Mir Jumla II

Grand Vizier under the Mughal Emperor

For other people named Mir Jumla, see Mir Jumla (disambiguation).

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Mir Jumla II

Nawab

14th Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire
In office
1656–1657
Padshah| Aurangzeb
Preceded by| Sadullah Khan
Succeeded by| Jafar Khan
Personal details
Born| 1591
Ispahan, Safavid Empire
Died| 30 March 1663 (aged 71-72)
Mankachar, Ahom Kingdom
Nationality| Mughal
Children| Muhammad Amin Khan
Religious affiliation| Islam
Military service
Allegiance| Mughal Empire
Branch/service| Army of the Mughal Empire
Years of service| 1659–1663[1]
Battles/wars| Battle of Khajwa

Mir Jumla II

Mu'azzam Khan
Khan-i-Khanan
Sipahsalar
Yar-i-Wafahdar
23rd Subahdar of Bengal
Reign| 9 May 1660 - 30 March 1663
Predecessor| Shah Shuja
Successor| Shaista Khan
Paugla Pool from the River (1817) by Sir Charles D'Oyly. This bridge was known to be constructed in 1660 AD by Mir Jumla.

Mir Jumla II (1591 – 30 March 1663), or Amir Jumla,[2] also known as Ardistānī Mir Muhammad,[3] was a military general, wealthy diamond trader,[4] a Vizier of Golconda sultanate,[5] and later a prominent subahdar of Bengal under the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.[6]

Mir Jumla is a powerful politician that played important role in northern and Peninsular region of India during the reign of Shah Jahan to Aurangzeb, where he encountered multiple european nation companies interest in India, such as Danish East India Company, East India Company, Dutch East India Company, and Portuguese East India Company.[7]

He commanded the vast merchant fleets enterprise which sailed throughout Surat, Thatta, Arakan, Ayuthya, Balasore, Aceh, Melaka, Johore, Bantam, Makassar, Ceylon, Bandar Abbas, Mecca, Jeddah, Basra, Aden, Masqat, Mocha and the Maldives.[8] The most important aspect of Mir Jumla's rule in Bengal was his northeastern frontier military campaign, by which he conquered the frontier kingdoms of Kamrup (Kamarupa) and Assam.[9]

## Early life[edit]

See also: Golconda diamonds mining and trading

Mir Jumla was born as Mir Mohammad Sayyid Ardistani in Iran in 1591 to a poor oil merchant of Isfahan,[10] named Mirza Hazaru. Although his parents were extremely poor, he had the opportunity to learn letters which probably lead him to find a job as a clerk under a diamond merchant who had connections with the Kingdom of Golkonda.[11][12] (present day Hyderabad), a region was famous for its diamond mines.Later he came to Golconda as early as before 1630 to Golconda,[13] due to the financial debts exacted upon him by a Sheikh ul Islam and general misgovernance in his country.[14]

However, some scholars suggested alternative dates of 1615 or 1620 for his arrival.[13] One version from James Talboys Wheeler when he entered India region, Mir Jumla at first entered the service of Mughal empire as soldier, where he risen through ranks to the high post.[15] However, due to being insulted by Dara Shikoh, designated heir of emperor Shah Jahan, he left the service.[16]

Mir Jumla also started his own diamond business and got involved in maritime commercial endeavours which increased his wealth.[17] At the prospect of advancing his career, He brought presents to the king of Golconda and bribed his way into the Sultan's court.[18][19] Mir Jumla has presented numerous tributes from his trades to the sultan, such as rarities from europe, cabinets from China, and elephant from Ceylon[20] Thus he managed to rise into the position of Vizier (Prime Minister) of the kingdom.[5]

## Under the service of Golconda (1637–1655)[edit]

As Mir Jumla raised through the ranks, sometime between February, 1634 and December, 1636, Mir Jumla had appointed as Sar-i-Khāil, or treasurer of the Golconda state, which he perform strictly to impose the golden Firman of the sultanate,[21]

his proficiency in service and administration were generally proved when he administered trade at the Port of Masulipatnam.[22] His strictness drew ire from the English company factories in Machilipatnam as they saw Mir Jumla were detrimental to the British interest.[23] Mir Jumla continues to impose the extraction moneys from the British company officials by using the Firman mandate from the Sultanate of Golconda.[24] This has caused the Sultan to appoint Mir Jumla as chief minister, thus further causing him to become more influential in Golconda region, as even the British officers and companies further prioritizing Mir Jumla even disregarded request from British President and council in Surat to confiscate properties belonging to Mir Jumla.[25]

