Mineral industry of Europe

Kittilä mine is the biggest gold mine in Europe. Finland has the largest concentration and producer of gold in the European Union.[1][2]

The European mining industry has a long tradition. Although the continent's mining earns a small share of GDP, it provides a large and significant share of the world-wide production.[3]

Before World War II, the economy of Europe remained largely on coal as its source of primary energy with very little of the diversification into oil and gas that had already occurred in the United States.[4] Coal, which was a major fuel for the world's largest economies for more than a century, is now giving way to renewables.[5] During a week in April 2018 the United Kingdom went 55 hours without coal in favor renewable energy in the United Kingdom.[6] The UK was one of the earliest adopters of renewable energy and it has far more windmills installed than other countries in the world.[5]

The continent itself is rich in natural resources, and minerals, which are use in every-day life such as construction materials for infrastructure, building, roads, production of steel, cars, computers, medicines and fertilisers.[7] The mining and quarrying industry which extracts these minerals is very important to industrial, social and technological process in the European Union.[8] Industrial minerals, such as barytes, kaolinite or salt, are extracted within the European Union to supply a wide range of industries.[9]

Of those, Sweden is one of the European Union's leading ore and metal-producing countries and the Swedish mining industry is in a period of strong growth.[10] An expanding Swedish mining industry would also contribute to greater self-sufficiency in the European Union, which was a priority in the "Raw Materials Initiative — meeting our critical need for growth and jobs in Europe", presented by the European Commission in 2008 and 2010.[11] By 2020, resource mines in the European Union can possibly become diversified.[12][13]

Europe's mining industry had a long, profitable history, dating as far back as 8,000 years ago in eastern Europe, and mining copper as far back as early in eastern Europe and Spain. In Ancient Rome, mining for gold and copper in Spain, Cyprus and eastern Europe and tin in Cornwall were important.[3][14] Dating back as far as the Neolithic, all kinds of mineral rocks were mined in all parts of Europe.[15] Underground mining required significantly more energy than surface operations because of the need for ventilation and pumps, and the longer haulage distances involved.[16]

## Employment

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The European metals and minerals mining sector employs more than 200,000 people directly in the extraction and beneficiation processes and numerous jobs are depending on it, the turnover of Europe alone is €13 billion Euros.[17] In addition, there are another 100,000 people working at subsidiaries across the world, depending on Europe based headquarters of mining companies.[17] In western Europe, about 182,000 jobs in coal-mining were lost between 1988 and 1993, a reduction in employment by 40%, whereas coal production fell by about 8%, reflecting significant gains in productivity.[18]

Boundary view of the Teghut Mine, which has been confirmed to be valued over 20 billion USD, due to its copper and molybdenum deposits, located in Armenia.[19]

In 2012, an estimated 7 million people were employed in the mining industry, most of them in coal (including lignite) mining.[20]

## Profits

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Domestic mine production of industrial metals (excluding coal) was valued approximately $11 billion in 2018 compared with $10 billion in 2007 and $9.2 billion in 2006; the real producer's price index for industrial minerals in Germany increased about 3% in 2008, compared with 4% in 2007.[21]

## Natural resources

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### Lignite

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Several European countries are investigating in lignite mineral industry, despite the fact that the industry faces declining profit margins in competition with low-carbon energy production.[22] The global lignite production is approximately one billion metric tons in 2012, with major production coming from Europe, the continent accounts for roughly 40% in lithium reserves.[23] The Kosovar lignite mines are operated at one of the most strategic lignite deposits in Europe, due to its geological conditions.[24]

In terms of lignite production, Greece ranks seventh worldwide and third in EU after Germany, based on the total lignite reserves in the country and the planned future consumption rate, it is estimated that the reserves in the country could last for more than 45 years.[25] Poland is one of the largest lignite reserves in the European Union, with around 1.4 billion tons of lignite in the country, and an additional 22.1 billion tons in economic reserves.[26]

### Gold

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The northern part of Europe, in particular Sweden and Finland, has shown to be an area with an abundance and large potential for gold mining.[27] According to the magazine Tekniikka ja Talous, Finland has overtaken Sweden to become one of the largest producer of gold in Europe, which is located in Kittilä and is owned by the Canadian company Agnico Eagle, will be expanded out and, as a result, its production will increase to 6,000 kilograms per year.[28] In the 13th and 14th centuries, Bohemia was one of the main regions of gold production in Europe.[29]

### Coal

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The total production of coal in Europe is about 15.14 million tons, translating to 3.9% of the total coal produced in the world, coal is preferred as a source of energy, due to its low cost compared to petroleum and natural gases.[30] Europe's coal industry continues its downward spiral as 25% of European Union countries have now shut down its mines to the energy source, scientist estimate that more than 80% of global coal reserves should stay unburned in order to limit global warming to 2 °C (3.6 °F).[31]

### Iron ore

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Sweden accounts for 91% of the continent's ore. In 2014, Swedish ore production broke a new record for the fifth year in a row; the increase was 2% from the previous year, and production amounted to almost 89.1 million tons.[32] Of all the global market mining of ore, eastern Europe was the smallest region accounting around just 1% of the market, the use of robots in the metal ore mining industry is improving the efficiency and productivity of mines and reduces operational costs.[33] The EU metallic mining sector produces a wide range of ores yielding metal substances.[34]

