuation orders,[114] and during the invasion Israel captured and destroyed several villages and towns in southern Lebanon while it continued airstrikes across the country.[112] During the conflict, more than 3,700 people in Lebanon were killed and about 1.3 million were displaced.[115][116][117] On 27 November, Israel and Hezbollah agreed to a 60-day ceasefire intended to lead to a lasting end to the conflict.[118][119] Despite both Israel and Hezbollah continuing to exchange attacks and accusing the other of violating the ceasefire, the agreement has largely held.[117] In July 2025 a new report claimed that Hezbollah lost 10,000 of its fighters and many of its military capabilities have also deteriorated significantly.[120]

### Yemen and the Red Sea

[edit]

Main article: Red Sea crisis

The USS Carney shoots down Houthi missiles targeting Israel over the Red Sea on 19 October 2023

Shortly after the Gaza war began in October 2023, Houthi militants based in Yemen began targeting civilian merchant and naval vessels passing through the Red Sea.[121] The Houthis said that their attacks would continue until Israel ended its "crimes in Gaza."[122] The group said it would target vessels linked to Israel, but has primarily indiscriminately attacked many vessels with no relation to the country.[123] By May 2024, Houthis had conducted over 50 attacks;[124] Houthi leader Abdul-Malik al-Houthi said his forces had launched 606 ballistic missiles and drones against 107 ships affiliated with Israel and its allies across the Red Sea, Bab-el-Mandeb strait, Gulf of Aden, and Indian Ocean.[125] Houthis killed three sailors, seized one vessel, and sank another.[124] To avoid attack, many vessels avoided the Suez Canal and Red Sea altogether by sailing around the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa, which caused increases in shipping costs.[126]

The first confrontation was on 19 October 2023, when a United States Navy guided missile destroyer in the Red Sea shot down Houthi missiles and drones aimed at Israel.[127] The next month, Houthis hijacked the Galaxy Leader and took all 25 of its passengers hostage.[128] In December, the United States created Operation Prosperity Guardian, a multinational naval coalition aimed at combatting attacks in the Red Sea.[129] The coalition includes the U.S., the United Kingdom, Australia, Bahrain, Canada, France, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Seychelles, and Spain.[130][131] In February 2024, the European Union established Operation Aspides, including Greece, Italy, France, Germany, Belgium, and other EU members; unlike Prosperity Guardian, Aspides is a purely defensive coalition.[16] On 3 January 2024, the U.S. and 12 other nations issued an ultimatum to the Houthis warning them to stop their attacks or face military action.[131] On 12 January, the U.S. and U.K. began airstrikes in Houthi-controlled Yemen[132] following a United Nations Security Council resolution that condemned the Houthi attacks.[133][134] The strikes were ordered by U.S. president Joe Biden and U.K. prime minister Rishi Sunak authorized British participation.[135][136] The two countries had launched 452 attacks on Houthi territory by May 2024,[125] though the Houthis did not entirely cease their attacks.[16]

After a Houthi drone attack in July 2024 killed one person and injured 10 others near the U.S. embassy office in Tel Aviv,[137] Israel responded by attacking military facilities and oil depots in al-Hudaydah, Yemen, killing at least six and wounding at least 83.[138] Israel attacked Yemen again in September, killing six and injuring 57 others.[139] After Houthi attacks in December 2024, Israel launched two waves of strikes against Houthi territory in al-Hudaydah and Sanaa, killing a total of 13 people.[140] Israeli attacks on the Houthis in Yemen continued into 2025.[141]

On 15 March 2025, the U.S. said that it had begun aerial and naval strikes on dozens of Houthi targets in Yemen after President Donald Trump ordered an escalated military campaign against the Houthis.[142] After the March 2025 Israeli strikes on Gaza, the Houthis pledged escalation on 18 March.[143] In April, Iranian forces withdrew from Yemen,[144] and U.S. strikes targeted the Ras Isa oil terminal in western Yemen and hit a detention center in Yemen's Saada Governorate.[145][146][147] On 4 May, a Houthi attack hit the Ben Gurion Airport in Israel;[148] in response, Israel carried out retaliatory attacks on Yemen,[149] including an attack on Sanaa International Airport.[150] On 6 May, a United States–Houthi ceasefire agreement mediated by Oman came into effect, ending the American and British attacks on Yemen.[151] The Houthis agreed to end their attacks in the Red Sea but said the agreement did not apply to attacks on Israel.[152]

### Iraq and Jordan

[edit]

Main article: Attacks on US bases during the Gaza war

Further information: 2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria

Beginning on 17 October 2023,[132] the Islamic Resistance in Iraq (IRI) and other militias in the Iran-led Axis of Resistance began a series of attacks against United States military bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria[153] in response to U.S. support for Israel in the Gaza war.[154] The attacks began with an IRI attack on the U.S.'s al-Asad Airbase in northern Iraq that the U.S. intercepted.[155] Regional militias had conducted over 170 attacks against U.S. forces in the region by January 2024, aimed at pressuring the U.S. into withdrawing its troops in the region[153] that it had deployed during the war against the Islamic State.[154] On 28 January 2024, an IRI attack on a U.S. base in Jordan killed three American service members; the U.S. responded on February 2 by attacking seven sites across Iraq and Syria.[156] The IRI also conducted attacks against Israel beginning in October 2023,[157] and in January 2024 it attacked the Israeli city of Ashdod in what it described as the "second phase of operations" in its support for Palestinians in Gaza;[158] two Israeli soldiers have been killed by drone strikes from Iraq.[91] Attacks on U.S. bases largely ended on 4 February 2024 at the request of Iran[159]—though some resumed that April[160]—and Iraqi militias agreed with the Iraqi government to stop attacking Israel in December 2024.[157]

After the January 2024 Kerman bombings in Iran in which the Islamic State killed nearly 100 people, Iran conducted a series of strikes in Iraq and Syria that it said targeted an Israeli spy headquarters in Iraqi Kurdistan and Islamic State forces in Syria.[161] Shortly after, Iran conducted strikes in Pakistan targeting Jaish ul-Adl, a Sunni Islamic militant group, to which Pakistan responded with retaliatory strikes against Iran.[162]

### Syria

[edit]

#### Initial Israeli attacks

[edit]

Main article: Spillover of the Gaza war in Syria

From the beginning of the Gaza war in October 2023 to October 2024, Israel launched more than 220 attacks on Syria through air raids and artillery attacks, killing 296 people, but the Syrian government under President Bashar al-Assad largely stayed out of the regional conflict.[163]

During the first month of the war, Israel launched attacks on Syrian airports[164][165] and across southwestern Syria.[166] It continued strikes in Syria in 2024, including in Damascus[167] and Aleppo.[168] In January, Israel killed an Iranian general of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Quds Force alongside 12 others.[169] On 1 April, it bombed the consulate annex of Iran's embassy in Damascus, killing 16, including Mohammad Reza Zahedi, the Quds Force commander in Syria and Lebanon.[170][171] In September, Israel raided and struck Masyaf, killing at least 18 people,[172][173][174] and in October, Israeli strikes killed 13 people in Damascus[163] and 10 in al-Quasyr.[175] In November, Israeli killed 23 people in Syria in strikes targeting Palestinian Islamic Jihad,[176][177][178] and killed 92 Iran-backed fighters from various groups later that month in Palmyra.[179][180]

#### Opposition offensives and end of the Assad regime

[edit]

Main articles: 2024 Syrian opposition offensives and Fall of the Assad regime

A map of rebel advances during the Syrian opposition offensives that resulted in the fall of the Assad regime on 8 December 2024

On 27 November 2024, a coalition of Syrian opposition groups launched a surprise offensive against the Syrian government led by Bashar al-Assad in the country's northwest.[181] The offensive came after key allies of the Assad government—Russia, Iran, and Hezbollah—were weakened by other conflicts.[182][183] Led by Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) and supported by Turkish-backed rebels, the offensive was the first since the 2020 ceasefire that largely halted major fighting in the Syrian civil war, which began in 2011.[184]

