Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war

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Israel–Hamas war

* Timeline
* Outline

Engagements

* Hamas-led attack on Israel

* Israeli female tank crew fight
* Re'im
* Sderot
* Sufa
* Israel–Hezbollah conflict
* Timeline
* Israeli invasion of Gaza
* Beit Hanoun
* Gaza City
* Jabalia
* Khan Yunis
* Al-Qarara
* Shuja'iyya
* Shuja'iyya ambush
* Insurgency in the North Gaza Strip
* Hamad
* Rafah offensive
* Israeli incursions in the West Bank

Hamas-led attack on Israel

* Re'im music festival
* Killing of Shani Louk
* Netiv HaAsara
* Alumim
* Be'eri
* Holit
* Kfar Aza
* Kissufim
* Nahal Oz
* Nir Oz
* Nir Yitzhak
* Nirim
* Zikim

Israeli response

* Bombing of the Gaza Strip
* Refugee camps
* Jabalia
* 31 October
* Al-Fakhoora school
* Al-Shati
* Al-Maghazi
* Schools
* Al-Maghazi
* Al-Falah
* Palestinians evacuating Gaza
* Health facilities
* Al-Ahli Arab Hospital
* Al-Shifa Hospital
* Ambulance
* Nasser Hospital siege
* Church of Saint Porphyrius
* Super Bowl massacre
* Flour massacre
* Attack on journalists in Lebanon
* Friendly fire
* IDF killing of hostages in Shuja'iyya
* Tel al-Sultan massacre
* Al-Mawasi refugee camp attack
* Al-Sardi school attack

Other minor theaters

* Red Sea crisis
* Operation Prosperity Guardian
* Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou
* Operation Poseidon Archer
* Marlin Luanda missile strike
* Operation Aspides
* Sinking of the MV Rubymar
* Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Syria, and Jordan
* Iranian airstrikes in Iraq and Syria
* Tower 22 drone attack
* Assassination of Saleh al-Arouri

See also

* Gaza humanitarian crisis
* Healthcare collapse
* Children
* Premature babies
* Famine
* Hostage crisis
* Prisoner exchange
* Israeli blockade of Gaza
* War crimes
* Israeli
* Torture
* Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel
* Wider regional conflict
* 2023 ceasefire
* Calls for a ceasefire
* 2024 Pro-Palestinian campus protests
* 2024 Columbia University pro-Palestinian campus occupation
* Three-phase proposal
* Antisemitism
* Anti-Palestinianism
* Mass detentions
* Misinformation
* Protests
* South Africa v. Israel
* Qatar and the Israel–Hamas war
* AI-assisted targeting
* Gaza Strip mass graves
* All Eyes on Rafah

Incorrect or misleading information or misinformation, is a feature of the Israel–Hamas war.[1] Much of the content has been viral in nature, with tens of millions of posts in circulation on social media. A variety of sources, including government officials, media outlets, and social media influencers across different countries, have contributed to the spread of these inaccuracies.[2]

## On Israel[edit]

### misrepresentation photos and videos[edit]

The deputy head of Hamas’s political bureau, Saleh al-Arouri, claimed the Qassam Brigades had "captured senior officers from the occupation army” in the 7 October attacks.[3] A rumour circulated on social media that one of these officers was Major General Nimrod Aloni, the commander of the Israeli Depth Corps, based on a photograph of a man who resembled him being detained by unidentified armed men.[3] A Persian language post by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) quoted a post about his capture from Tasnim News Agency and wrote "Tasnim: Distributors of fake news of IRGC" without either denying or confirming the capture of Aloni.[4][5] Aloni was subsequently seen on 8 October attending a meeting of top Israeli military officials.[6]

Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting published images of the capture of commanders of Nagorno-Karabakh by the Azerbaijani army in September 2023 as the capture of Israeli commanders by Hamas.[7][8][9]

A video of a CNN broadcast from near the Israel-Gaza border[10] with audio added to suggest the network had faked an attack went viral on social media.[11][12]

Social media accounts based in India have spread pro-Israeli disinformation, with influencers misrepresenting videos purported to show school girls taken as sex slaves, or Hamas kidnapping a Jewish baby. Fact-checker Pratik Sinha said the "Indian right-wing has made India the disinformation capital of the world".[13] The trend forms part of a wider pattern of fake news in India with an Islamophobic slant, including disinformation on Palestinians coming from the BJP IT Cell, a vehicle of India's governing party, the BJP.[13]

An Israeli boy and his sisters killed during Hamas's attack on Kibbutz Nir Oz on 7 October have been falsely accused of being "crisis actors".[14]

