Military ranks of Turkey

The military ranks of Turkey are the military insignia used by the Turkish Armed Forces.

## Special insignia

[edit]

The Chief of the Turkish General Staff is allowed to wear special insignia.

Branch | Army[1] | Air force | Navy[2]

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Insignia  |  |  |
Name  | Genelkurmay başkanı

## Turkish Land Forces

[edit]

### Officer ranks

[edit]

NATO code | OF-10 | OF-9 | OF-8 | OF-7 | OF-6 | OF-5 | OF-4 | OF-3 | OF-2 | OF-1

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Turkish Land Forces[1]

* v
* t
* e

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Mareşal | Orgeneral | Korgeneral | Tümgeneral | Tuğgeneral | Albay | Yarbay | Binbaşı | Yüzbaşı | Üsteğmen | Teğmen | Asteğmen
Literal translation  | Marshal  | Army general  | Corps general  | Divisional general  | Brigade general  | Chief of a regiment  | Helper leader  | Leader of a thousand  | Leader of a hundred  | Senior lieutenant  | Lieutenant  | Junior lieutenant

* * *

U.S. equivalent[3] | General of the Army | General | Lieutenant general | Major general | Brigadier general | Colonel | Lieutenant colonel | Major | Captain | First lieutenant | Second lieutenant |  | Cadet / Officer candidate

### Other ranks

[edit]

NATO code | OR-9 | OR-8 | OR-7 | OR-6 | OR-5 | OR-4 | OR-3 | OR-2 | OR-1

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Turkish Land Forces[1]

* v
* t
* e

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Astsubay kıdemli başçavuş | Astsubay başçavuş | Astsubay kıdemli üstçavuş | Astsubay üstçavuş | Astsubay kıdemli çavuş | Astsubay çavuş | Astsubay astçavuş | Uzman çavuş | Çavuş | Uzman onbaşı | Onbaşı | Er
Literal translation  | Noncommissioned senior sergeant major  | Noncommissioned sergeant major  | Noncommissioned senior superior sergeant  | Noncommissioned superior sergeant  | Noncommissioned senior sergeant  | Noncommissioned sergeant  | Junior noncommissioned sergeant  | Specialist sergeant  | Sergeant  | Specialist head of ten  | Head of ten  | Private
U.S. equivalent[4] | Command sergeant major | Master sergeant | Sergeant first class | Staff sergeant | Sergeant | Corporal | Private | Private

## Turkish Air Forces

[edit]

### Officer ranks

[edit]

NATO code | OF-10 | OF-9 | OF-8 | OF-7 | OF-6 | OF-5 | OF-4 | OF-3 | OF-2 | OF-1

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Turkish Air Force[5]

* v
* t
* e

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Mareşal | Orgeneral | Korgeneral | Tümgeneral | Tuğgeneral | Albay | Yarbay | Binbaşı | Yüzbaşı | Üsteğmen | Teğmen | Asteğmen
U.S. equivalent[3] | General of the Air Force | General | Lieutenant general | Major general | Brigadier general | Colonel | Lieutenant colonel | Major | Captain | First lieutenant | Second lieutenant |  | Cadet / Officer trainee

### Other ranks

[edit]

NATO code | OR-9 | OR-8 | OR-7 | OR-6 | OR-5 | OR-4 | OR-3 | OR-2 | OR-1

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Turkish Air Force[5]

* v
* t
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Astsubay kıdemli başçavuş | Astsubay başçavuş | Astsubay kıdemli üstçavuş | Astsubay üstçavuş | Astsubay kıdemli çavuş | Astsubay çavuş | Astsubay astçavuş | Uzman çavuş | Çavuş | Uzman onbaşı | Onbaşı | Er
U.S. equivalent[4] | Chief master sergeant | Senior master sergeant | Master sergeant | Technical sergeant | Staff sergeant | Senior airman/
Sergeant | Airman first class | Airman basic

## Turkish Naval Forces

[edit]

### Officer ranks

[edit]

NATO code | OF-10 | OF-9 | OF-8 | OF-7 | OF-6 | OF-5 | OF-4 | OF-3 | OF-2 | OF-1

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Turkish Naval Forces[2]