By 30 November, HTS had taken control of most of Aleppo,[185] after which Russia intervened to conduct airstrikes on rebel positions there.[186] By 1 December, the rebels had gained control of significant amounts of land in the governorates of Hama, Idlib, and Aleppo, and were beginning an offensive into the city of Hama.[181][187] Hama fell to the HTS on 5 December,[188] and on 7 December they had moved south to capture the city of Homs, effectively separating the government in Damascus from Syria's coast.[189] Meanwhile, the Southern Operations Room began an assault on the government in Daraa and began pushing into the southern suburbs of Damascus, while the Syrian Free Army, which had captured Palmyra, approached Damascus from the east.[190]

Damascus fell to the rebels in the early morning of 8 December, 11 days after the offensive began, and HTS proclaimed the end of the Assad regime as Assad fled the country for Moscow.[191][192] HTS leader Ahmed al-Sharaa became the de facto leader of Syria[193] and established a transitional government led by Mohammed al-Bashir as the country's caretaker prime minister until March 2025.[194]

#### Israeli invasion

[edit]

Main article: Israeli invasion of Syria (2024–present)

After the fall of the Assad regime, Netanyahu said that the 1974 Israel–Syria border agreement had "collapsed" and ordered the Israeli military to begin an invasion of the buffer zone in Syria along the Golan Heights.[195] Israel seized Syria's side of Mount Hermon,[196] occupied border villages in Syrian-controlled parts of the Golan Heights,[197] and bombed targets across Damascus and southern Syria in addition to abandoned Syrian Arab Armed Forces (SAAF) weapons stockpiles and airbases.[198][199] On 9 December, Israel carried out over 100 airstrikes across Syria,[200] including a strike on the Port of Latakia.[201] Israel justified its attacks, which destroyed much of the former SAAF's naval and air assets and its air defenses,[202][203][80] as necessary to prevent extremists from capturing abandoned weapons;[204] al-Sharaa condemned Israel's actions but said Syria would not enter a new conflict.[80]

### Iran

[edit]

Main article: 2024 Iran–Israel conflict

On 13 April 2024, Iran launched more than 300 missiles and drones towards Israel, of which Israel said it intercepted more than 99 percent.[205] The attack, which was the first-ever direct strike by Iran on Israel, was launched from Iran, Lebanon, Syria, and Yemen[206] and came after the 1 April Israeli bombing of the Iranian consulate in Damascus that killed two Iranian generals among others, for which Iran had pledged retaliation.[207][208] Ballistic missiles from the attack damaged an air base in southern Israel, but the base remained operational.[206][209] The Israeli defense was aided militarily by the United States, United Kingdom, France, and Jordan,[210] and several Arab states including Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates provided intelligence support.[211] In response, on 19 April Israel launched a limited airstrike on Iran that targeted an air defense facility.[212]

Missile interceptions in Lower Galilee during the 1 October 2024 Iranian attack on Israel

On 1 October 2024, in retaliation for several Israeli assassinations—the July killing of Ismail Haniyeh in Tehran, and the 27 September Beirut strike that killed Hassan Nasrallah and Abbas Nilforoushan—Iran launched a second direct attack on Israel that consisted of roughly 200 ballistic missiles.[213][214] The U.S., U.K., France, and Jordan again helped Israel repel most of the Iranian attack.[215][216] Shrapnel from the attack killed one Palestinian civilian in the West Bank.[217] Israel retaliated on 26 October, in the largest attack on Iran since the Iran–Iraq War,[218] with over 100 Israeli aircraft targeting Iran's radar and air defense systems.[219] Israel said the attack severely damaged Iran's air defense and missile production capabilities.[220]

#### Iranian nuclear program

[edit]

After the Trump's letter to Iran, IRGC Navy seized two oil tankers in Persian Gulf belonging to Saudis in March 2025.[221] The following month, French minister of foreign affairs stated if Iran were to make nuclear weapon war would be inevitable almost,[222] US President Trump stated that Iran wants direct negotiations, and IRGC General Hossein Salami declared Iranians are ready for war though should the US attack first.[223][224] Iranian Foreign Minister also announced Iran and US would start high level indirect negotiations in Oman.[225]

#### Iran–Israel war

[edit]

Main articles: Iran–Israel war and United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites

Aerial view of Tehran following Israeli airstrikes, 13 June 2025

On 13 June 2025, Israel launched large-scale attacks against targets in several areas in Iran. Israel targeted nuclear facilities, military installations, and the private residences of senior officials,[226] causing damage to key nuclear sites[227] and killing Iran's top military leadership.[228] Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) commander Hossein Salami,[229][230][231] Iranian Armed Forces Chief of Staff Major General Mohammad Bagheri, [232] and nuclear scientists Fereydoon Abbasi and Mohammad Mehdi Tehranchi were killed in the attacks, according to Iranian state media.[233] The attacks killed both Iranian military members and Iranian civilians.[234]

On 21 June, US President Trump announced the US had attacked multiple nuclear sites in Iran, including Fordow Fuel Enrichment Plant, Natanz Nuclear Facility, and a third site in Isfahan in support of Israel and to attempt to completely destroy the Iranian nuclear program. The international community reacted with alarm at the escalation.[235]

## Casualties

[edit]

Further information: Casualties of the Gaza war

According to the Gaza Health Ministry (GHM), since the start of the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip, over 60,000 Palestinians in Gaza have been killed as of July 2025.[236][237][60] A study in The Lancet estimated 64,260 deaths in Gaza from traumatic injuries by June 2024, while noting a potentially larger death toll when "indirect" deaths are included.[238][239][240][241] As of May 2025, a comparable figure for traumatic injury deaths would be 93,000.[242] More than 146,000 Palestinians in Gaza have been injured in the war.[60]

The GHM does not distinguish between civilians and combatants;[243] the Israeli Institute for National Security Studies says Israel has killed more than 17,000 militants,[244] while Hamas said in April 2024 that it had lost no more than 20 percent, or about 6,000, of its fighters.[245] An Associated Press analysis of GHM data up to April 2024 found that women and children comprised 54 percent of all identified dead, a statistic often used as a proxy for civilian casualties.[245] Several human rights organizations such as Amnesty International and B'Tselem, various genocide studies and international law scholars, and other experts say that a genocide is taking place in Gaza, though some dispute this.[246][247]

In Israel, the 7 October Hamas-led attack resulted in the deaths of 1,195 people, including 816 civilians and 379 members of the security forces.[248][249][250] Of the 251 people from Israel taken back to Gaza as hostages, 136 have been returned to Israel alive, 39 have been returned dead, three were killed by friendly fire, and 73 remain in captivity.[251][252][253] At least 405 Israeli soldiers and one officer were killed during the Israeli invasion of Gaza.[91] Eighty Israeli soldiers and 46 civilians have been killed in the conflict with Hezbollah;[91][254] violence in the West Bank has killed 25 Israelis,[72] including six soldiers and police.[91] The United Nations Human Rights Council said there was "clear evidence" of war crimes by both Israel and Hamas during the war,[255] and human-rights organizations have accused Hamas and other militias of committing crimes against humanity in the 7 October attack.[248]

In Lebanon, Israeli attacks killed 4,047 people and wounded 16,638 others.[256] Hezbollah has confirmed the death of 521 of its members,[257] and the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that 67 Hezbollah members have been killed in Syria since the outbreak of the Gaza war.[258][259] The Israeli military estimated that that around 3,800 Hezbollah members died in the conflict,[260] while media reports claimed Hezbollah believes its number of dead could be as high as 4,000.[261] Initial clashes in southern Lebanon also killed at least 20 members of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad.[262] According to Lebanon's ministry of public health, fourteen journalists have been killed by Israeli attacks while reporting on the conflict.[263]

In the West Bank, 607 Palestinians were killed by August 2024, primarily due to Israeli military raids.[72] Additionally, the Palestinian Authority's offensive in Jenin resulted in the death of six PA soldiers, four Palestinian militants, and three civilians.[264] During the Red Sea crisis, the Houthis have killed four sailors in the Red Sea,[263][265] while in December 2023 U.S. strikes on Houthi boats in the Red Sea killed at least 10 Houthi members,[266] and by the end of May 2024 the U.S. and U.K. airstrikes in Houthi-controlled Yemen had killed 56 people and injured 77 others.[263][125] Five U.S. soldiers died in January 2024: two were lost at sea on a mission to seize Iranian weapons[267] and three were killed in an IRI attack in Jordan that injured 47 others.[268]