A photo shared by Israel showing the charred corpse of a baby was claimed by many on social media to have been AI-generated, based on AI detector "AI or Not". The claim was repeated by Al Jazeera Arabic. The company behind "AI or Not" later said that the result was a false positive caused by the image's compression and blurred name tag; several experts who looked at the photo found it to be genuine. Other social media users claimed, based on a 4chan post, that the image had been altered from a similar photo of a dog, though researcher Tina Nikoukhah found that the dog picture was likely "falsified using generative methods".[15][16][17]

The mostly ultra-Orthodox ZAKA volunteer paramedic and rescue group began collecting bodies immediately after the Hamas attacks, while the IDF avoided assigning soldiers with training to carefully retrieve and document human remains in post-terrorism situations.[18] However, as part of the effort to get media exposure, Zaka spread accounts of atrocities that never happened, released sensitive and graphic photos, and acted unprofessionally on the ground, often mixing up remains of multiple victims in the same bag and creating little or no documentation about the remains.[18][19]

### Allegations of beheading[edit]

In the aftermath of the initial Hamas assault, witnesses from the Israeli soldiers, the Israeli Forces, and the first responder Israeli organization ZAKA said on French Israeli TV channel i24news that they had seen the bodies of beheaded infants at the site of the Kfar Aza massacre.[20][21][22] During Antony Blinken's visit to Israel, he said he was shown photos of the massacre by Hamas of Israeli civilians and soldiers, and specifically that he saw beheaded IDF soldiers.[23] U.S. President Biden separately said that he had seen photographic evidence of terrorists beheading children, but the White House later clarified that Biden was alluding to news reports of beheadings, which have not contained or referred to photographic evidence.[24] NBC News called reports of "40 beheaded babies" unverified allegations,[24] adding that they appeared "to have originated from Israeli soldiers and people affiliated with the Israel Defense Force" and that "an Israeli official told CNN the government had not confirmed claims of the beheadings".[24] The allegation mainly "stemmed from a viral Israeli news broadcast clip" and the main X / Twitter accounts propagating the claims were i24NEWS and Israel's official account, even though Israeli Defense spokesperson Doron Spielman told NBC News that he could not confirm i24NEWS’s report.[24] As of 12 October, CNN had extensively reviewed online media content to verify Hamas-related atrocities but found no evidence to support claims of decapitated children.[25]

#### beheaded soldier and foreign worker[edit]

Two or three decapitations of adults or military ages teenagers have been confirmed, one or two IDF soldiers (beheaded after death in combat) and a foreign worker.[26]

Cpl. Adir Tahar, age 19, from the Golani Brigade, was killed in combat by multiple grenades on 7 October. After his death, his head was removed and taken to the Gaza Strip.[26] His body was identified by DNA and buried incomplete. [26] The IDF tried to hide from the family that there was only an incomplete body to bury.[27] His head was found later in the Gaza Strip, inspiring macabre speculation about why it had been taken there.[28]

### Dead baby in oven claim[edit]

In a speech to the Republican Jewish Coalition on 28 October, Eli Beer, founder of Israeli volunteer EMS group United Hatzalah, claimed that Hamas had burned a baby alive in an oven.[29] He attributed the claim to a United Hatzalah volunteer; one of them, Asher Moskowitz, also publicly made the claim.[30] It was repeated by journalist Dovid Efune, commentator John Podhoretz and others, in tweets seen over 10 million times. Israeli journalists and police found no evidence for the claim, and a representative of ZAKA, a first responder organization, said the claim was "false".[29][31][32]

### Sexual violence[edit]

Main article: Screams Without Words

On 9 January 2024, the Hamas rape report, titled 'Screams Without Words': How Hamas Weaponized Sexual Violence on Oct. 7, was removed from the scheduled The New York Times podcast channel, The Daily. Some relatives of Gal Abdush, one of the victims mentioned in the story, stated that there was no proof of rape and that The New York Times had interviewed them under "false pretenses".[33][34][35] The article reportedly caused what The Intercept called a "furious internal debate" about the strength of its reporting,[36] and according to Jeremy Scahill was met by skepticism from other New York Times journalists.[35] The Times ultimately stood by its story, calling it "rigorously reported, sourced and edited."[37]

## On Gaza[edit]

### Inaccurate information[edit]

Viral claims that the IDF had destroyed Gaza's Church of Saint Porphyrius on 9 October were debunked by the church.[38][39] However, Israel attacked the church on 19 October, killing 18 civilians.[40]

In October 2023, disinformation experts uncovered an account on X that published false reports about Qatar threatening to cut off its gas exports if Israel continued to bombard the Gaza Strip.[41]

Pro-Hamas accounts have misrepresented footage from the Syrian civil war as showing children being killed in Gaza.[42]

In February 2024, Israel's official X account posted a 30-second video listing the humanitarian aid it claimed to have provided for Gaza. The video included March 2022 footage of a camp in Moldova for Ukrainian refugees that was falsely claimed to show tents and shelter equipment for Gazans. The video was subsequently deleted.[43][44]