* v
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Büyük amiral | Oramiral | Koramiral | Tümamiral | Tuğamiral | Albay | Yarbay | Binbaşı | Yüzbaşı | Üsteğmen | Teğmen | Asteğmen
U.S. equivalent[3] | Fleet admiral | Admiral | Vice admiral | Rear admiral | Rear admiral
(lower half) | Captain | Commander | Lieutenant commander | Lieutenant | Lieutenant
(junior grade) | Ensign |  | Midshipman / officer candidate

Note : Commodores in the Turkish navy are not given special ranks or insignia. In the Turkish navy a commodore is not a rank but a position (usually group commander). Commodores almost always have the rank of Captain (Albay), but can fly their special pennants and wear special ribbons.[6]

* Tuğamiral (Rear Admiral/Lower Half) is the lowest admiral's rank. Their shoulderboards are covered in gold lace, and have a silver garland with swords crossed in the middle (General's mark) and a silver five pointed star above that. All admirals also wear two rows of leaves on their caps.
* Tümamiral (Rear Admiral/Upper Half) wears the same shoulderboards as Tuğamiral s, but with two silver stars.
* Koramiral (Vice Admiral): There are usually six Koramiral s in the whole navy. Koramiral s wear three silver stars on the usual shoulder boards.
* Oramiral (Admiral): There are two oramirals, one of them is the Commander of the Naval Forces (Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanı ), while the other is Commander of the Turkish Fleet (Donanma Komutanı). Oramiral s wear shoulder boards with four silver stars, and three normal stripes (the top one with the curl) above the broad stripe.
* Genelkurmay Başkanı (Chief of the Turkish General Staff) assumes command of the Turkish Armed Forces, and although he is commonly appointed from the Turkish Army, he is entitled to wear all uniforms in the Turkish Armed Forces, including the Navy's. When he wears the Navy's uniform, he wears the oramiral's shoulder boards with specially embroidered lace as the base, and he wears the oramiral's sleeve stripes with the broad stripe also embroidered and decorated with leaves.
* Büyük Amiral (Admiral of the Fleet): This is a wartime-only rank and has never been awarded to any member of the Turkish Navy. Its army equivalent, Mareşal (Field Marshal), has had only two bearers in the republic's history: Marshal Fevzi Çakmak and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk himself. A Büyük Amiral would wear shoulder boards with special gold handwork on red velvet, decorated with golden leaves, and with a general's garland on top of that.

#### Rank pennants and flags (ensigns)

[edit]

Pennants are only flown for officers who assume command of an independent unit. Staff officers who work in headquarters do not fly pennants.

* Flandra (Masthead Pennant) : The Flandra is flown when the ship's commanding officer boards the ship. It is quite like a very long red stripe with a crescent moon and star close to the mast.
* Group Commander : For group commanders, a red triangular pennant with one bomb (twenty pointed white star) is flown.
* Regiment Commanders : For regiment commanders, a square red flag with an anchor in the middle is flown.
* Commodores : A swallow-tailed red pennant with two bombs (one on the upper left corner, the other one below that) is flown.

* Rear Admiral (Lower half)

* Rear Admiral (Upper half)

* Vice Admiral

* Admiral

* Commander of the Naval Forces

* Admiral of the Fleet

### Other ranks

[edit]

NATO code | OR-9 | OR-8 | OR-7 | OR-6 | OR-5 | OR-4 | OR-3 | OR-2 | OR-1

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Turkish Naval Forces[2]

* v
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Astsubay kıdemli başçavuş | Astsubay başçavuş | Astsubay kıdemli üstçavuş | Astsubay üstçavuş | Astsubay kıdemli çavuş | Astsubay çavuş | Astsubay astçavuş | Uzman çavuş | Çavuş | Uzman onbaşı | Onbaşı | Er
U.S. equivalent[4] | Master chief petty officer | Senior chief petty officer | Chief petty officer | Petty officer first class | Petty officer second class | Petty officer third class |  | Seaman recruit

#### Rates (insignia of category)

[edit]

There are several major categories in the Navy for different professions. Insignia of category are worn right above the circle in the topmost stripe, both on the sleeve and the shoulder board. It is a small round patch with gold-coloured needlework. Line officers and admirals do not wear these patches. (Admirals with special circumstances (doctors and engineers) may wear them on their sleeves, but not shoulders)