In June 21, 1637, He was summoned to the Qutub Shahi court, and by the 23rd June, The sultan conferred the title of Sar-i-Khail (Lord of the Horses) on him .[26] The furthest extent of the kingdom during was Cumbam near Kadapa district, where Mir Jumla occupied a forts in Gandikota.[3]

In 1639, Mir Jumla has appointed as Nawab, thus increasing his importance in the eyes of the British company, as they further presenting him gifts, lending mens, and traded on his behalf to keep him satisfied.[27] The president of Bantam Presidency saw this as necessity as the rival companies from Dutch, Portuguese, and Denmark, also showering Mir Jumla with gifts to gain his favor.[28]

In 1646, Mir Jumla decide to invade the Kingdom of Chandragiri. Mir Jumla conquered the forts of Udayagiri, advanced southwart along the coast, and conquering Chengleput in the process.[29] Then Mir Jumla continues his conquest to capture the whole of Kadapa district and expanded as far as Tirupati[30] and Sri Kalahasti.[31] He also laid siege to the dutch settlement at Pulicat until the Dutch offered submission to him. He further advanced and laid siege to the fort of Vellore.

Mir Jumla was recorded by British journals to have employed european sailors to built ships. In January 29 1647, British representatives Thomas Winter and Richard Hudson at Machilipatnam wrote to Surat that Mir Jumla has sent two of his ships which, where one of them is Junk ship made by British sailors, named Darya Dawla or River of wealth,.[32] By the April of 1647, The king offered submission to him and promised to pay him tribute [33][34] .In 1650, Mir Jumla conquered the nearly inaccessible Gandikota fort from Timma Nayar with the help of European Gunners .[35][36] Although there was success in conquering former lands of the Vijayanagara Empire, he was unable to conquer the fort of Gingee from the nayaks and in 1648, Gingee fell to the Adil Shahis.[37]

As skilled financier, Mir Jumla employed Telugu Niyogi Brāhmaṇas to collect revenue, where he was able to collect 43 lakhs of Rupees from his domains which were rich in Diamonds, Iron, Saltpetre and Steel.[38]By his enormous wealth, he was able to recruit Pathans, Rajputs, Afghans and Mughals in his campaign to Bijapur in 1652. During this year, Mir Jumla was tasked to govern Golconda the Hyderabad Karnatak kingdom nearly 40,000 square kilometers with annual revenues equivalent to four million rupees a year, while his military role also contribute greatly to his wealth.[39] For the purpose of making 20 artillery pieces, he melted Hindu idols captured from temples with the help of his French Surgeon, Gunner and Gun founder M Claude Maille but was unable to melt the 6 Hindu idols that belonged to the temple of Gondikota.[40][41] Later in his letter to Khalifa I Sultan, The Wazir of the Safavid sultan Shah Abbas II he said:

> By God's grace and the Padshah's luck, The Banner of Islam has been flown over the Infidel Karnatak and that of Hinduism has been brought down. The entire body of rebels and rajas have been brought under my fold. The Voice of Islam and the practices of our saints have been spread here. [42]

Poonamallee mosque

In 1653, Rustam Beg a Havildar under Mir Jumla demolished the upper part of the temple at Poonamallee and erected a mosque over it.[43] Based on this, Sita Ram Goel has listed the Poonamallee mosque along with other mosques built from materials of Hindu temples in his Hindu Temples What Happened to them?.[44] Even Islamic scholar Richard M. Eaton, in his thesis on temple desecration also lists this temple as the part of desecration of temples during Islamic rule .[45]

from 1653 to 1654, in one of Aurengzeb's letters to Shah Jahan, Aurengzeb cites a report of his agent Mohammad Amin where Mir Jumla is said to have maintained a force of 9000 Cavalry , 20000 infantry and his army filled with Iraqi and Arabi horses[46][47] Mir Jumla had his own ships and organised merchant fleets in the 1640s that sailed throughout Surat, Thatta, Arakan, Ayuthya, Balasore, Aceh, Melaka, Johore, Bantam, Makassar, Ceylon, Bandar Abbas, Mecca, Jeddah, Basra, Aden, Masqat, Mocha and the Maldives.[8]