## Political and legal impact

[edit]

Prior to the outbreak of war, the United States had aimed to expand the 2020 Abraham Accords into a diplomatic normalization agreement between Israel and Saudi Arabia that would likely include a defense agreement between the U.S. and Saudi Arabia. The U.S. had scheduled a negotiation between Netanyahu and a Saudi ambassador to take place in Tel Aviv in November 2023. However, the Hamas attack on 7 October and ensuing Israeli invasion of Gaza meant that the meeting could not take place.[269] Later in 2024, Saudi Crown Prince Mohamed bin Salman said that any Saudi–Israeli normalization agreement would require Palestinian statehood as part of a two-state solution.[270][271]

### United Nations

[edit]

Further information: South Africa's genocide case against Israel

On 29 December 2023, South Africa brought a case against Israel before the International Court of Justice accusing Israel of committing genocide against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip during the Gaza war, in violation of the Genocide Convention.[272] South Africa requested that the ICJ order an immediate halt to Israel's military operations in Gaza among other provisional measures of protection.[273] Israel has contended that its actions in Gaza are targeted only at Hamas and are in legitimate self-defense in accordance with international law.[274] On 26 January 2024, the ICJ said in a preliminary ruling that some of the acts claimed by South Africa in its allegations could be covered by the Genocide Convention and that Israel must "take all measures within its power" to prevent genocide in Gaza.[275]

Prior to the January 2025 ceasefire that halted the Gaza war, the United Nations Security Council made numerous attempts to negotiate a ceasefire. The United States vetoed a February 2024 resolution demanding a ceasefire for not including a condemnation of the 7 October attack,[276] and on 22 March Russia and China vetoed a U.S.-drafted resolution calling for an immediate six-week ceasefire conditional on the release of hostages.[277][278] On 25 March, the UNSC passed Resolution 2728, which called for a ceasefire during the month of Ramadan, the "immediate and unconditional" release of all hostages, and the allowance of humanitarian aid into Gaza.[279][280][281] The U.S. vetoed a later ceasefire resolution in November 2024, saying this was due to the fact that the resolution did not require the immediate release of all hostages.[282]

## See also

[edit]

* Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa
* List of modern conflicts in the Middle East

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ The Axis of Resistance is an informal coalition of Middle Eastern militias aligned with Iran.[1] Alongside Hamas, Hezbollah, the Houthis, and Ba'athist Syria, major participants in the conflict include Palestinian Islamic Jihad[2] and the Islamic Resistance in Iraq,[3] as well as smaller Palestinian militant groups in the Joint Operations Room[4] and several Lebanese militias.[5] The Bahrain-based Al-Ashtar Brigades[6] and the Muslim Brotherhood have also engaged in conflict with Israel during the crisis.[7] Russia has provided military assistance to the Houthis and conducted several airstrikes on the side of Ba'athist Syria during the 2024 Syrian opposition offensives.[8][9]
2. ^ Operation Poseidon Archer and Operation Iron Shield
3. ^ From May 2024[11][12]
4. ^ Over the course of the conflict, Israel has received weaponry from various foreign governments.[13] The country was aided by intelligence from Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates in its defense against Iranian attacks in 2024,[14] and two multinational coalitions have responded to Houthi attacks in the Red Sea crisis — the United States-led Operation Prosperity Guardian[15] and the European Union-led Operation Aspides.[16]
5. ^ Syria is currently governed by a transitional government that was formed by rebels and opposition groups who overthrew the Iran-allied Assad regime in 2024.[17] Israel invaded part of Syria after Assad's fall and has conducted airstrikes against Syrian bases;[18] while Syrian transitional leaders have condemned Israel's invasion, they have not engaged in direct conflict with Israel and have instead pushed for cordial relations with the country.[19]
6. ^ The Palestinian Authority (PA) has been in conflict with Iran-allied groups opposed to both the Palestinian Authority and Israel. It is not an ally of Israel, though it cooperates with the Israeli military in Palestinian-controlled areas of the West Bank.[20]
7. ^ The Lebanese government said it would stay out of the 2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon, but responded militarily to Israeli attacks on its positions.[21]
8. ^ Jordan shot down Iranian missiles that entered its airspace during attacks on Israel in April 2024,[22] October 2024,[23] and June 2025.[24]
9. ^ Qatar shot down Iranian missiles that entered its airspace on 23 June 2025, when Iran targeted US forces at Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar, as retaliation for United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites.[26]
10. ^ About 64,000 reportedly killed, with over 14,000 presumed dead as missing added.

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

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272. ^ "South Africa launches case at top UN court accusing Israel of genocide in Gaza". AP News. 29 December 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
273. ^ "Israel-Gaza: What did the ICJ ruling really say?". www.bbc.com. 17 May 2024. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
274. ^ "Israel rejects genocide charges, claims 'legitimate' self defense at United Nations' top court". PBS News. 12 January 2024. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
275. ^ Rajvanshi, Astha (26 January 2024). "U.N. Court Says Israel Must Prevent Genocidal Acts in Gaza". Time. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
276. ^ Bennett, Brian (22 March 2024). "Why Biden Offered a UN Ceasefire Resolution That Got Vetoed". Time. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
277. ^ "UN Security Council to vote on new Gaza ceasefire resolution". The Straits Times. 25 March 2024. ISSN 0585-3923. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
278. ^ Psaledakis, Daphne; Brunnstrom, David (22 March 2024). "Russia, China veto US-led UN resolution on Gaza ceasefire". Reuters. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
279. ^ Borger, Julian; Tondo, Lorenzo (25 March 2024). "Israel isolated as UN security council demands immediate ceasefire in Gaza". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
280. ^ Magid, Jacob (25 March 2024). "UN Security Council passes resolution demanding 'immediate ceasefire' in Gaza as US withholds veto". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
281. ^ "UN Security Council demands immediate Gaza ceasefire as US abstains". Al Jazeera. 25 March 2024. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
282. ^ Brunnstrom, David; Lewis, Simon (20 November 2024). "US vetoes UN Security Council resolution on Gaza ceasefire". Reuters. Retrieved 3 December 2024.

### Sources

[edit]

* Woodward, Bob (15 October 2024). War. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-6680-5227-3.

* v
* t
* e

Gaza war

* Timeline
* Outline

Background:

* History of Gaza
* Zionism
* Israeli–Palestinian conflict
* History of Hamas
* Blockade of the Gaza Strip

Engage-
ments|

| Hamas-led
attack on
Israel|

| Attacks on civilians|

* Netiv HaAsara
* Alumim
* Be'eri
* Elhanan Team
* Holit
* Kfar Aza
* Kissufim
* Nir Oz
* Nir Yitzhak
* Nahal Oz
* Nirim
* Nova music festival
* Death Shelters
* Psyduck music festival

|

Battles|

* Nir Am
* Re'im
* Sderot
* Sufa
* Zikim
* Israeli female tank crew fight

General topics|

* Allegations of genocide
* Allegations of involvement of UNRWA employees
* Baby beheading hoax
* Denial
* Sexual and gender-based violence
* "Screams Without Words"
* Bearing Witness to the October 7th Massacre
* Screams Before Silence

Israeli
invasion
of Gaza|

* Beit Hanoun
* Gaza City
* Khan Yunis
* Netzarim Corridor
* Rafah
* Background
* Shuja'iyya
* May 2025 Gaza offensive
* Deir al-Balah

Attacks on
refugee camps|

* Jabalia
* 31 October
* Al-Shati
* Al-Shati and Tuffah dual airstrikes
* Al-Maghazi
* Tel al-Sultan attack
* Al-Mawasi (May)
* Nuseirat rescue and massacre
* Al-Mawasi (June)
* Al-Shati (July)
* Deir el-Balah (August)
* Al-Mawasi (September)
* Al-Mawasi (December)
* Nuseirat (December)

Attacks on schools|

* Al-Fakhoora
* Al-Sardi
* Al-Awda
* Khadija
* Hamama
* Al-Tabaeen
* Al-Jawni
* Rufaida
* Abu Hussein
* Fahmi al-Jarjawi