* Naval Infantry (Marines) : In the Turkish armed forces, marines are subordinates to the navy and wear the Navy's uniforms. Their patch consists of an anchor and two rifles crossing it.
* Combat Engineer (Civil Engineer) : A combat engineer wears a patch with the portrayal of what seems to be a fortress, beyond the sea.
* Supply : Supply officers wear a branch with three gold-coloured leaves.
* Hydrography/Oceanography : These officers wear a patch which portrays a lighthouse, with two beams of light heading away from each other.
* Medical Corps (Medical Doctors) : Doctors bear the Staff of Asclepius, a staff with a single snake entangled around it.
* Pharmacists : Pharmacists wear the image of a cup, with a snake around it and a branch surrounding both.
* Dentists : Dentists wear a staff with a branch around it.
* Engineers : An engineer wears the image of a protractor and a pair of compasses beneath that.
* Prosecutors/Judges : Officers of this category wear a patch that includes a book laying open and a pair of scales behind that.
* Legal : Officers Officers of this category wear a patch that includes a book laying open and a pair of ''H'' above it.
* Instructors : Instructors wear a patch with a book laying open with a torch behind.
* Band Musician : A band musician wears a patch with a musical harp.
* Nurse : Officers from the Nurses' Corps wear a single golden crescent with the corners pointed upwards.
* Intelligence : The Intelligence patch consists of a golden circle with a cross in between; embroidered with arrows at each point the cross cuts the circle. Portrayed as if this Wheel was turning around its own axis.
* Staff Officers : Staff officers, are the officers who assume command or important positions in other headquarters, with a specialty in military personnel and supplies management. They wear a single golden five-point star as their patch of category.

## Gendarmerie General Command

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Officer ranks
NATO code | OF-10 | OF-9 | OF-8 | OF-7 | OF-6 | OF-5 | OF-4 | OF-3 | OF-2 | OF-1

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Turkish Gendarmerie

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Orgeneral | Korgeneral | Tümgeneral | Tuğgeneral | Albay | Yarbay | Binbaşı | Yüzbaşı | Üsteğmen | Teğmen | Asteğmen

Other ranks
NATO code | OR-9 | OR-8 | OR-7 | OR-6 | OR-5 | OR-4 | OR-3 | OR-2 | OR-1

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Turkish Gendarmerie[7][8]

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Uzman Çavuş IV | Uzman Çavuş III | Uzman Çavuş II | Uzman Çavuş I

Astsubay kıdemli başçavuş | Astsubay başçavuş | Astsubay kıdemli üstçavuş | Astsubay üstçavuş | Astsubay kıdemli çavuş | Astsubay çavuş | Uzman Jandarma Kademeli Çavuş | Uzman onbaşı

### Uzman Jandarma

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NATO code | OR-4

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Turkish Gendarmerie[7] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Uzman Jandarma VIII Kademeli Çavuş | Uzman Jandarma VII Kademeli Çavuş | Uzman Jandarma VI Kademeli Çavuş | Uzman Jandarma V Kademeli Çavuş | Uzman Jandarma IV Kademeli Çavuş | Uzman Jandarma III Kademeli Çavuş | Uzman Jandarma II Kademeli Çavuş | Uzman Jandarma I Kademeli Çavuş

## Historic ranks

[edit]

### Officers

[edit]