## See also

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* Euromines
* Extractivism
* Mining in the United Kingdom
* Mining in Sweden
* Mineral industry of Armenia

## References

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1. ^ "There's gold in them fells". Yle Uutiset. Retrieved 2018-04-22.
2. ^ "GOLD MINES IN THE EU – TGM". www.tgm.gr. Retrieved 2018-04-22.
3. ^ a b Crowson, Phillip (1996-03-01). "The European mining industry: What future?". Resources Policy. 22 (1–2): 99–105\. Bibcode:1996RePol..22...99C. doi:10.1016/S0301-4207(96)00025-6. ISSN 0301-4207.1–2&rft.pages=99-105&rft.date=1996-03-01&rft.issn=0301-4207&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/S0301-4207(96)00025-6&rft_id=info:bibcode/1996RePol..22...99C&rft.aulast=Crowson&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mineral+industry+of+Europe" class="Z3988">
4. ^ Odell, Peter R. (2013-10-14). Oil and World Power (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. ISBN 9781134101719.
5. ^ a b "UK goes a record 55 hours without coal as clean power expands". mining.com. Retrieved 2018-04-22.
6. ^ "UK goes 55 hours without coal power, breaks historical record". CNET. Retrieved 2025-01-17.
7. ^ "European mining jobs | Talascend". www.talascend.com. Retrieved 2018-04-13.
8. ^ "Minerals and non-energy extractive industries - Growth - European Commission". Growth. Retrieved 2018-04-13.
9. ^ "Industrial minerals - Growth - European Commission". Growth. Retrieved 2018-04-13.
10. ^ "Sweden's Minerals Strategy" (PDF). www.government.se. September 2012.
11. ^ "Brochure" (PDF). www.hannansreward.com. September 2012.
12. ^ Hebestreit, Corina (January 2015). "The European Mining Industry ― An Outlook" (PDF). Framtidensgruvochmineral.
13. ^ Oetinnger, Günter (2011). "Energy 2020" (PDF). EC Europa.
14. ^ Arndt, Nicholas T. (2005). Geodynamics and ore deposit evolution in Europe : special issue. Ore geology review. Amsterdam: Elsevier B. V. ISBN 9780444522337.
15. ^ Mining, Monies, and Culture in Early Modern Societies: East Asian and Global Perspectives. BRILL. 2013-06-07. ISBN 978-9004253568.
16. ^ "Metallic minerals - Growth - European Commission". Growth. Retrieved 2018-04-13.
17. ^ a b "isbn:1329091159 - Sök på Google" (in Swedish). Retrieved 2018-04-13.
18. ^ Recent developments in the coalmining industry. Geneva: International Labour Office. 1994. ISBN 9789221093305. OCLC 31741130.
19. ^ "Value Of Minerals In Teghut Mine Is $20 Billion, Yet Only $300 Million Is Anticipated In Taxes". Lragir.am. Retrieved 2018-05-08.
20. ^ "Labour: Dirty jobs in a dirty industry | Heinrich Böll Foundation". Heinrich Böll Foundation. Retrieved 2018-04-13.
21. ^ Western European Countries Mineral Industry Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Regulations. Lulu.com. 2015-05-06. ISBN 9781329091290.
22. ^ "Lignite power developments in Europe | Airclim". www.airclim.org. Retrieved 2018-04-13.
23. ^ "Sanatized report" (PDF). www.ey.com.
24. ^ "Microsoft Word - WhitePaper_Lignite_ver1.doc" (PDF). Retrieved 2018-04-15.
25. ^ "Lignite in the Greek energy system: facts and challenges". Energy Transition. 2016-02-09. Retrieved 2018-04-13.
26. ^ "Poland". the voice of coal in Europe. 2014-11-01. Retrieved 2018-04-15.
27. ^ "Gold prospects in Europe" (PDF). www.euromines.org.
28. ^ "Finland rises to no. 1 gold producer in EU". Good News from Finland. 2015-04-09. Retrieved 2018-04-13.
29. ^ "Research data" (PDF). journals.pan.pl.
30. ^ "The Top Coal Producing Countries in Europe". WorldAtlas. Retrieved 2018-04-13.
31. ^ "25% of Europe Quits Coal". 7 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
32. ^ "Learn more about Sweden's mining industry | Miningforgenerations". Miningforgenerations. 2016-06-14. Retrieved 2018-04-13.
33. ^ "Global Metal Ore Mining Market Briefing 2017 - Research and Markets". Retrieved 2018-04-13.
34. ^ "Metallic minerals - Tillväxt - European Commission". Tillväxt. Retrieved 15 April 2018.

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Mining in Europe

Sovereign states|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
*   * Italy
* Kazakhstan
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

States with limited
recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Kosovo
* Northern Cyprus
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria

Dependencies and
other entities|

* Åland
* Faroe Islands
* Gibraltar
* Guernsey
* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* Svalbard

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