Attacks on
health facilities|

* Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion
* Al-Shifa Hospital siege
* alleged military use
* Gaza Strip mass graves
* Kamal Adwan Hospital sieges
* Detention of Hussam Abu Safiya
* Killing of health workers
* Nasser Hospital siege
* Nasser Hospital mass graves
* 14 October 2024 Al-Aqsa Hospital attack
* 2025 Gaza European Hospital strikes

Other attacks|

* Airstrikes on municipal services in Gaza
* Attacks on religious sites
* Central Archives Destruction
* Engineer's Building airstrike
* Flour Massacre
* Kuwait Roundabout mass killings
* Palestinians evacuating Gaza City
* World Central Kitchen aid convoy attack
* 13 July 2024 al-Mawasi attack
* Khan Yunis
* Deir al-Balah mosque
* Beit Lahia attacks
* Beit Lahia airstrike
* Kerem Shalom aid convoy looting
* March 2025 Israeli strikes
* Rafah paramedic massacre
* April 2025 Shuja'iyya airstrike
* Al-Najjar family killings
* 2025 Gaza Strip aid distribution killings
* Al-Baqa Cafe airstrike

General topics|

* AI-assisted targeting
* Bombing of the Gaza Strip
* Companies involved
* Destruction of cultural heritage
* Environmental impact
* Gaza genocide
* Gaza: Doctors Under Attack
* Gaza: How to Survive a Warzone
* Hamas–Popular Forces conflict (Popular Forces administration)
* Israeli generals' plan
* Torture

Other
theaters|

| Israel|

* Lehi Street bombing
* Givat Shaul shooting
* 2024 Jaffa shooting

|

West Bank|

* Israeli incursions in the West Bank
* Tulkarm
* 2024 military operation
* 2024 Tulkarm Camp airstrike
* 2025 military operation
* 2024–2025 Palestinian Authority operation in Jenin
* Killing of Benjamin Achimeir
* April 2024 Israeli settler rampages
* al-Funduq shooting

Iran–Israel conflict|

* Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus
* 2024 Iranian strikes in Israel
* April
* October
* 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran
* April
* October
* Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh
* Iran–Israel war

Israel–Hezbollah conflict
(Timeline)|

* Attacks on journalists
* Lebanese displacement
* Assassinations
* Hezbollah headquarters
* Fuad Shukr
* Ibrahim Aqil
* Saleh al-Arouri
* August 2024 Nabatieh attack
* August 2024 Israel–Lebanon strikes
* 2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks
* September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon
* Israeli invasion of Lebanon
* ceasefire
* Israeli attacks on the Lebanese health sector
* Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon
* January 2025 southern Lebanon attack

Red Sea crisis
(Timeline)|

* Operation Prosperity Guardian
* Houthi attacks on commercial vessels
* Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou
* Marlin Luanda missile strike
* Attacks on the Sounion
* Operation Poseidon Archer
* 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel
* Israeli attack on Yemen (July 2024)
* Israeli attacks on Yemen (September 2024)
* March–May 2025 United States attacks in Yemen
* 2025 United States–Houthi ceasefire

Syria|

* Israeli invasion of Syria
* Southern Syria clashes (April–May 2025)
* Southern Syria clashes (July 2025–present)
* July 2025 Damascus airstrikes

Other|

* Majdal Shams attack
* Tower 22 drone attack
* 2024 Masyaf raid

Hostages|

* Hostage–prisoner exchange (2023)
* Kidnapped from Israel
* Hostages and Missing Families Forum
* Hostages Square

Captive|

* Evyatar David

Rescued|

* 2024 Rafah hostage raid
* Rachel Edry
* Ori Megidish
* Nuseirat operation
* Noa Argamani
* Qaid Farhan Al-Qadi

Released|

* Yarden Roman-Gat
* Mia Schem
* Naama Levy
* Liri Albag
* Eli Sharabi
* Edan Alexander
* Omer Shem Tov
* Agam Berger
* Emily Damari

Deceased|

* Alex Dancyg
* Hersh Goldberg-Polin
* Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka
* Oded Lifshitz
* Shani Louk
* Kidnapping and killing of the Bibas family

General
topics|

* 2023 ceasefire
* 2025 ceasefire
* COGAT
* Dahiya doctrine
* Effect on children in Gaza
* Hannibal Directive
* Humanitarian aid
* International recognition of Palestine
* Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)
* Israeli interrogations
* LGBTQ advocacy in the Gaza war
* Women
* Wikipedia

Historical context|

* Arab–Israeli conflict
* International law
* Gaza–Israel conflict
* Casualties of Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip
* Human rights violations
* Human shields
* Israeli demolition of Palestinian property
* Israeli settlement
* Legality of Israeli settlements
* Israeli outpost
* Israeli settler violence
* Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip
* Legitimacy of the State of Israel
* Palestinian freedom of movement
* Palestinian rocket attacks
* Palestinian tunnel warfare
* anti-tunnel barrier
* Israeli assassinations
* Women

Effects|

* Economic impact
* Evacuations
* Gaza Strip evacuations
* Israeli government response
* Israeli war cabinet
* Israeli public diplomacy
* Mass detentions
* Media coverage
* Violence against journalists
* Misinformation
* Pallywood
* Palestinian genocide accusation
* Sexual violence against Palestinians
* War crimes
* Hamas
* Israeli
* Cemetery destruction and necroviolence
* Israeli torture in the occupied territories
* Proposed Israeli resettlement of Gaza

Humanitarian crisis|

* Famine
* Flotillas
* 2024 Gaza Freedom Flotilla
* May 2025 drone attack on Gaza Freedom Flotilla
* June 2025 Gaza Freedom Flotilla
* July 2025 Gaza Freedom Flotilla
* Gaza floating pier
* Gaza Humanitarian Foundation
* Global March to Gaza
* Soumoud Convoy
* Healthcare collapse
* Polio epidemic
* Premature baby crisis
* Societal breakdown
* WCNSF

Reactions|

* Calls for a ceasefire
* September 2024 Israel hostage deal protests
* Diplomatic impact
* Egypt
* European Union
* United Kingdom
* Islamic Summit Conference
* Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit
* Hurmat-e-Masjid Aqsa Conference
* Cancellation of the 2023 MTV EMA
* Donald Trump's Gaza Strip proposal
* Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip
* 2024 Beijing Declaration
* Hague Group
* Bogotá summit
* University donors
* July 2025 Conference on the Implementation of the Two-State Solution

Military aid|

* US support for Israel
* German support for Israel

Discrimination|

* Antisemitism
* Riots in the North Caucasus
* Anti-Palestinianism
* Islamophobia
* Violent incidents
* Murder of Wadea al-Fayoume
* Death of Paul Kessler
* Vermont student shooting
* Killing of Israeli Embassy workers
* Boulder fire attack

Protests|

* 2024 University campuses
* List of protests
* Netherlands
* United States
* California
* Reactions
* The Encampments
* 2025 University campuses
* Netherlands
* Australia
* Bangladesh
* March for Gaza
* France
* March for the Republic and Against Antisemitism
* Indonesia
* 2023 Bitung clashes
* Israel
* Humanitarian aid blockade
* New Zealand
* Spain
* 2024 pro-Palestinian strike
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Artists4Ceasefire
* DNC protests
* March on Washington for Gaza
* March for Israel
* National March on Washington: Free Palestine
* Protest votes
* Self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell
* Pakistan
* D-Chowk Dharna
* 2024 Faizabad sit-in
* Gaza Strip
* 2025 Gaza Strip anti-Hamas protests

UN resolutions|

* A/RES/ES-10/21
* S/RES/2712
* A/RES/ES-10/22
* S/RES/2720
* S/RES/2728
* A/RES/ES-10/23
* S/RES/2735

UN inquiry|

* Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory

Global courts|

* South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention)
* Nicaragua v. Germany
* Legal Consequences of Israeli Policies and Practices
* ICC investigation in Palestine
* Arrest warrants