The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

Rank group  | General / flag officers  | Senior officers  | Junior officers

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Turkish Land & Air Forces
(1920–1924)[9] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
مشیر
Müşîr | فريق اول
Ferîk-i evvel | فريق
Ferîk | ميرلوا
Mirliva | ميرآلاى
Miralay
(General staff)  | قائم مقام
Kaymakam
(Combat engineer)  | بينباشى
Binbaşı
(Medical)  | يوزباشى
Yüzbaşı
(Artillery)  | ملازم اول
Mülâzım-ı evvel
(Cavalry)  | ملازم ثانى
Mülâzım-ı sânî
(Infantry)  | ضابط وكيلی
Zabit vekili[a]
(Infantry)  | ضابط نامزدى
Zabit namzedi[b]
(Infantry)
Turkish Land & Air Forces
(1924–1933)[10] | [c] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
مشیر
Müşîr | فريق اول
Ferîk-i evvel | فريق
Ferîk | ميرلوا
Mirliva | ميرآلاى
Miralay
(General staff)  | قائم مقام
Kaymakam
(Medical)  | بينباشى
Binbaşı
(Gendarmerie)  | يوزباشى
Yüzbaşı
(Artillery)  | ملازم اول
Mülâzım-ı evvel
(Cavalry)  | ملازم ثانى
Mülâzım-ı sânî
(Aviation)  | ضابط وكيلی
Zabit vekili
(Infantry)
Turkish Land & Air Forces
(1933–1935)[11] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Müşîr | Birinci ferîk | Ferîk | Mirliva | Miralay | Kaymakam | Binbaşı | Yüzbaşı | Birinci mülâzım | Mülâzım | Zabit vekili
Turkish Land & Air Forces
(1935–1938)[12] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mareşal | Orgeneral | Korgeneral | Tümgeneral | Tuğgeneral | Albay | Yarbay | Binbaşı | Yüzbaşı | Teğmen | Asteğmen | Yarsubay
Turkish Land & Air Forces
(1938–1947)[13] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mareşal | Orgeneral | Korgeneral | Tümgeneral | Tuğgeneral | Albay | Yarbay | Binbaşı | Yüzbaşı | Üsteğmen | Teğmen | Asteğmen
Turkish Land & Air Forces
(1947–1956)[14] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mareşal | Orgeneral | Korgeneral | Tümgeneral | Tuğgeneral | Albay | Yarbay | Binbaşı | Yüzbaşı | Üsteğmen | Teğmen | Asteğmen
Turkish Land & Air Forces
(1956–1964)[15] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mareşal | Orgeneral | Korgeneral | Tümgeneral | Tuğgeneral | Albay | Yarbay | Binbaşı | Yüzbaşı | Üsteğmen | Teğmen | Asteğmen

### Other ranks

[edit]

The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

Rank group  | Non-commissioned officer  | Enlisted

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Turkish Land & Air Forces
(1920–1924)[16][d] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | No insignia
ㅤ | ㅤ | باش چاووش
Başçavuş
(Artillery)  | باش چاووش معاونی
Başçavuş muavini
(Cavalry)  | چاووش
Çavuş
(Combat engineer)  | ㅤ | اون باشی
Onbaşı
(Infantry)  | نفر
Nefer
Turkish Land & Air Forces
(1924–1933)[17][d] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | No insignia
ㅤ | تاکم باشی
Takımbaşı
(Infantry)  | باش چاووش
Başçavuş
(Artillery)  | باش چاووش معینی
Başçavuş muavini
(Cavalry)  | چاووش
Çavuş
(Gendarmerie)  | ㅤ | اون باشی
Onbaşı
(Quartermaster)  | نفر
Nefer
Turkish Land & Air Forces
(1933–1947)[11][18][d] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | No insignia
ㅤ | Başgedikli
(Infantry)  | Gedikli başçavuş
(Infantry)  | Gedikli üstçavuş[e]
(Infantry)  | Gedikli çavuş
(Infantry)  | Çavuş
(Infantry)  | Onbaşı
(Infantry)  | Er[f]
Turkish Land & Air Forces
(1947–1953)[19][d] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | No insignia
ㅤ | Başgedikli | Gedikli başçavuş | Gedikli üstçavuş | Gedikli çavuş | Çavuş | Onbaşı | Er
Turkish Land & Air Forces
(1953–1956)[20][d] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | No insignia
ㅤ | Astsubay kıdemli başçavuş | Astsubay başçavuş | Astsubay üstçavuş | Astsubay çavuş | Çavuş | Onbaşı | Er
Turkish Land & Air Forces
(1956–1963)[21] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | No insignia
ㅤ | Astsubay kıdemli başçavuş | Astsubay başçavuş | Astsubay üstçavuş | Astsubay çavuş | Çavuş | Onbaşı | Er

### Officers

[edit]