### Impersonations[edit]

Further information: Al-Shifa Hospital § Israeli media campaign

Following the Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion, an X account claiming to be an Al Jazeera journalist said they had video of a "Hamas missile landing in the hospital". Al Jazeera subsequently clarified that they were not associated with the account, and it was later removed.[45] Another X account that promoted pro-Kremlin misinformation claimed The Wall Street Journal had reported that the explosion was caused by a Mark 84 bomb; The Wall Street Journal had not published such a report.[46][47]

In November 2023, a video appearing to show a nurse at the Al Shifa hospital went viral. She claimed that she was unable to treat patients because Hamas had taken over the entire hospital and were stealing fuel and medicine, with the video ending with her pleading for all Palestinians to leave Al Shifa. Many were quick to point out the falsehood in the video, as none of the documented doctors and nurses at the hospital recognize the woman depicted, and a reported Israeli accent and inability to speak clear Arabic.[48][49] Additionally, according to Esther Chan from RMIT FactLab CrossCheck, an analysis by open-source investigators had determined that the video was likely doctored to artificially include fake sounds of explosions.[50] The video was originally posted on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Israel's Arabic twitter account and it was boosted by Edward Haïm Cohen Halala, who has reported ties to the Israeli government, who has a popular social media presence with an Arabic following.[51][52][53]

### Allegations of crisis acting[edit]

Video evidence of atrocities in Gaza has been frequently dismissed as acting, and people falsely accused of being "crisis actors", in order to downplay the killing of civilians by Israeli airstrikes. A derogatory and dismissive phrase, "Pallywood" is often used; the term is based on an unfounded fringe conspiracy theory that Palestinians are falsifying evidence of suffering. The fact-checking organisation Logically found that mention of the term has increased since October 7, particularly in Israel, the United States, and India.[54][55] Evidence that was falsely used to "prove" Palestinians were crisis actors include a video of body bags which appear to be moving, which was instead a video of a 2013 protest in Egypt.[55]

Saleh Aljafarawi, a Palestinian blogger and singer who lives in Gaza, was falsely accused by several pro-Israeli figures, including the country's official Twitter account, of being a "crisis actor".[56][42][57] This included video of a Palestinian teenager wounded in a raid on Tulkarm in July 2023, who was falsely presented as "Saleh in a hospital days before October 27".[56]

In November 2023, Israeli diplomat Ofir Gendelman circulated a clip from a Lebanese short film, claiming that it was proof that Palestinians were faking videos and calling it an example of "Pallywood".[58][59] According to The Daily Beast, "Gendelman is a repeat offender when it comes to peddling misinformation about Palestinians."[58] The previous week, Gendelman peddled IDF training videos as war footage, and in 2021, he was found by international media to have misrepresented 2018 footage from Syria as current footage from Gaza.[58]

### Dead children as dolls[edit]

A video showing a Palestinian child killed during an October 11 Israeli airstrike on Zeitoun has been falsely claimed to be staged using a doll. The claim has been promoted by official Israeli government social media accounts, including the X accounts of Israel's embassies in France and Austria, as well as pro-Israel and anti-Hamas accounts.[14][54]

In early December, The Jerusalem Post published an article falsely claiming that a dead, 5-month-old Palestinian baby from Gaza was "a doll". The Jerusalem Post would later delete the article and remove any mention of it on their social media pages. Though not mentioning the article directly, they published a statement saying that "The article in question did not meet our editorial standards and was thus removed".[60][61][59]

### Sexual violence[edit]

On 25 March 2024, Al Jazeera took down its video of a woman named Jamila al-Hissi who said that Israeli soldiers had "raped women, kidnapped women, executed women, and pulled dead bodies from under the rubble to unleash their dogs on them" at Al-Shifa hospital in its latest siege. Former managing director of Al Jazeera, Yasser Abu Hilalah, wrote on X, "Hamas investigations revealed that the story of the rape of women in Shifa Hospital was fabricated." Abu Hilalah reported that al-Hissi "justified her exaggeration and incorrect talk by saying that the goal was to arouse the nation’s fervor and brotherhood".[62]

## Reliability of Israeli officials as sources[edit]

See also: Public diplomacy of Israel

Israel has released several pieces of incorrect or disputed information, leading to questions about its credibility.[63] It has tried to take advantage of falsehoods spread on the Oct 7 assaults, such as the so-called baby beheadings,[64] giving rise to accusations that Israel is trying to manipulate the media.[64] On claims linking Palestinian militants to sexual assaults on Oct 7, The Times of London has remarked that investigations have been hampered by "false and misleading information" spread by "senior [Israeli] political figures and government-linked civil activists".[65] A UN report on these allegations has stated that Israeli politicians have been unable to produce the evidence they say exists.[65]