## Career in the Mughal Imperial Court[edit]

With the governorship over the Karnataka domains , Mir Jumla exponentially transformed from a wazir of a powerless master to a position of unchecked power and wealth. Naturally many officers in the Qutub Shahi court felt jealous of him and they naturally positioned the mind of the sultan against the Wazir.[48] So the sultan demanded a portion of loot obtained by Mir Jumla in the karnatak which Mir Jumla flatly refused as he thought that the conquest was solely his work and the sultan had no part in to take it.[49][50] At some point, The Sultan of Golconda conspired with other courtiers to capture and blind Mir Jumla, which Mir Jumla immediately aware of, thus prompting him to began to look for other options of service.[51]

Prince Aurangzeb, which has passionate ambition of conquering the rich State of Golconda, was eager to opened a secret correspondence with Mir Jumla.[39] He also sent an agent, Muhammad Mumin, and then sent a secret petition for appointment under the Emperor.[52] At the recommendation of prince Aurangzeb, emperor Shah Jahan offered to Mir Jumla his protection. However, Mir Jumla feigned consent, and urged the Mughal Court to keep this agreement secret.[39] As Aurangzeb assisted Mir Jumla from being captured by the Golconda sultanates, he finally accept Mughal hegemony and wrote to the prince agreeing to join the Mughal service.[52]

### Campaign against Shah Shuja[edit]

On his accession to the throne, Aurangzeb entrusted Mir Jumla with the task of dealing with Shah Shuja, where the rebellious prince was defeated in the Battle of Khajwa and took to flight.[53] After the battle, Mir Jumla rendezvous his force with the force of emperor eldest son Muhammad Sultan (Mughal prince), before departing from [[Khajwa]] to further pursuing Shuja.[54] Meanhile, At the same time Fidai Khan Koka, Governor of Awadh, was marching from Gorakhpur towards Patna along the northern bank of the Ganges, according to the emperor instruction.[55] As he feared at the prospect of being surrounded by this pincer movement of the Mir Jumla and Fidai Khan, Shah Shuja precipitately withdrew from Bahadurpur towards Patna, where he halted at Jafar Khan's garden in 10th February 1659 for while, before continues his retreat further.[56] As Mir Jumla speedily arrived within 20 miles west of Patna, Shah Shuja moved further eastwards and on 19th February reached Munger, and decided to make a erect defense there against the enemy from 19th February until 6th March.[57] He strengthened the fortifications as he approaches to the town, repaired the old wall there running between the Ganges and the foot of its southern hills, and supported his high entrenchments by a very powerful artilleries.[58] Stationing small pickets of Europeans at strategic corners, Shuja entrusted the defence of the skirt of the hill to Raja Bahroz of Kharagpur.[59] Mir Jumla and Muhammad Sultan forces finally reached Patna at 22th February after Shuja's departure therefrom, and were joined by Fidai Khan.[60]

After eight days’ and half of advance, during which Mir Jumla appointed Baud Khan as Governor of Bihar, Mir Jumla force started for Munger and learnt of the enemy's strong defence there at Jakepoorah. [61] As the imperial forces find out the road to Munger heavily fortified, Muhammad Sultan took counsel of Mir Jumla regarding the plan of advance, which responded Mir Jumla at once that storming Munger defences is futile, and instead decided to cut Shuja's communications in the rear.[62] As they did the siege, Mir Jumla also entice Shah Shuja allies such as, Baja Bahroz by gifts of gold and also threats to abandon Shuja side.[63] Mir Jumla then made a detour through difficult route to Rajmahal running through the Kharagpur hills, which recorded as inhabited with ferocious beasts and by hill peoples.[64] Despite some difficulties, including the desertions of some portion of Rajputs from his ranks, Mir Jumla still can manage the momentum of his pursuit and retained around 25000 soldiers to continue the operation to quell the rebellion of Shah Shuja.[65] Mir Jumla also manage to convince the Zamindar of Birbhum to join defect from Shuja force.[66] Meanwhile, hearing of the treachery of the Zamindar of Birbhum and of the advance of the imperialists through his lands, Shuja evacuated Rangamati and hurried to Rajrnahal in 27th March.[67] Mir Jumla turned his forces to the north-east in order to strike the Ganges near Murshidabad and blocks Shuja’s retreat to Dakha.[68] Their arrival at Belghata, which 30 miles from Shuja’s position, caused mass desertion from demoralized Shuja forces.[69] The news of Shuja’s evacuation of Rajmahai reached Mir Jumla at Belghata, and he at once dashed northwards to capture the deserted capital.[70] Preceded by the Van under Zulfiqar Khan, Mir Jumla, together with the Prince, entered it on 13th April and arranged for its government. Zulfiqar Khan was appointed its governor and asked to hold it, with 5,000 men and assisted by Sayyid Firoz Khan, Zabardast Khan, Raja Indradyumna and Raja Debi Singh. About 4,000 loyalists of Shuja who could not cross the Ganges, returned to Rajmahai and were convinced by Zulfiqar Khan to rejoin Mughal empire.[71] Thus Mir Jumla occupied the whole country on the right bank of the Ganges from Rajmahai to Hooghly, which immediately congratulated by British company factory officers for his success in this conquest.[72]