The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

Rank group  | General / flag officers  | Senior officers  | Junior officers

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Turkish Naval Forces
(1920–1926)[22] |  |  |  |
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مشیر امیرال
Müşîr amiral | امیرال
Amiral | ویس امیرال
Vice amiral | لوا امیرال
Liva amiral
قومودور
Komodor | قلیون قپتانی
Kalyon kaptanı | فرقاته ین قپتانی
Fırkateyn kaptanı | قوروت قپتانی
Korvet kaptanı | بیرینجی صنف یوزباشی
Birinci sınıf yüzbaşı | یوزباشی
Yüzbaşı | ملازم اول
Mülâzım-ı evvel | ملازم ثانی
Mülâzım-ı sânî | مهندس
Mühendis[g]
Turkish Naval Forces
(1926–1933)[22] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
مشیر
Müşîr | فريق اول
Ferîk-i evvel | فريق
Ferîk | ميرلوا
Mirliva | ميرآلاى
Miralay | قائم مقام
Kaymakam | بينباشى
Binbaşı | قدملی یوزباشی
Kıdemli yüzbaşı | یوزباشی
Yüzbaşı | ملازم
Mülâzım | مهندس
Mühendis[g]
Turkish Naval Forces
(1933–1935)[11] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Müşîr | Birinci ferîk | Ferîk | Mirliva | Miralay | Kaymakam | Binbaşı | Yüzbaşı | Birinci mülâzım | Mülâzım | Zabit vekili[g]
Turkish Naval Forces
(1935–1938)[23] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Büyük amiral | Oramiral | Koramiral | Tümamiral | Tuğamiral | Albay | Yarbay | Binbaşı | Yüzbaşı | Teğmen | Asteğmen | Yarsubay
Turkish Naval Forces
(1938–1956)[13] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Büyük amiral | Oramiral | Koramiral | Tümamiral | Tuğamiral | Albay | Yarbay | Binbaşı | Yüzbaşı | Üsteğmen | Teğmen | Asteğmen

### Other ranks

[edit]

The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

Rank group  | Senior non-commissioned officer  | Non-commissioned officer  | Enlisted

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Turkish Naval Forces
(1920–1933)[22][d] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | No insignia
بیرینجی صنف گدیکلی
Birinci sınıf gedikli
(Line)  | ایکینجی صنف گدیکلی
İkinci sınıf gedikli
(Line)  | اوچونجی صنف گدیکلی
Üçüncü sınıf gedikli
(Line)  | گدیکلی نامزدی
Gedikli namzedi
(Line)  | باش چاووش
Başçavuş
(Line)  |  | چاووش
Çavuş
(Line)  |  |  |  | اون باشی
Onbaşı
(Line)  |  | نفر
Nefer
Turkish Naval Forces
(1933-1956)[11][18][d] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | No insignia[h] | No insignia[i]
| Başgedikli
(Gunner)  | Gedikli başçavuş
(Gunner)  | Gedikli üstçavuş[j]
(Gunner)  | Gedikli çavuş
(Gunner)  |  | Çavuş
(Line)  | Gedikli onbaşı[k]
(Gunner)  | Onbaşı
(Line)  | Gedikli er[k] | Er[f]
Turkish Naval Forces
(1956-1970)[22] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | No insignia
| Astsubay kıdemli başçavuş
(Line)  | Astsubay başçavuş
(Line)  | Astsubay üstçavuş
(Line)  | Astsubay çavuş
(Line)  | Uzman çavuş
(Line)  | Çavuş
(Line)  | Uzman onbaşı
(Line)  | Onbaşı
(Submarine)  |  | Er

## See also

[edit]