Writing for openDemocracy, British academic Paul Rogers stated, "Israel must maintain the pretence of an orderly war with few civilians killed. Netanyahu’s government is lying, but it would be naive to expect otherwise. Lying is what many powerful states routinely do, particularly in wartime."[66] In The Intercept, investigative journalist Jeremy Scahill wrote, "At the center of Israel’s information warfare campaign is a tactical mission to dehumanize Palestinians and to flood the public discourse with a stream of false, unsubstantiated, and unverifiable allegations."[67]

The Al Jazeera Media Network released a statement following an Israeli attack on several of its journalists in Gaza, stating, "Given Israel's unprecedented campaign against journalists, Al Jazeera urges media outlets worldwide to exercise the utmost caution and responsibility when headlining Israel's justifications for its crimes against journalists in Gaza."[68]

### Misinformation[edit]

On multiple occasions, analyses have found issues with IDF claims. In October 2023, a Financial Times analysis on a bombing of Palestinians evacuating Gaza City found that "most explanations aside from an Israeli strike" could be ruled out, though the IDF blamed the attack on Palestinian militants.[69][70] In November 2023, analysis by the BBC found that video released by the Israeli military following the Al-Shifa Hospital siege had been edited despite IDF claims to the contrary.[71]

In March 2024, the Israeli army said it had "fired precisely" at individuals who posed a threat to soldiers during the Flour massacre and that most of the casualties were a result of a stampede; however, witnesses and survivors claim, instead, the bloodbath was a result of IDF firing at the crowd, and a United Nations team investigating the massacre's aftermath stated there was evidence of heavy shooting of civilians by the IDF.[72][73] The IDF publicized drone footage of the mass killing which however misses the moment capturing what caused the crowds to disperse, and has rejected a CNN request for the full unedited footage.[74] The CNN investigation also casts doubt on other IDF claims about the Flour massacre such as the timing of shooting.[74]

In December 2023, an analysis by The Washington Post confirmed reports by Human Rights Watch that Israel had used white phosphorus in an attack on Lebanon,[75][76] directly contradicting the IDF.[77] In January 2024, after an Israeli airstrike killed journalist Hamza Dahdouh, the IDF called Dahdouh a "suspect" who was hit while driving with a "terrorist"; however, The Washington Post found "no indications that either man was operating as anything other than a journalist that day".[78]

After reports spread that a mother and daughter were killed by Israeli snipers in December 2023 in a church where a number of Palestinian Christians sheltered, the Israeli army denied targerting the compound, but claimed instead there was Hamas activity in its vicinity and Israeli soldiers shot back.[79] Catholic officials and Member of British Parliament Layla Moran, who maintained contact with refugees in the church, stated, on the contrary, that no Palestinian belligerents were in the area and that the two women had been killed by the Israeli army, who were the ones preventing the refugees from leaving.[80][81][82]

In November 2023, a video posted by the IDF showed Daniel Hagari, inside the Al-Rantisi Children's Hospital, where he claimed that the IDF had found Hamas weapons and technology, as well as a "list of terrorist names" in Arabic with the title "Operation Al-Aqsa Flood", showing each agents' rota guarding the hostages. However, a translation of the document showed that it contained no names but instead a calendar of the days of the week.[83] After the questioning of the veracity of the claim, an Israeli spokesperson backtracked, but CNN, while removing the segment, did not provide an editors' note acknowledging the change or the dispute over the initial video.[84]

The Israeli army also tried to dodge responsibility for the killing of 5-year-old Hind Rajab, her family and the Palestine Red Crescent Society paramedics sent to rescue her, saying that their soldiers were not in the area on the day of the girl's death. However, both Al Jazeera and The Washington Post concluded, based on investigation of satellite imagery, that several Israeli armored vehicles were indeed in the area at the time.[85][86]

### Unverified information[edit]

In other instances, Israeli forces' claims have been questioned based on an apparent lack of evidence. A November 14 press conference where Israeli police promised to release evidence of systemic sexual assault carried out by Hamas and allied groups on October 7, showed nothing of the kind.[65] In December 2023, Israel stated there was a Hamas tunnel network connected to the Al-Shifa Hospital; however, a report by The Washington Post found "There is no evidence that the tunnels could be accessed from inside hospital wards".[87] In January 2024, reporting by CNN found there was no evidence to IDF claims about tunnels under a cemetery in Khan Younis.[88] That same month, Israel claimed 12 UNRWA staff members had participated in the 7 October attack on Israel; however, the Financial Times, Sky News, and Channel 4 all stated that Israel's claims were not proven by the intelligence documents they reviewed.[89][90][91] In February 2024, the IDF claimed that Palestine Red Crescent Society paramedics had treated wounded Hamas fighters on 7 October; however, the video they released apparently did not show a Red Crescent ambulance.[92] The same month, the IDF stated Hamas was stealing humanitarian aid, leading David M. Satterfield, a senior U.S. envoy, to say there was no evidence to support Israel's claims.[93]