Thus Mir Jumla continues to pursue Shah Shuja until his force reached Tanda.[73] From Tanda to Dhaka (capital of the present day Bangladesh), where he arrived on 9 May 1660. The latter, however, had already left Dhaka, crossed the eastern border and ultimately found shelter with the king of Arakan (modern day Myanmar).[73] Later, at the battle of Giria, Mir Jumla once again leading Aurangzeb army against the Elephant artillery of Shah Shuja.[74] Soon after his arrival at Dhaka, Mir Jumla received the imperial farman (decree) appointing him subahdar (governor) of Bengal in recognition of his services and further honoured Mir Jumla with titles, rewards and increment of mansab (rank)[citation needed]. He at once began reorganising the administration, which had become slack in the absence of Shuja during the war of succession, and disobedience and refractoriness had become prevalent. Reversing the action of Shuja who had transferred the capital to Rajmahal, he restored Dhaka to its former glory. He then paid attention to the administration of justice, dismissed dishonest Qazis (clerics and judges) and Mir Adils and replaced them with honest persons[citation needed].

Later, Mir Jumla further promoted as Diwan al-Kul, or Grand vizier .'[75][76] It is reported that this is due to his effort of returning Babur's diamond to the Mughal possession.[76] He also granted the command of 6000 Mughal cavalry, residence near Agra Fort, precious stones, 200 horses, 10 elephants, as well as 500000 rupees payment in cash.[76]As a bonus, he also granted a fiefdom in Karnataka for seven years, without obligation to pay any tribute.[76]

Mir Jumla met and befriended the French traveller Jean-Baptiste Tavernier after his defection into Mughal side.[77] who testify that Mir Jumla were a prominent governor of Mughal empire under Aurangzeb.[78] Tavernier advised Mir Jumla that there is little market of diamonds in europe at that time, thus prompting Mir Jumla to command his diamond miners back for agricultural works.[78]

Mir Jumla also employing the services the sailors of British, the Dutch and the Portuguese, along with their ships.[79] In August, 1660, he employed 6 or 7 British sailors of a small vessel carrying Trevisa, the English Agent, to Dhaka.[80] He also utilised the services of both the Dutch and the British for constructing his warships as it is recorded a galiot built by the Dutch at Hooghly district and manned by 6 or 7 British fugitives under a captain named John Durson.[81] Furthermore, Mir Jumla also employing a British named Thomas Pratt to construct boats and making ammunition for riverine warfare[82]

### Northeastern frontier expedition[edit]

Main article: Mir Jumla's invasion of Assam

Koch Behar was a vassal state, but Raja Pran Narayan took advantage of the war of succession and shook off his allegiance. The Ahom king of Assam, Jayadhwaj Singha, occupied a part of Kamrup, which had earlier been integrated with the Bengal subah.[citation needed] Mir Jumla advanced with a large army and navy against the enemy; he sent the main body of the troops and the navy towards Kamrup, while he himself proceeded against Koch Behar. On his approach, Pran Narayan evacuated the country and fled towards the hills.[83] Koch Behar was occupied in about one month and a half and making administrative arrangements there, Mir Jumla came to join the advance party towards Kamrup.[84] The king of Assam was prudent enough to evacuate Kamrup, but Mir Jumla decided to conquer Assam also. Mir Jumla took 12,000 cavalry, 30,000 infantry, and a fleet of 323 ships and boats up river towards Assam—the naval contingent comprised Portuguese, English, and Dutch sailors.[83]