Courts|

* Defense for Children International – Palestine v. Biden

Casualties|

| Israel|

| Security forces|

* Alim Abdallah
* Yitzhak Ben-Bashat
* Jayar Davidov
* Eli Ginsberg
* Salman Habaka
* Asaf Hamami
* Yitzhar Hofman
* Roi Levy
* Izhar Peled
* Yonatan Steinberg
* Ehsan Daxa

|

Civilians|

* Lior Asulin
* Hayim Katsman
* Ofir Libstein
* Shani Louk
* Aner Shapira
* Vivian Silver
* Yahav Winner

Palestine|

| Hamas|

* Ismail Haniyeh
* Yahya Sinwar
* Saleh al-Arouri
* Fouad Abu Butihan
* Abdul Fatah Dukhan
* Mohammed Dababish
* Wissam Farhat
* Ahmed Ghandour
* Mohammed Deif
* Marwan Issa
* Fursan Khalifa
* Rafa Salama
* Osama Mazini
* Ayman Nofal
* Jamila al-Shanti
* Ali Al Qadi
* Alaa Shreiteh
* Faiq Al-Mabhouh
* Rawhi Mushtaha
* Jihad Shehadeh

|

Civilians|

* Tawfic Abdel Jabbar
* Majed Abu Maraheel
* Hiba Abu Nada
* Refaat Alareer
* Hammam Alloh
* Nahida and Samar Anton
* Ibrahim al-Astal
* Ahmad Bahar
* Mohammed Barakat
* Mohammad Bhar
* David Ben Avraham
* Adnan al-Bursh
* Rashid Dabour
* Mohamed al-Dalou
* Awni El-Dous
* Omar Ferwana
* Fathi Ghaben
* Ihab al-Ghussein
* Medo Halimy
* Sidra Hassouna
* Yazan al-Kafarneh
* Mohammad Khdour
* Hani Al-Masdar
* Ibrahim Qusaya
* Hind Rajab
* Mohammed Shabir
* Rashad Abu Sakhila
* Omar Abu Shawish
* Sufian Tayeh
* Wael Al Zard
* Talal Abu Zarifa
* Shaban al-Dalou
* Mahasen al-Khateeb
* Nagham Abu Samra
* Awda Hathaleen

Spillover|

* Saleh al-Arouri
* Ali Hussein Barji
* Waibhav Anil Kale
* Razi Mousavi
* Wissam al-Tawil
* Sadegh Omidzadeh
* Mushtaq Talib Al-Saeedi
* Mohammad Reza Zahedi
* Fuad Shukr
* Ibrahim Aqil
* Hassan Nasrallah
* Ali Karaki
* Nabil Qaouk
* Abbas Nilforoushan
* Fatah Sharif
* Hashem Safieddine
* Mohammad Afif

Journalists|

* Issam Abdallah
* Samer Abu Daqqa
* Adel Zorob
* Ismail al-Ghoul
* Belal Jadallah
* Wafa Al-Udaini
* Hossam Shabat
* Fatima Hassouna
* Yahya Sobeih
* Hassan Aslih
* Ismail Abu Hatab
* List of journalists killed in the Gaza war

General topics|

* Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Related
people|

| Israelis|

* Sofie Berzon MacKie
* Batia Holin
* Nimrod Aloni
* Rachel Goldberg-Polin
* Einav Zangauker
* Yonatan Shamriz
* Omri Ronen
* Eitan Okun
* Yagel Oshri
* Inbal Rabin-Lieberman
* Amir Tibon

|

Palestinians|

* Mosab Abu Toha
* Wael Al-Dahdouh
* Plestia Alaqad
* Motaz Azaiza
* Bisan Owda
* Mustafa Moien Ayyash
* Hind Khoudary

Other
topics|

* 2024 Israeli secret document leak scandal
* Ahmed Abdel Khalek
* Al-Saqqa House
* Al Qarara Cultural Museum
* "All Eyes on Rafah"
* Attacks on US bases during the Gaza war
* Blockout 2024
* Eliminate Hamas and bring the hostages home
* From Ground Zero
* "From the river to the sea"
* Gaza Daily
* "Globalize the intifada"
* "Harbu Darbu"
* "Hind's Hall"
* Hind Rajab Foundation
* "Hurricane"
* Israeli demolition of Palestinian property
* "Leve Palestina"
* No Tech for Apartheid
* Palestine exception
* Palestinian sports during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip
* "Options for a policy regarding Gaza's civilian population"
* Project Nimbus
* "Rajieen"

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Red Sea crisis

* Timeline
* Order of battle

Attacks|

* 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel
* 20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen
* 29 September 2024 Israeli attacks on Yemen
* 26 December 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen
* March–April 2025 United States attacks in Yemen
* Signal group chat leak
* 2025 Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes
* 2025 Houthi attack on Tel Aviv airport
* May–July 2025 Israeli attacks on Yemen

Houthi attacks on commercial vessels|

* Hijacking of the Galaxy Leader
* Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou
* Marlin Luanda missile strike
* Sinking of the MV Rubymar
* Attack on the MV True Confidence
* Attacks on the MV Tutor
* Attacks on the Sounion
* Attacks on the MV Magic Seas
* Attacks on the MV Eternity C

Military operations|

* Operation Prosperity Guardian
* Operation Aspides
* US–UK airstrikes on Yemen
* December 2024 Israeli airstrikes in Yemen

Diplomacy|

* United Nations Security Council Resolution 2722
* 2025 U.S.–Houthi ceasefire

* Yemeni civil war
* Gaza war

* v
* t
* e

Iran–Israel proxy war

Background|

* Iranian Revolution
* Iran–Iraq war
* 1999 arrest of Iranian Jews

2024 Iran–Israel conflict|

* Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus
* reactions
* Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries
* Iranian strikes on Israel
* April 2024
* October 2024
* Israeli strikes on Iran
* April 2024
* October 2024

Iran–Israel war|

* Background
* Casualties
* Ceasefire
* Economic impact
* List of attacks
* United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites
* 2025 Iranian strikes on Al Udeid Air Base
* Order of battle
* Reactions

Hezbollah–Israel conflict|

* Lebanese Civil War
* Israeli–Lebanese conflict
* South Lebanon conflict
* 1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats
* Assassination of Abbas al-Musawi
* 1992 Buenos Aires Israeli embassy bombing
* AMIA bombing
* 2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict
* 2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid
* 2005 Hezbollah cross-border raid
* 2006 Lebanon War
* Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh
* 2008 Israel–Hezbollah prisoner exchange
* 2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt
* Francop Affair
* January 2015 Shebaa Farms incident
* Operation Northern Shield
* 2019 Beirut drone crash
* April 2023 Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel
* Projectile attacks from Lebanon
* Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)
* Killing of Fuad Shukr
* 2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks
* 20 September 2024 Beirut attack
* September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon
* 2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike
* Assassination of Hashem Safieddine
* 2024 Tyre airstrikes
* 2024 Beqaa Valley airstrikes
* 2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon
* 2024 Israel–Lebanon ceasefire agreement
* Disarmament of Hezbollah

Israeli–Palestinian conflict|

* Karine A affair
* Victoria Affair
* Klos C cargo ship seizure

Gaza–Israel conflict|

* Blockade of the Gaza Strip
* Gaza–Israel conflict (2006)
* Gaza War (2008–2009)
* Gaza War (2012)
* Gaza War (2014)
* Israel–Palestine crisis (2021)
* Gaza war (since 2023)
* Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh

Syrian civil war|

* Syrian civil war
* January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike
* May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes
* January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident
* Qalamoun offensive (May–June 2015)
* March 2017 Israel–Syria incident
* February 2018 Israel–Syria incident
* Operation House of Cards
* September 2018 Syria missile strikes
* August 2019 Syria missile strikes
* November 2019 Syria missile strikes
* January 2021 Syria airstrikes
* Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents
* Hezbollah involvement

Red Sea crisis|

* 20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen
* 29 September 2024 Israeli attacks on Yemen
* December 2024 Israeli airstrikes in Yemen
* 26 December 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen
* 10 January 2025 Israeli attack on Yemen
* Israeli attacks on Yemen (May 2025–present)