### Disinformation[edit]

In October 2023, shortly after the Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion, Israeli sources published audio purporting to show two Hamas militants in a phone call claiming responsibility for the act and blaming it on a malfunctioning rocket. Hamas claimed the recording was an "obvious fabrication", and the British Channel 4 interviewed two independent Arabic journalists who expressed similar views.[94]

On 4 December 2023, Haaretz reported on Israeli claims about beheaded babies, stating that these "unverified stories [had been] disseminated by Israeli search and rescue groups, army officers and even Sara Netanyahu".[95][96][a] Haaretz journalists Nir Hasson and Liza Rozovsky related the chronology of the news items about "beheaded babies" and "hung babies" and concluded, "this story is false."[95] They quoted Ishay Coen, a journalist for the ultra-Orthodox website Kikar Hashabbat, who admitted he made a mistake by unquestioningly accepting the IDF's statements.[95] "Why would an army officer invent such a horrifying story?", Hashabbat asked, adding, "I was wrong."[95]

In the same month, the IDF began publicly circulating videos apparently showing Hamas militants stripped off their clothes and surrendering their weapons to the Israeli army. However, media reports indicated that the men and boys shown in the videos had been removed by the Israeli army from UN schools where they had taken shelter with their families, and several of them were identified as aid workers, a journalist and other civilians by their acquaintances.[97][98] The Israeli soldiers' instructions to surrender a weapon also suggests a performance for the camera.[97][99]

## "False flag" conspiracy theories[edit]

Main article: Denial of the 7 October attacks

The October 7 attack by Hamas on Israel has become the subject of various conspiracy theories. These theories claim that the attack, which resulted in approximately 1,200 deaths in Israel, was a false flag operation conducted by Israel itself, despite the overwhelming evidence provided by multiple sources, including smartphone and GoPro footage capturing the breach of the border by Hamas forces.[100][101]

This misinformation has been proliferating across various social media platforms, where hashtags linking Israel to "false flag" operations have seen a significant increase in usage. This spread of falsehoods was not limited to online spaces; it has manifested in real-world scenarios, including city council meetings and public protests, where individuals have publicly denied the facts of the attack.[100]

Researchers and Jewish community leaders have expressed concern about the ties these conspiracy theories have to Holocaust denial and other antisemitic beliefs, with denial of the October 7 attacks described as part of a broader pattern of misinformation that seeks to distort historical events and promote antisemitic narratives.[100]

Another unsubstantiated conspiracy theory that emerged following the October 7 Hamas attack suggests that the Israeli government, specifically Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, had prior knowledge of the attack. This theory, which lacks any credible evidence, also includes the claim that Netanyahu issued a "stand-down" order to the Israeli military. The genesis of this theory appears to be from Charlie Kirk, a far-right influencer and supporter of former U.S. President Donald Trump. Kirk's comments on a podcast, suggesting a need to question whether there was a stand-down order, fueled these claims. However, these assertions have no factual basis and hinge solely on Kirk's personal speculations.[102]

The claim rapidly gained traction on social media platforms like TikTok, Facebook, and X, formerly known as Twitter, particularly with the hashtag #BibiKnew, referencing Netanyahu. Despite its popularity online, there is no substantial evidence to support the notion that the Israeli government was aware of the Hamas attack in advance. The lack of proof notwithstanding, the theory has been influential in certain circles, especially among those critical of Netanyahu's leadership and Israeli policies. [102]

## Disinformation campaigns[edit]

A fake memo that purported to show Biden authorizing $8 billion in aid to Israel circulated on social media[103][104] and was cited in articles by Indian news outlets Firstpost and Oneindia.[104]

According to information security experts interviewed by the New York Times, Iran, Russia, China, Iran's proxies, Al Qaeda and the Islamic State have been conducting massive online disinformation efforts focused on "[undercutting] Israel, while denigrating Israel's principal ally, the United States".[105] Researchers have documented at least 40,000 bots or fake social media accounts, as well as strategic use of state-controlled media outlets like RT, Sputnik and Tasnim.[105] An analysis by Haaretz found that hundreds of fake accounts on social media were targeting Democratic Party lawmakers with spam messages repeating Israeli government accusations relating to UNRWA and Hamas.[106]

A Russian disinformation campaign known as Doppelganger has pushed false information about the war using fake websites that mimic the appearance of news sources such as Fox News, Le Parisien and Der Spiegel.[107][108]

In February 2024, Volker Turk, the UN human rights chief, stated that the United Nations had been the subject of disinformation attacks, saying, "The UN has become a lightning rod for manipulative propaganda and a scapegoat for policy failures."[109]