An account of the campaign and the life during the times was presented by the Venetian adventurer Niccolao Manucci in his memoirs Storia do Mogor, referencing French historian François Catrou. Manucci also got acquainted with a Mughal Navy officer of British descent during the same period named Thomas Pratte.[85] Pratte was appointed by Mir Jumla as an officer in the Mughal navy and used to collect war boats and procure gunpowder necessary for naval warfare.[86]

In less than six weeks' time, since his starting from Guwahati, Mir Jumla conquered up to Garhgaon, the capital of Assam, in March 17 1662.[87] from this campaign, Mir Jumla has manage to capture 100 elephants, 300000 coins, 8000 shields, 1000 ships, and 173 massive rice stores.[88]

Beyond the Assam region, there was full of high hills and mountains, inaccessible for horses and troops, where the Ahom king took shelter. During the rains, the Mughals were locked in a few raised grounds, the roads were submerged, the streams and even the Nalahs (drains) swelled up to become big rivers.[citation needed] Many armies would have disintegrated under these circumstances but under Mir Jumla's magnificent leadership, the Mughal army held firm and remained on the offensive. But, the Mughals lost two thirds of the army due to lack of food and relentless attacks by Assamese shart shooters at night. After the rains were over, both Mir Jumla and the king of Assam agreed to sign a peace treaty. The terms of treaty implied that the Ahom king or Swargadeo would accept Mughal rule and both the Swargadeo and the Tipam king would offer their daughters to the Mughal harem (The Ahom princess was Ramani Gabharu, the sole daughter of the then Swargadeo, Jayadhwaj Singha. She later became the daughter-in-law of Emperor Aurangzeb as Rahmat Banu Begum). The Ahoms also had to pay a war indemnity and an annual tribute of 20 elephants. They also had to cede the western half of their kingdom from Guwahati to Manas river.[citation needed]

## Death and legacy[edit]

Mir Jumla died on his way back from the Assamese territory on 30 March 1663. His tomb located on a small hillock at Mankachar, Assam has been maintained over the centuries. It is near Garo Hills in the northeastern Indian state of Assam bordering Meghalaya. The tomb reflects a remarkably long grave and bears testimony to the tall height of Mir Jumla. There are two more unidentified graves beside the tomb of Mir Jumla said to be of two Pirs, i. e. of religious preacher of Central Asian origin. It is recorded by François Bernier that the death of Mir Jumla were greatly mourned by peoples of Assam, [89] His beloved reputation further caused general wave of laxity and disorder in the government of the province of Bengal on the eve of his death.[90]

Mir Jumla's construction activities in Dhaka and its suburbs resulted in two roads, two bridges and a network of forts, which were necessary for public welfare, strategic purposes, and speedy dispatch of troops, equipment and ammunition[citation needed]. A fort at Tangi-Jamalpur guarded one of the roads connecting Dhaka with the northern districts; it is now known as the Mymensingh Road.[91] The other road led eastward, connecting the capital city with Fatulla (old Dhapa), where there were two forts, and by extension the road could lead up to Khizrpur where two other forts were situated. The Pagla bridge lies on this road off Fatulla.[91] Some parts of the roads and forts built by Mir Jumla are still extant.[citation needed]

## See also[edit]

* Hyderabadi Muslims
* Muslim culture of Hyderabad
* History of Hyderabad
* Mughal empire
* Emperor of India
* List of rulers of Bengal
* History of Bengal