Military ranks of the Ottoman Empire

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Given to students of the temporary military academy established in Ankara who have been sent to the frontline as platoon commanders.
2. ^ Given to the students of the Kuleli Military High School who have made their way to the temporary military academy in Ankara and was deemed competent enough to be sent to the frontline as platoon commanders.
3. ^ Insignia kept as the collar tab of the Müşîr and Mareşal ranks until 1947.
4. ^ a b c d e f g Only worn on the left sleeve.
5. ^ Gedikli başçavuş muavini until 1935.
6. ^ a b Nefer until 1935.
7. ^ a b c Worn on the collar.
8. ^ Only the profession badge was worn but in gold instead of red to differentiate from drafted personnel.
9. ^ Only the profession badge was worn but in red instead of gold to differentiate from contracted personnel.
10. ^ Gedikli başçavuş muavini was also used.
11. ^ a b Introduced in 1942.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c "Kara Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı Rütbe ve İşaretleri". Official army (in Turkish). Retrieved 1 March 2021.
2. ^ a b c "RÜTBE VE SINIF İŞARETLERİ". Official navy (in Turkish). Retrieved 1 March 2021.
3. ^ a b c Tartter 1996, p. 346.
4. ^ a b c Tartter 1996, p. 347.
5. ^ a b "Rütbeleri". Official air force (in Turkish). Retrieved 1 March 2021.
6. ^ "Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı • Anasayfa".
7. ^ a b "Uzman Jandarma Kanunu" (PDF) (in Turkish). mevzuat.gov.tr. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
8. ^ "Uzman Erbaş Kanunu" (PDF) (in Turkish). mevzuat.gov.tr. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
9. ^ Geçer 2012, p. 77.
10. ^ Geçer 2012, p. 79.
11. ^ a b c d "Ordu Kıyafet Kararnamesi" (PDF) (in Turkish). resmigazete.gov.tr. Retrieved 20 Dec 2023.
12. ^ "8/10/1934 Tarih ve 2/1372 Sayılı Kararname ile Bazı Hükümleri Değiştirilmiş Olan 23/5/1933 Tarih ve 14455 Sayılı Ordu Kıyafet Kararnamesinde Yapılan Değişiklik Hakkında Kararname" (PDF) (in Turkish). resmigazete.gov.tr. Retrieved 17 Nov 2024.
13. ^ a b "Ordu Dahilî, Hizmet Kanununun 2'nci maddesini değiştiren kanun" (PDF) (in Turkish). resmigazete.gov.tr. Retrieved 20 Dec 2023.
14. ^ Geçer 2012, p. 82.
15. ^ Geçer 2012, p. 83.
16. ^ Geçer 2022, p. 302.
17. ^ Dikduran 2019, p. 204.
18. ^ a b "Ordu Dahili Hizmet Kanunu" (PDF) (in Turkish). tbmm.gov.tr. Retrieved 20 Dec 2023.
19. ^ Dikduran 2019, p. 206.
20. ^ Dikduran 2019, p. 207.
21. ^ Dikduran 2019, p. 208.
22. ^ a b c d "GEÇMİŞTEN GÜNÜMÜZE, BAHRİYE ÜNİFORMA VE RÜTBELERİ - TÜRKER GEÇER". YouTube (in Turkish). Retrieved 22 Dec 2023.
23. ^ "Ordu Kıyafet Kararnamesinin Onaylanması Hakkında Kararname" (PDF) (in Turkish). resmigazete.gov.tr. Retrieved 17 Nov 2024.

### Bibliography

[edit]

* Geçer, Kadir (January 2012). "Tarihten Günümüze Türk Ordusunda Kullanılan Rütbe Sembolleri" [Rank Symbols Used in the Turkish Army from History to Today] (PDF). Silahlý Kuvvetler Dergisi (in Turkish). 411. Turkish Military Academy: 69–85. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
* Tartter, Jean R. (1996). "National Security". In Metz, Helen Chapin (ed.). Turkey: a country study. Area Handbook (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. LCCN 95049612. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
* Geçer, Kadir (2022). Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Askerî Kıyafetleri 1826-1922 [Ottoman Empire Military Clothing 1826-1922] (in Turkish). Hisart Culture Publications. ISBN 9786050699814.
* Dikduran, Salim (2019). Türk Hava Kuvvetleri Tarihinde Astsubaylar [Non-Commissioned Officers in the History of the Turkish Air Force] (in Turkish). Türkiye İş Bankası Cultural Publications. ISBN 9786052958971.

* v
* t
* e

Military ranks and insignia by country

* List of comparative military ranks

Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Cape Verde
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* Comoros
* DR Congo
* Republic of the Congo
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Equatorial Guinea
* Eritrea
* Eswatini
* Ethiopia
* Gabon
* Gambia
* Ghana
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Ivory Coast
* Kenya
* Lesotho
* Liberia
* Libya
* Madagascar
* Malawi
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Morocco
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Niger
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Senegal
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* Somalia
* South Africa
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Togo
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

States with
limited recognition|

* Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
* Somaliland

Former|

* People's Republic of Angola
* Biafra
* Bophuthatswana
* Ciskei
* Kingdom of Egypt
* Ethiopian Empire
* Katanga
* People's Republic of Mozambique
* Rhodesia
* South West Africa
* Transkei
* Venda
* Zaire

Comparative|

* Army
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Navy
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Air force
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Apartheid States in Southern Africa

Americas|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Argentina
* Bahamas
* Barbados
* Belize
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* Chile
* Colombia
* Cuba
* Dominican Republic
* Ecuador
* El Salvador
* Guatemala
* Guyana
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Jamaica
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Suriname
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States
* Officers:
* Army
* Navy
* Air Force
* Coast Guard
* Enlisted:
* Army
* Navy
* Air Force
* Coast Guard
* Other:
* Marine Corps
* Space Force
* Warrant officer
* Opposing forces
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Former|