International incidents|

* Operation Outside the Box
* 2009 Sudan airstrikes
* 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot
* 2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats
* 2012 Bangkok bombings
* 2012 Cyprus terrorist plot
* 2012 Burgas bus bombing
* Yarmouk munitions factory explosion
* 2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq
* 2022 Erbil missile attacks
* 2022 Istanbul terror plot
* 2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria

Nuclear program of Iran|

* Israel and the nuclear program of Iran
* Assassinations of Iranian nuclear scientists
* Ardeshir Hosseinpour
* Massoud Ali-Mohammadi
* Majid Shahriari
* Fereydoon Abbasi
* Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan
* Mohsen Fakhrizadeh
* AMAD Project
* Israeli infiltration of an Iranian nuclear archive
* Bid Kaneh explosion
* Stuxnet
* 2020 Iran explosions
* 2021 Natanz incident
* 2023 Iran drone attacks

Related|

* Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy war
* Russia–Hamas relations
* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
* Ahmad Reza Djalali
* Axis of Resistance
* Funding of the Axis of Resistance
* Arab–Israeli alliance
* Abraham Accords
* Warsaw Middle East conference
* People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
* Little Satan
* Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel
* Views on military action against Iran
* Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
* Iranian support for Hamas
* Iranian support for the Houthis
* Israel and state-sponsored terrorism
* Quds Day
* Prisoner X2
* Tehran
* Israeli war crimes
* Palestinian war crimes
* 2024 leak of U.S. intelligence on Israeli strike plans

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Syrian civil war

Overviews

| Main overviews|

* Syria
* Syrian civil war
* Timeline
* Background and causes
* Syrian government reactions
* Belligerents
* Inter-rebel conflict
* Spillover
* Cities and towns
* Sectarianism and minorities
* Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017 – December 2024)
* 2024 Syrian opposition offensives
* Fall of the Assad regime

|

Effects and ongoing concerns|

* Casualties of the Syrian civil war
* Refugees of the Syrian civil war
* Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war
* Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war

Phases and processes|

* Syrian revolution
* Early insurgency phase
* 2012–2013 escalation
* Ceasefires
* Syrian peace process

World reaction|

* International reactions to the Syrian civil war
* Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war
* Reactions to the fall of the Assad regime

Specific groups and countries|

* Russian involvement
* Russian intervention
* Turkish involvement
* Turkish occupation of northern Syria
* Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone
* Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria
* US intervention in the Syrian civil war
* 2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria
* Kurdish Area in Syria
* Syrian Democratic Forces
* Rojava conflict
* U.S. task force

Agreements and dialogues|

* Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria
* Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria

Transitional phase|

* Syrian caretaker government
* Syrian transitional government

Timeline

| Background|

* 1963 coup
* 1966 coup
* Corrective Movement
* Islamist uprising
* Latakia protests
* Damascus Spring
* Qamishli riots
* Syrian occupation of Lebanon
* Damascus Declaration
* Human rights in Syria
* 2010s in Syria political history
* Arab Spring

|

2011
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Syrian revolution
* Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb
* Siege of Daraa
* Siege of Baniyas
* May Talkalakh siege
* Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh
* June Jisr ash-Shughur operation
* Siege of Hama
* Siege of Homs
* Siege of Latakia
* Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)
* Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012)
* Battle of Zabadani
* Battle of Douma
* Daraa Governorate clashes
* Battle of Rastan
* Idlib Governorate clashes
* December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres

2012
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* January al-Midan bombing
* Battle of Rastan
* First Battle of Idlib
* Battle of al-Qusayr
* Idlib Governorate operation (Apr)
* Battle of Taftanaz
* May Battle of Rastan
* Houla massacre
* Battle of al-Haffah
* Al-Qubeir massacre
* Battle of Tremseh
* Battle of Damascus
* 18 July 2012 Damascus bombing
* Battle of Aleppo
* Battle of Anadan
* Siege of Base 46
* Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct)
* Darayya massacre
* Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz
* Battle of Maarrat al-Numan
* First siege of Wadi Deif
* Battle of Harem
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013)
* Battle of Darayya
* Aqrab massacre
* Hama offensive
* Halfaya massacre
* Battle of Darayya
* Quneitra Governorate clashes
* Talbiseh bakery massacre

2013
Jan–Apr
May–Dec|

* Battle of Safira
* Battle of Shadadeh
* Damascus offensive
* Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)
* Battle of Raqqa (Mar)
* Daraa offensive
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug)
* Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl
* Ghouta chemical attack
* Al-Qusayr offensive
* Battle of al-Qusayr
* Bayda and Baniyas massacres
* Hama offensive
* Hatla massacre
* Khan al-Assal chemical attack
* Khan al-Assal massacre
* Adra massacre
* Battle of Ras al-Ayn
* Battle of Tell Abyad
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov)
* Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)
* Battle of al-Yaarubiyah
* Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan)

2014
Jan–Jul
Aug–Dec|

* First Inter-rebel conflict
* Battle of Markada
* Deir ez-Zor offensive
* Battle of Morek
* Daraa offensive (Feb–May)
* Maan massacre
* Al-Otaiba ambush
* Idlib offensive
* Battle of Hosn
* Latakia Offensive
* Battle of Al-Malihah
* Kafr Zita chemical attack
* Second siege of Wadi Deif
* Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug)
* Battle of Arsal
* First Battle of the Shaer gas field
* Eastern Syria offensive
* Battle of Tabqa Airbase
* Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul)
* Hama Offensive
* Quneitra offensive
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov)
* Siege of Kobanî
* Homs school bombing
* Daraa offensive (Oct)
* Al-Safira offensive
* Idlib Raid
* Second Inter-Rebel Conflict
* Second Battle of the Shaer gas field
* Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec)

2015
Jan–Jul
Aug–Dec|

* Air Force An-26 crash
* Daraa Offensive (Jan)
* Southern Syria Offensive
* Eastern al-Hasakah offensive
* Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr)
* Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul)
* Battle of Bosra
* Idlib Offensive
* Second Battle of Idlib
* Battle of Nasib Border Crossing
* Battle of Yarmouk Camp
* Western al-Hasakah offensive
* Palmyra offensive (May)
* Qamishli bombings
* Tell Abyad offensive
* Kobanî massacre
* Quneitra offensive (Jun)
* Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug)
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep)
* Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov)
* Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)
* Al-Hawl offensive
* Homs offensive (Nov-Dec)
* East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)
* 2015–2016 Latakia offensive
* Tishrin Dam offensive
* Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown

2016
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan)
* January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings
* Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb)
* Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar)
* Al-Shaddadi offensive
* February Homs bombings
* February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings
* Khanasir offensive
* Battle of Tel Abyad
* Battle of Maarrat al-Numan
* Battle of Qamishli (Apr)
* Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun)
* Palmyra offensive (Mar)
* East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May)
* Northern Raqqa offensive (May)
* May Jableh & Tartous bombings
* Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun)
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct)
* Manbij offensive
* Tokhar massacre
* Southern Aleppo campaign
* Battle of al-Rai (Aug)
* Operation Euphrates Shield
* Aleppo summer campaign
* Western al-Bab offensive (Sep)
* 5 September bombings
* September Deir ez-Zor air raid
* September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack
* Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct)
* Dabiq offensive
* Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov)
* Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov)
* Raqqa campaign
* Battle of al-Bab
* Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec)
* Palmyra offensive (Dec)

2017
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)
* January Azaz bombing
* Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17)
* Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar)
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb)
* Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun)
* Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb)
* Qaboun offensive
* Palmyra offensive
* East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr)
* March Damascus bombings
* Al-Jinah airstrike
* Hama offensive (Mar–Apr)
* Battle of Tabqa
* Khan Shaykhun chemical attack
* Shayrat missile strike
* Aleppo bombing
* April Turkish airstrikes
* East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)
* Desert campaign (May–Jul)
* Maskanah Plains offensive
* East Hama offensive
* Battle of Raqqa
* Daraa offensive (Jun)
* Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun)
* Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug)
* Quneitra offensive (Jun)
* Idlib clashes (Jul)
* Central campaign
* Qalamoun (Jul–Aug)
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18)
* Hama offensive (Sep)
* Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18)
* Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate
* Battle of Harasta
* Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec)
* Euphrates Crossing offensive
* Mayadin offensive
* Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov)
* Abu Kamal offensive
* Beit Jinn offensive