In June 2024, Israel's Ministry of Diaspora Affairs was revealed to have paid $2 million to Israeli political consulting firm STOIC, to conduct a social media campaign, fueled by fake accounts and often employing misinformartion, targeting 128 American Congresspeople, with a focus on Democratic and African-American members of the House of Representatives. Websites were also created to provide young, progressive Americans with Gaza news with a pro-Israel spin. Among the objectives of the campaign was amplifying Israeli attacks on UNRWA staffers and driving a wedge between Palestinians and African-Americans to prevent solidarity between the two groups. The campaign also took aim at people in Canada, who were exposed to Islamophobic content smearing Canadian Muslims and implying that pro-Palestinian protesters aimed at imposing Sharia law; and people in the Gulf Arab countries, with messages directed thereto arguing that concern for Palestinians was a wasteful distraction from local affairs.[110][111]

## Fake videos[edit]

Videos falsely linked to the war included a video of children in cages posted on 4 October,[112][113] footage from 2020 of Iranian lawmakers chanting "Death to America",[114][115] and in Egypt, photos of the Cairo Tower appearing to be lit with the Palestinian flag spread on social media, which turned out to be a modified version of the tower in 2010.[116] Footage from video game Arma 3 has been presented as war footage.[117][118][119][120]

On October 8, a video supposedly of Hamas thanking Ukraine for supplying them was shared by an X account linked to the Wagner Group. It was viewed over 300,000 times and shared by American far-right accounts. The next day, former Russian president Dmitry Medvedev tweeted, "Well, Nato buddies, you've really got it, haven't you? The weapons handed to the Nazi regime in Ukraine are now being actively used against Israel."[121][122][123]

Social media users on both sides of the war shared behind-the-scenes footage of an actor lying in fake blood from a 2022 Palestinian short film, alleging it was evidence that the other side was creating propaganda.[124][125][121] A video of Egyptian paratroopers flying over the Egyptian Military Academy that was falsely claimed to show Hamas militants infiltrating an Israeli music festival went viral on X in Indonesia.[126]

Indian Twitter accounts spread an out-of-context video claimed to represent "dozens of young girls taken as sex slaves by a 'Palestinian' fighter", which was instead actually probably a school trip to Jerusalem. Another clip primarily shared by Indian users was purported to depict a kidnapped baby; however, the video was taken a month earlier and had nothing to do with Gaza.[13]

An AI-generated video of model Bella Hadid supposedly apologising for her past remarks and expressing support for Israel circulated on social media.[127][128][129]

## Role of social media platforms[edit]

See also: Media coverage of the Israel–Hamas war

Disinformation about the war has spread on social media platforms, particularly X (formerly known as Twitter).[130][131][132][133][134] The European Union warned Elon Musk and Mark Zuckerberg that X and Meta were hosting disinformation and illegal content about the war, with potential fines of up to 6% of the companies' global revenue according to the Digital Services Act.[135][136][137][138]

In response to the reports, X's CEO Linda Yaccarino told EU internal market commissioner Thierry Breton that it had "taken action to remove or label tens of thousands of pieces of content" and removed hundreds of accounts linked to Hamas.[139]

According to NewsGuard, "at least 14 false claims related to the war garnered 22 million views across X, TikTok, and Instagram within three days of the Hamas attack."[140] On 13 October, the EU opened an investigation into X about the spread of disinformation and terrorist content related to the war.[141][142]

On 14 October, Center for Countering Digital Hate CEO Imran Ahmed said his group was tracking a spike in efforts to push false information about the war, adding that U.S. adversaries, extremists, Internet trolls and engagement farmers were exploiting the war for their own gain. Graham Brookie, senior director of the Atlantic Council's Digital Forensic Research Lab, said that his team had witnessed a surge in terrorist propaganda, graphic content, false or misleading claims and hate speech, with much of the content being circulated on Telegram.[143] Cyabra, an Israel-based company that analyses social media, said that one in five accounts taking part in conversations about Hamas' attacks were fake, adding that they had found approximately 40,000 such accounts on X and TikTok.[144]

According to the New York Times, many images and videos that circulate on social media pretending to be from the Israel–Hamas war are in fact from other conflicts, such as the Syrian civil war; and even of natural disasters, such as a recent flood in Tajikistan.[145]

According to AP's David Klepper, "pictures from the Israel-Hamas war have vividly and painfully illustrated AI's potential as a propaganda tool, used to create lifelike images of carnage... digitally altered ones spread on social media have been used to make false claims about responsibility for casualties or to deceive people about atrocities that never happened."[146]

### X (formerly Twitter)[edit]

On 9 October, X said there were more than 50 million posts on the platform about the conflict.[147] Musk recommended two accounts that previously promoted a false claim about an explosion near the Pentagon for updates about the war.[148][131]

On 10 October, researchers found that a network of 67 X accounts was coordinating a campaign of pushing false information about the war.[149]