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ Cite error: The named reference `:0` was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
2. ^ James Talboys Wheeler (1876, p. xxx)
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4. ^ Narayan Sarkar 1951, p. 3
5. ^ a b Gommans, Jos (2003). Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and High Roads to Empire 1500–1700. Routledge. p. 78\. ISBN 0-415-23988-5.
6. ^ Majumdar, R.C, ed. (1974). The History and culture of the Indian People Vol 7- The Mughal Empire. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 475–476.
7. ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 918-949)
8. ^ a b Pearson, M. (2007). The Indian Ocean. Routledge. ISBN 9780415445382. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
9. ^ D. Nath (January 1989). History of the Koch Kingdom, C. 1515-1615 (Hardcover). Mittal Publications. pp. 86, 225–226. ISBN 9788170991090. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
10. ^ James Talboys Wheeler (1876, p. 281)
11. ^ Richards 2005, p. 155.
12. ^ Sarkar 1951, Early life of Mir Jumla pp. 1.
13. ^ a b Cátia A.P. Antunes; Francisco Bethencourt (2022). Merchant Cultures A Global Approach to Spaces, Representations and Worlds of Trade, 1500–1800 (ebook). Brill. p. 108\. ISBN 9789004506572. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
14. ^ Journal of Bihar and Orissa Research Society 1942, Mir Jumla-Iran Correspondence pp.206.
15. ^ James Talboys Wheeler (1876, p. 281-282)
16. ^ James Talboys Wheeler (1876, p. 281-282)
17. ^ Narayan Sarkar 1951, p. 3
18. ^ Irvine 1907,  Aurengzeb pp.232.
19. ^ Dale R. Perelman G.G (1945). Mountain of Light The Story of the Koh-I-Noor Diamond. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781477216293. "called the Panther 0f Ferghana. From Baber, the stone fell to his ill-fated son ... Mir Jumla, a Persian diamond merchant, traveled to India in search of fortune.u A skilled politician, Jumla connived to ..."
20. ^ James Talboys Wheeler (1876, p. 281-282)
21. ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 922)
22. ^ Sinnappah Arasaratnam; Aniruddha Ray (1994). Masulipatnam and Cambay A History of Two Port-towns, 1500-1800 (Hardcover). Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 49\. ISBN 9788121506465. Retrieved 8 March 2024. "... Mir Muhamad Said in Golconda and in the trade of Masulipatnam . From 1637 when he became provincial governor in ... Jumla in 1643 and became nawab of the south and expanded his trading operations along the coast through his appointees ..."
23. ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 922)
24. ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 922)
25. ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 924=925)
26. ^ Sarkar 1951, Wazir of Golconda pp. 10.
27. ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 925)
28. ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 926)
29. ^ K. Rajayyan (1978). Selections from History of Tamilnadu, 1565-1965. Madurai Publishing House. p. 41. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
30. ^ T. K. T. Viraraghavacharya (1997). History of Tirupati The Thiruvengadam Temple · Volume 2. Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams. p. 608. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
31. ^ Narayan Sarkar 1951, p. 34
32. ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 928-929)
33. ^ Sarkar 1952, Mir Jumla Conquers the entire Eastern Karnataka pp. 119-121.
34. ^ Sarkar 1951, Mir Jumla Conquers Vellore pp. 16-17.
35. ^ Qaiser, Ahsan Jan, ed. (1982), "Mir Jumla Captures Gandikota", The Indian response to European technology and culture, Oxford University press, p. 48
36. ^ Sarkar 1951, Fort of Gandikota pp.48.
37. ^ Sarkar 1951, "Gingee" pp.45.
38. ^ Sarkar 1951, "Civil Administration of Mir Jumla" pp.76.
39. ^ a b c John F. Richards (1993). The Mughal Empire Part 1, Volume 5 (paperback). Cambridge University Press. pp. 156–157. ISBN 9780521566032. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
40. ^ Sarkar 1951, Gondikota pp. 82.
41. ^ Ball, Valentine (1925), "Mir Jumla melts the idols", The Travels of Jean Baptiste Tavernier in India, Oxford University press, p. 232
42. ^ Journal of Bihar and Orissa Research Society 1942, Mir Jumla-Iran Correspondence pp.193.
43. ^ Sarkar 1951, Destruction of Poonamallee temple pp. 86.
44. ^ Goel, Sita Ram (ed.). Hindu temples,What Happened to them?. Voice of India publications. p. 187\. "11\. Poonamalle ... Chingleput District in Tamil Nadu"
45. ^ Richard, Eaton. "Temple desecration and Indo-Muslim Rule". In Lawrence, Bruce (ed.). Beyond Turk and Hindu, Rethinking Religious Identities. p. 267\. "Serial No 61:Poonamallee temple"