2018
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Operation Olive Branch
* Battle of Khasham
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr)
* Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb)
* Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict
* Southern Damascus offensive (Mar)
* Douma chemical attack
* Missile strikes (Apr)
* Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May)
* Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr)
* Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May)
* Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr)
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun)
* As-Suwayda offensive (Jun)
* Southern offensive
* As-Suwayda attacks
* As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov)
* Qamishli clashes (Sep)
* Missile strikes (Sep)
* Northern border clashes

2019
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Idlib inter-rebel conflict
* Manbij bombing
* Battle of Baghuz Fawqani
* ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor
* Dêrik prison escape attempt
* Tell Rifaat clashes
* Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug)
* June bombings
* Hass refugee camp bombing
* Missile strikes (Aug)
* Turkish offensive into northeast
* Barisha raid
* November bombings
* Israeli missile strikes (Nov)
* Qah missile strike
* Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20)
* US airstrikes

2020
Jan–Dec|

* COVID-19 pandemic
* Afrin bombing
* Idlib Governorate clashes
* Kafr-Takharim airstrike
* Ayn Issa clashes
* Deir ez-Zor ambush

2021
Jan–Dec|

* Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah
* Missile strikes (Jan)
* US airstrike (Feb)
* Battle of Qamishli (Apr)
* US airstrike (Jun)
* Daraa clashes
* Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict

2022
Jan–Dec|

* Battle of al-Hasakah
* Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes
* Jabal al-Bishrī clashes
* Jarqli airstrikes
* Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct)
* Operation Claw-Sword
* Northwest clashes (Dec)

2023
Jan-Dec|

* Al-Sukhnah attack
* Damascus airstrike
* Hama attack
* Northern border clashes

2024
Jan–Oct
Nov–present|

* Opposition offensives
* Deir ez-Zor offensive
* Battle of Aleppo
* Aleppo University Hospital airstrike
* Southern offensive
* Operation Dawn of Freedom
* Manbij offensive
* Al-Mustariha strike
* Kobani clashes
* Hama offensive
* Homs offensive
* Palmyra offensive
* Fall of Damascus
* Fall of the Assad regime
* Western Syria clashes
* Massacres of Syrian Alawites
* Hezbollah-Syria clashes
* Lebanon–Syria border clashes
* Rif Dimashq clashes
* Massacres of Syrian Druze
* Turkish offensive
* Israeli invasion

2025
Nov 2024
–present|

* Jaramana clashes
* Daraa clashes
* Southern clashes (April–May)
* Mar Elias Church attack
* Southern clashes (July–present)

Spillover|

| Israel and Golan Heights:|

* March 2017 incident
* February 2018 incident
* May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents

|

Iraq:|

* Akashat ambush
* Operation al-Shabah
* April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike

Jordanian border incidents|

* April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike

Lebanon:|

* Lebanese border clashes
* Battle of Sidon
* Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut
* North Lebanon clashes
* Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017)

Turkey:|

* December 2011 Turkish border clash
* 2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown
* 2012 Turkish border clashes
* 2013 Reyhanlı car bombings
* January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria
* Assassination of Andrei Karlov
* Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident
* 2020 Balyun airstrikes
* Operation Spring Shield

Elsewhere:|

* Deir ez-Zor missile strike (Iran)

Belligerents

| Ba'athist regime|

| Politics of Ba'athist Syria|

* Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region
* Ba'ath Brigades
* Syrian Social Nationalist Party
* Arab Socialist Movement
* Syrian Communist Party
* Syrian Communist Party (Unified)

|

Military and militias|

* Lions of Hussein
* Guardians of the Dawn
* Arab Nationalist Guard
* Jaysh al-Muwahhidin
* Sootoro
* Ba'ath Brigades
* National Defence Forces
* Popular Committees
* Golan Regiment
* Syrian Arab Armed Forces
* Eagles of the Whirlwind
* The Islamic Resistance Front in Syria
* Military Council for the Liberation of Syria
* Syrian Popular Resistance
* Syrian Resistance
* Popular Resistance of the Eastern Region
* PFLP-GC
* Jihad Jibril Brigades
* Galilee Forces
* Free Palestine Movement
* Palestinian People's Party
* Liwa Fatemiyoun
* As-Sa'iqa
* al-Quds Brigade
* Palestine Liberation Army

Foreign support|

* Hezbollah involvement
* Iranian involvement
* Liwa Fatemiyoun
* Russian involvement
* medical facility targeting
* military intervention
* Wagner Group
* Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition
* Popular Mobilization Forces

Opposition|

| Interim government|

* National Coalition
* Local Coordination Committees
* Syrian National Council
* Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution
* National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change
* Syrian Revolution General Commission
* Syrian Support Group
* Adopt a Revolution
* Syrian Patriotic Group

|

Opposition militias|

* Syrian National Army
* Free Syrian Army
* National Front for Liberation
* Army of Glory
* Authenticity and Development Front
* Army of Free Tribes
* Revolutionary Commando Army
* Muslim Brotherhood in Syria
* Grey Wolves
* Syrian Council of Tribes and Clans

Foreign support|

* US intervention
* Jordanian intervention
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Turkey

Autonomous Administration
of North and East Syria|

| DFNS Government|

* Democratic Union Party
* Kurdish National Council
* Smaller political parties

|

SDF militias|

* People's Protection Units
* Women's Protection Units
* Anti-Terror Units
* Al-Sanadid Forces
* Army of Revolutionaries
* SDF military councils
* Syriac Military Council
* Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa
* Northern Democratic Brigade

Support|

* Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
* Kurdistan Workers' Party
* International Freedom Battalion
* Sinjar Resistance Units
* Êzîdxan Women's Units

Islamists|

| Islamic State|

* Military activity of ISIL
* Dokumacılar
* Al-Barakah
* Khalid ibn al-Walid Army
* Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade
* Islamic Muthanna Movement
* Jaysh al-Jihad
* Jund al-Aqsa
* Group of the One and Only
* Liwa Dawud
* Liwa Aqab al-Islami
* Katibah Nusantara
* Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi
* Al-Khansaa Brigade
* Saraya Ansar al-Sunnah

|

al-Qaeda and allies|

* Al-Nusra Front (Jabhat Fatah al-Sham (Khorasan group, Suqour al-Ezz) Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham
* Tahrir al-Sham
* Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria
* Caucasus Emirate
* Ajnad al-Kavkaz
* Junud al-Makhdi
* Rouse the Believers Operations Room (Ansar al-Tawhid (Firqat al-Ghuraba), Hurras al-Din, Ansar al-Din Front (Harakat Sham al-Islam), Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan)
* Jaish al-Haramoun
* Jaysh al-Sunna
* Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar (Green Battalion)
* Mujahideen Shura Council
* Malhama Tactical
* Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
* Katibat Jabal al-Islam
* Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham
* Ghuraba al-Sham
* Taliban (Pakistani Taliban, Imam Bukhari Jamaat)
* Fatah al-Islam
* Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance (Liwaa al-Umma)

People

* Ammar Abdulhamid
* Ali al-Abdallah
* Adnan al-Aroor
* al-Assad family
* Bashar
* Maher
* Rifaat
* Rami Makhlouf
* Hafez Makhlouf
* Riad al-Asaad
* Hadi al-Bahra
* Anwar al-Bunni
* Fahd Jassem al-Freij
* Suheil al-Hassan
* Haitham al-Maleh
* Moaz al-Khatib
* Kamal al-Labwani
* Hamza al-Khateeb
* Tal al-Mallohi
* Fida al-Sayed
* Riad al-Turk
* Khaled Khoja
* Ammar al-Qurabi
* Suheir Atassi
* Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni
* Aref Dalila
* Farid Ghadry
* Burhan Ghalioun
* Razan Ghazzawi
* Ghassan Hitto
* Salim Idris
* Randa Kassis
* Abdul Halim Khaddam
* Michel Kilo
* Bassma Kodmani
* Ali Habib Mahmud
* Ali Mahmoud Othman
* Ibrahim Qashoush
* Dawoud Rajiha
* Yassin al-Haj Saleh
* Bouthaina Shaaban
* Ahmed al-Sharaa
* Abdulbaset Sieda
* Riad Seif
* Fadwa Souleimane
* Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid
* Yaser Tabbara
* Razan Zaitouneh
* Rami Jarrah
* Abdurrahman Mustafa
* Fadlallah al-Haji