According to Wired, the community fact-checking system of X, Community Notes, has in some instances contributed to the spread of disinformation instead of correcting it. Wired cited an incident where a video uploaded by Donald Trump Jr. of Hamas shooting at Israelis was inaccurately tagged as a false video from several years ago as an example of the unreliability of Community Notes.[150] Fake accounts pretending to be a BBC journalist and The Jerusalem Post promoted false information about the war prior to X suspending them.[151][134]

On 12 October, the Technology Transparency Project reported that Hamas was using premium accounts on X to push propaganda.[152][153] X said it has banned Hamas and removed hundreds of accounts affiliated with Hamas.[154]

On 13 October, on The World radio program, Rebecca Rosman reported that disinformation on X was being monetized by paid-verified users with "new-content" recommendation preference, resulting in millions of views.[155]

According to a report by NewsGuard on 19 October, verified users on X were behind 74% of the 250 most-engaged posts between 7 and 14 October that promoted false or unsubstantiated information about the war. NewsGuard also found that only 79 of the 250 posts were flagged by Community Notes.[156][157][158][159][160]

On October 28, commentator Jackson Hinkle posted on X that Haaretz had reported that the Israeli government inflated the death toll for the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel. Haaretz stated that Hinkle's post "contain[ed] blatant lies" and was not substantiated by their reporting on the attack.[161] Hinkle also claimed that the image of a Jewish baby burned alive by Hamas on October 7 "was created by artificial intelligence". He was subsequently deplatformed from YouTube.[162][163][164]

Syrian YouTuber Maram Susli claimed that footage showed Israeli military helicopters firing on Israelis escaping the October 7 massacre at the supernova festival, carried by Hamas. However, footage resulted to be from Israeli attacks on Hamas positions in Gaza three days later.[165] She also posted a photograph of a woman carrying a child's toy car down the stairs of a largely destroyed building suggesting it was Gaza after Israeli attacks. The picture was actually an award-winning photograph taken in Homs during the Syrian civil war.[166][167][168] [169]

An investigation by ProPublica and Columbia University's Tow Center for Digital Journalism found that verified accounts promoting misinformation about the conflict saw their audience grow significantly during the first month of the conflict, and that Community Notes had failed to scale sufficiently, with 80% of the debunked tweets reviewed not being clarified with a note.[170] [171]

### TikTok[edit]

On 12 October, the EU warned TikTok about illegal content and disinformation on its platform.[172][173] On 15 October, TikTok said it had taken action to remove "violative content and accounts".[174] It also said it had established a command center for the conflict, updated its automated detection systems to detect violent content and added moderators who speak Arabic and Hebrew.[174][175][176] A TikTok video promoting conspiracy theories that Hamas's attack had been orchestrated by the media was viewed over 300,000 times.[176]

By mid-November 2023, Republican U.S. Representative Mike Gallagher had claimed that TikTok was "intentionally brainwashing" American youth into supporting Hamas, citing the spike in pro-Palestinian content following the outbreak of hostilities between Israel and Hamas. In response to criticism, TikTok issued a press release on 20 November asserting that younger Americans, particularly Millennials and Generation Z, tended to be more sympathetic to the Palestinians than to Israel, citing Gallup polling data dating back to 2010. TikTok also claimed that its algorithm did not take sides but operated in a positive feedback loop based on user engagement. The company also denied favouring "one side of an issue over another" or intentionally promoting pro-Palestinian hashtags such as "#freepalestine," which had attracted 25.5 billion views by November 14. By comparison, "#standwithisrael" had attracted 440.4 million views. TikTok's press release also stated that it had removed 925,000 videos related to the conflict for violating community standards, including promoting Hamas, had hired moderators fluent in Arabic and Hebrew to parse content, and begun removing fake accounts created in response to the Israel-Hamas conflict.[177]

According to a TheMarker report, neo-Nazi propaganda, antisemitic content, and calls for the destruction of Israel were all circulating on TikTok throughout the war.[178]

### Telegram[edit]

The Al-Qassam Brigades, Hamas's military wing, had around 200,000 followers on Telegram at the time of Hamas's attack. According to the Digital Forensic Research Lab, its following has tripled since then, with its posts being viewed over 300,000 times.[154][179] The Digital Forensic Research Lab found that Hamas relies on Telegram to send statements to its supporters.[179]

According to political analyst and researcher Arieh Kovler, many Israelis follow official-sounding Telegram channels that share out-of-context videos and unverified rumors.[179]

In a statement, Telegram said it was "evaluating the best approaches and... soliciting input from a wide range of third parties" and that it wished to be "careful not to exacerbate the already dire situation by any rush actions".[179]

## Impact[edit]

In November 2023, Center for Countering Digital Hate CEO Imran Ahmed said that misinformation about the war was as difficult to track as COVID-19 misinformation and misinformation about the 2020 United States presidential election.[180]