46. ^ Sarkar 1951, "Mir Jumla's Army" pp. 80-81.
47. ^ Flynn, V J A, ed. (1971), "Letter 46", English translation of Adab-I-Alamgiri, p. 317
48. ^ Narayan Sarkar 1951, p. 29
49. ^ Sarkar 1951, Rebellion.pp 104.
50. ^ Sarkar 1952, Rebellion of Mir Jumla pp.121-122.
51. ^ Sarkar 1952, Rebellion of Mir Jumla pp.122-123.
52. ^ a b Sarkar 1952, Rebellion of Mir Jumla pp.123-124.
53. ^ Narayan Sarkar 1951, p. 147
54. ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 175-183)
55. ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 175-183)
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57. ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 175-183)
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59. ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 175-183)
60. ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 175-183)
61. ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 175-183)
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63. ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 175-183)
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72. ^ Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939, p. 175-183)
73. ^ a b [Sir Jadunath Sarkar, 1972, History of Aurangzeb, vol. 2, London: Orient Longman]
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77. ^ Harish Kapur (19 June 2013). Jean-Baptiste Tavernier A Life (ebook). UK. p. 66\. ISBN 9781481795951. Retrieved 8 March 2024.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
78. ^ a b Jack Ogden (8 May 2018). Diamonds An Early History of the King of Gems (ebook). Yale University Press. p. 222\. ISBN 9780300235517. Retrieved 8 March 2024. "Thevenot, 1687, 103"
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80. ^ Narayan Sarkar 1951, p. 243-244
81. ^ Narayan Sarkar 1951, p. 243-244
82. ^ Narayan Sarkar 1951, p. 243-244
83. ^ a b Abdul Karim (1992). History of Bengal: The reigns of Shah Jahan and Aurangzib. Institute of Bangladesh Studies, University of Rajshahi. p. 446; 449. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
84. ^ Narayan Sarkar 1951, p. 277
85. ^ Niccolò Manucci (1907). Irvine, William (ed.). Storia Do Mogor Or, Mogul India, 1653-1708 · Volume 4. Creative Media Partners, LLC. p. 430. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
86. ^ Cátia A.P. Antunes; Francisco Bethencourt (31 January 2022). Merchant Cultures A Global Approach to Spaces, Representations and Worlds of Trade, 1500–1800 (ebook). January 31, 2022. p. 116\. ISBN 9789004506572. Retrieved 8 March 2024. "... Pratte, who was appointed by Mir Jumla as an officer in the Mughal navy to provide war boats and procure the gunpowder needed ..."
87. ^ Muzaffar H. Syed 1905, p. 166
88. ^ Muzaffar H. Syed 1905, p. 166
89. ^ Narayan Sarkar 1951, p. 245
90. ^ Narayan Sarkar 1951, p. 245
91. ^ a b Basil Copleston Allen (2009). Eastern Bengal District Gazetteers Dacca. Logos Press. p. 30\. ISBN 9788172681944. Retrieved 8 March 2024. "road from Dacca to Khizrpur , vid Fatulla , which passes over this bridge . Finally , the road to Mymensingh and the .....; Mir Jumla , and fled to Dacca , whither he was pursued by Mir Jumla . He sent his son , Zainuddin , to arrange for ... Fatulla and the other opposite . These were probably built by him . The bridge at Pagla , Taver- nier tells us , was ..."

## References[edit]

* Akshay Chavan (2017). "The fantastic Mir Jumla". peepul tree. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
* James Talboys Wheeler (1876). The History of India from the Earliest Ages: pt. I. Mussulman rule. pt. II. Mogul empire. Aurangzeb. N. Trübner. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
* Richards, John F. (2005). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press.
* Jagadish Narayan Sarkar (1939). "EARLY RELATIONS OF MIR JUMLA WITH THE ENGLISH (UP TO 1650) (Based on English factory records only)". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. Indian History Congress. 3. ISSN 2249-1937. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
* Sarkar, Jagadish Narayan, ed. (1951). The life of Mir Jumla, the general of Aurangzeb. Thacker and Spink.
* Sarkar, Jadunath, ed. (1952) [1912]. History of Aurangzeb Vol 1. Orient Longman Limited. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
* Irvine, William (1907). Storia De Mogor. John Murray.
* Journal of Bihar and Orissa Research Society. 1942.
* Narayan Sarkar, Jagadish (1951). The Life of Mir Jumla, the General of Aurangzab. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
* Muzaffar H. Syed (1905). History of Indian Nation : Medieval India. K. K. Publications. ISBN 8178441322.

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