* Canada (pre-Unification)
* Confederate States of America
* Union
* Army
* Navy
* Costa Rica
* Republic of Cuba
* Empire of Brazil
* Panama
* Republic of Texas
* Army
* Navy
* United States Army enlisted
* World War I
* World War II

Comparative|

* Army
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Navy
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Air force
* Officers
* Enlisted

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* PR of China
* Army
* Navy
* Air Force
* Rocket Force
* Armed Police
* India
* Army
* Air Force
* Navy
* Coast Guard
* Border Roads Organisation
* Paramilitary forces
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Korea
* North
* South
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Army
* Navy
* Air Force
* Marines
* Civil Armed Forces
* Maritime Security Agency
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* Army
* Navy
* Air Force
* Coast Guard
* Syria
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Timor-Leste
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

States with
limited recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Palestine
* South Ossetia
* Taiwan (Republic of China)

Former|

* Artsakh
* China
* Empire
* Republic (1912–1949)
* Dutch East Indies
* East Turkestan (Second Republic)
* People's Republic of Kampuchea
* Imperial Iran
* Imperial Japan
* Army
* Navy
* Korea
* Empire
* Liberation Army
* Kingdom of Laos
* Manchukuo
* Mengjiang
* Mongolian People's Republic
* Vietnam
* State
* South
* South Yemen
* Tibet
* Tuva

Comparative|

* Army
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Navy
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Air force
* Officers
* Enlisted

Europe|

* Albania
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Army
* Navy
* Air Force
* Home Guard
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Army
* Navy
* Gendarmerie
* Air and Space Force
* Foresters
* Germany
* Georgia
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Land Forces
* Coast Guard
* Ireland
* Italy
* Army
* Navy
* Air Force
* Carabinieri
* Finance Guard
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* North Macedonia
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* Army
* Navy
* Air Force
* Cossacks
* Between 1994 and 2010
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* Officers:
* Army
* Navy
* Air Force
* Other:
* Army
* Navy
* Air Force
* Vatican

States with
limited recognition|

* Kosovo
* Northern Cyprus
* Transnistria

Former|

* Albania
* Kingdom
* People's Socialist Republic
* Austria–Hungary
* Army
* Navy
* Bulgaria
* Kingdom
* People's Republic
* Independent State of Croatia
* Czechoslovakia
* German Empire
* Weimar Republic
* Nazi Germany
* Army
* Navy
* Air Force
* East Germany
* Kingdom of Greece
* Army
* Navy
* Air Force
* France
* Napoleonic Grand Army
* Hungary
* Kingdom
* People's Republic
* Italy
* Kingdom
* Social Republic
* Ottoman Empire
* Polish People's Republic
* Republika Srpska
* Romania
* Kingdom
* Socialist Republic
* Russian Empire
* White Movement
* Slovakia (First Republic)
* Soviet Union
* 1918–35
* 1935–40
* 1940–43
* 1943–55
* 1955–91
* Spain
* 2nd Republic
* State
* Yugoslavia
* Kingdom
* Socialist Federal Republic
* Federal Republic

Comparative|

* Army
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Navy
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Air force
* Officers
* Enlisted

Oceania|

* Australia
* Fiji
* New Zealand
* Papua New Guinea
* Tonga
* Vanuatu

Comparative|

* Army
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Navy
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Air force
* Officers
* Enlisted

Language|

| Anglophone|

* Army
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Navy
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Air force
* Officers
* Enlisted

|

Arabophone|

* Army
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Navy
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Air force
* Officers
* Enlisted

Francophone|

* Army
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Navy
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Air force
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Gendarmerie
* Officers
* Enlisted

Hispanophone|

* Army
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Navy
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Air force
* Officers
* Enlisted

Lusophone|

* Army
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Navy
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Air force
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Military police
* Officers
* Enlisted

Post-Soviet states|

* Army
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Navy
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Air force
* Officers
* Enlisted

Commonwealth of Nations|

* Army
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Navy
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Air force
* Officers
* Enlisted

European Union|

* Army
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Navy
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Air force
* Officers
* Enlisted

NATO|

* Army
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Navy
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Air Force
* Officers
* Enlisted

Comparative ranks of

* Star ranking
* WWI
* Officers
* WWII
* Officers
* Women's services
* Marine forces
* Space forces
* Gendarmeries
* UK and US

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