Related

| Elections|

* 2011 local elections
* 2012 parliamentary election
* 2014 presidential election
* 2015 Northern local elections
* 2016 parliamentary election
* 2017 Northern local elections
* 2017 Northern regional elections
* 2018 local elections
* 2020 parliamentary election
* 2021 presidential election

|

Issues|

* Casualties
* Cities and towns
* Chemical weapons
* Damaged heritage sites
* Foreign involvement
* Human rights violations
* Humanitarian aid
* International demonstrations and protests
* International reactions
* Massacres
* Mass graves
* Refugees
* Sectarianism and minorities
* Status of the Golan Heights
* Spillover in Lebanon
* Syrian government reactions

Peace process|

* Arab League monitors
* Friends of Syria Group
* Kofi Annan peace plan
* UN supervision mission
* Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan
* U.S.–Russia peace proposals
* 39th G8 summit
* UN Security Council Resolution 2118
* Geneva II conference
* 2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement
* Vienna talks
* 2016 Geneva talks
* Idlib demilitarization (2018–present)
* First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal
* Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal
* Syrian Negotiation Commission
* Syrian Constitutional Committee

Investigations/legal cases|

* Investigations
* International Commission
* Chemical weapons
* War crimes cases
* Germany
* Canada + Netherlands vs Syria

Related topics|

* Exclusive mandate
* Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference
* Syria Files
* Syrian detainee report
* Syrian media coverage
* 2015 European migrant crisis
* Syrian civil war in popular culture

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Arab–Israeli conflict

* v
* t
* e

* Countries
* Authorities
* Organizations

Primary countries
and authorities|

* All-Palestine
* Egyptian Kingdom and Republic
* Hamas Gaza
* Iraqi Kingdom and Ba'athist Iraq
* Israel
* Jordan
* Palestinian Authority
* Saudi Arabia
* Syrian Republic and Ba'athist Syria

Organizations|

| Active|

* Amal
* al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades
* Arab League
* Arab Liberation Front
* Army of Islam
* DFLP
* Fatah
* Guardians of the Cedars
* Hamas
* Hezbollah
* Kataeb
* Lebanese Forces
* al-Mourabitoun
* Muslim Brotherhood
* PIJ
* PLF
* PLO
* Palestinian Popular Struggle Front
* PFLP
* PFLP-GC
* Popular Resistance Committees
* as-Sa'iqa
* Syrian Social Nationalist Party

|

Former|

* Abu Nidal Organization
* Arab Higher Committee
* Arab Liberation Army
* Black September Organization
* Haganah
* Holy War Army
* Irgun
* Japanese Red Army
* Lehi
* Palmach
* Revolutionary Cells
* South Lebanon Army

Other countries|

* France
* Kuwait
* Libya
* Morocco
* North Korea
* United Arab Emirates
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Yemen

Transnational|

* European Union
* United Nations

Former states|

* Soviet Union
* United Arab Republic

* v
* t
* e

Armed engagements

1947–1959|

* 1948 Palestine war
* Arab–Israeli War (1948–1949)
* Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency (1949–1956)
* Suez Crisis (1956)

1960–1979|

* Samu incident (1966)
* Six-Day War (1967)
* War of Attrition (1967–1970)
* Battle of Karameh (1968)
* Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon (1968–1982)
* Gift (1968)
* Yom Kippur War (1973)
* Sabena Flight 571 (1972)
* Lod Airport massacre (1972)
* Munich massacre (1972)
* Bayonet (1972–1979)
* Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 (1973)
* Ma'alot massacre (1974)
* Savoy Hotel attack (1975)
* Entebbe (1976)
* Coastal Road massacre (1978)
* Litani (1978)

1980–1999|

* Misgav Am hostage crisis (1980)
* Opera (1981)
* Lebanon War (1982)
* Bus 300 affair (1984)
* South Lebanon conflict (1985)
* Wooden Leg (1985)
* First Intifada (1987–1993)
* Mothers' Bus attack (1988)
* Tunis raid (1988)
* Iraqi missile attacks against Israel (1991)
* Bramble Bush (1992)
* Palestinian suicide attacks (1993–2008; list)
* Accountability (1993)
* Grapes of Wrath (1996)

2000–2021|

* Second Intifada (2000–2005)
* Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel (2001–)
* Ain es Saheb airstrike (2003)
* Bringing Home the Goods (2006)
* Summer Rains (2006)
* Autumn Clouds (2006)
* Lebanon War (2006)
* Gaza–Israel conflict (2006–)
* Hot Winter (2007–2008)
* Gaza War (2008–2009)
* Palestinian militancy campaign (2010)
* Southern Israel cross-border attacks (2011)
* Returning Echo (2012)
* Pillar of Defense (2012)
* Gaza War (2014)
* Wave of violence (2015–2016)
* Gaza border protests (2018)
* Gaza–Israel clashes (2018)
* Gaza–Israel clashes (2019)
* Black Belt (2019)
* Israel–Palestine crisis (2021)
* Breaking Dawn (2022)
* Shield and Arrow (2023)
* Gaza war (2023–)

* v
* t
* e

Diplomacy and peace proposals

Background|

* 1914 Damascus Protocol
* 1915 McMahon–Hussein Correspondence
* 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement
* 1917 Balfour Declaration
* 1918 Declaration to the Seven / Anglo-French Declaration
* 1919 Faisal–Weizmann agreement
* 1920 San Remo conference
* 1922 Churchill White Paper
* 1937 Peel Commission
* 1939 White Paper
* 1939 London Conference
* 1946 Morrison–Grady Plan
* 1947 Bevin Plan
* 1946–47 London Conference
* 1947 UN Partition Plan
* 1948 American trusteeship proposal

1948–1983|

* 1948 UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 194
* 1949 Armistice agreements / Lausanne Conference
* 1950 Tripartite Declaration
* 1967 Khartoum Resolution / UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 242
* 1971 UNSC Resolution 298
* 1973 UNSC Resolution 338 / UNSC Resolution 339
* 1974 Israel–Syria disengagement agreement / UNSC Resolution 350
* 1978 UNSC Resolution 425 / Camp David Accords
* 1979 UNSC Resolution 446 / Egypt–Israel peace treaty Palestinian autonomy talks / UNSC Resolution 452
* 1980 UNSC Resolution 478
* 1981 UNSC Resolution 497
* 1981–1982 Fahd Plan
* 1982 Reagan peace plan
* 1983 Israel–Lebanon agreement
* 1987 Peres–Hussein London Agreement

1991–2016|

* 1991 Madrid Conference
* 1993 Oslo Accords
* Letters of recognition
* Middle East Peace Facilitation Act
* 1994 Gaza–Jericho Agreement / Israel–Jordan peace treaty
* 1995 Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement
* 1998 Wye River Memorandum
* 1999 Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum
* 2000 Camp David Summit / Clinton Parameters
* 2000 Isratin
* 2001 Taba Summit / Mitchell Report
* 2002 Beirut Summit and peace initiative / Road map / Elon Plan
* 2003 Geneva Initiative
* 2004 UNSC Resolution 1559 / UNSC Resolution 1566
* 2005 UNSC Resolution 1583 / Sharm El Sheikh Summit / Israeli disengagement from Gaza / Agreement on Movement and Access / Valley of Peace initiative
* 2006 UNSC Resolution 1850 / Quartet Principles
* 2006 UNSC Resolution 1701
* 2007 Annapolis Conference
* 2010 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks
* 2011 Israeli Peace Initiative
* 2013 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks
* 2016 John Kerry Parameters

2019–present|

* 2019 Trump peace plan
* 2020 Abraham Accords
* Israel–UAE normalization agreement
* Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement
* Israel–Sudan normalization agreement
* Israel–Morocco normalization agreement
* 2022 Israeli–Lebanese maritime border agreement
* 2025 Palestinian Emirates Plan

*[WIA]: Wounded in action
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