In January 2024, McDonald's CEO Chris Kempczinski said, "Several markets in the Middle East and some outside the region are experiencing a meaningful business impact due to the war and associated misinformation that is affecting brands like McDonald's."[181] The boycotts started after McDonald's Israel announced it had donated free meals to IDF soldiers involved in the war.[182]

In February 2024, Bellingcat founder Eliot Higgins said, "I think the intensity of online discourse around Israel and Palestine is really kind of much worse than I've seen in any of the conflicts. People are not looking to establish the truth in many cases, but basically just look for things to bash each other over the head online. It's really just about people arguing their positions, their opinions, and not really establishing the exact truth around what's happening."[183]

Speaking about Israel's decision not to allow foreign journalists into Gaza, UN secretary-general Antonio Guterres stated, "Denying international journalists entry into Gaza is allowing disinformation and false narratives to flourish."[184] The technology director of the Institute for Strategic Dialogue stated, "The corrosion of the information landscape is undermining the ability of audiences to distinguish truth from falsehood on a terrible scale."[185]

## See also[edit]

* Denial of the 7 October attacks
* Pallywood
* Media coverage of the Israel–Hamas war
* Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ The false claims that babies were beheaded in the Hamas assault were not promoted only by Israeli civilians or rescue volunteers, but also by the government. Le Monde has stated: "Israel has done nothing to fight it and has more often tried to instrumentalize it than deny it, fueling accusations of media manipulation."[64]

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## External links[edit]

* A flood of misinformation shapes views of Israel-Gaza conflict. Washington Post.
* BBC expert on debunking Israel-Hamas war visuals: "The volume of misinformation on Twitter was beyond anything I've ever seen"

* v
* t
* e

Israel–Hamas war

* Timeline
* Outline

Engage-
ments|

| Hamas-led
attack on Israel|

| Attacks on civilians|

* Netiv HaAsara
* Alumim
* Be'eri
* Elhanan Team
* Holit
* Kfar Aza
* Kissufim
* Nir Oz
* Nir Yitzhak
* Nahal Oz
* Nirim
* Nova music festival
* Psyduck music festival

|

Battles|

* Re'im
* Sderot
* Sufa
* Zikim
* Israeli female tank crew fight

General topics|

* Allegations of genocide
* Allegations of involvement of UNRWA employees
* Denial
* Sexual and gender-based violence
* Screams Before Silence

Israeli invasion
of Gaza|

* Beit Hanoun
* Gaza City
* Khan Yunis
* Rafah
* Background

| Attacks on refugee camps|

* Jabalia
* 31 October
* Al-Shati
* Al-Maghazi
* Tel al-Sultan massacre
* Al-Mawasi

|

Attacks on schools|

* Al-Maghazi
* Al-Fakhoora
* Al-Falah
* Shadia Abu Ghazala School
* Al-Sardi

Attacks on health facilities|

* Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion
* Al-Shifa Hospital siege
* alleged military use
* ambulance airstrike
* Gaza Strip mass graves
* Kamal Adwan Hospital siege
* Killing of health workers
* Nasser Hospital siege
* Nasser Hospital mass graves

Other attacks|

* Airstrikes on municipal services in Gaza
* Church of Saint Porphyrius
* Engineer's Building airstrike
* Super Bowl massacre
* Flour massacre
* Palestinians evacuating Gaza City
* World Central Kitchen aid convoy attack

General topics|

* AI-assisted targeting
* Bombing of the Gaza Strip
* Destruction of cultural heritage during the 2023 Israeli invasion of Gaza
* Environmental damage caused by the Israel–Hamas war
* Gaza genocide allegations
* Torture

Other theaters|

* Israel–Lebanon border clashes
* Attacks on journalists
* Israeli incursions in the West Bank
* Killing of Benjamin Achimeir
* April 2024 Israeli settler rampages
* Givat Shaul shooting
* Tower 22 drone attack

| Iran–Israel conflict|

* Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus
* Iranian strikes in Israel
* Israeli strikes on Iran

|

Red Sea crisis|

* Operation Prosperity Guardian
* Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou
* 2024 missile strikes in Yemen
* Marlin Luanda missile strike

Hostage
crisis|

* 2023 hostage–prisoner exchange
* Kidnapped from Israel
* Hostages and Missing Families Forum
* Hostages Square

| Hostages|

* Bibas family
* Alex Dancyg
* Oded Lifshitz
* Hersh Goldberg-Polin
* Naama Levy

|

Rescued hostages|

* Operation Golden Hand
* Ori Megidish
* Nuseirat operation
* Noa Argamani

Released hostages|

* Rachel Edry
* Yarden Roman-Gat
* Mia Schem

Deceased hostages|

* Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka

General
topics|

* 2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip
* Ceasefire
* COGAT
* Effect on children in Gaza
* Humanitarian aid
* International recognition of the State of Palestine
* Israeli interrogations
* Women
* Wikipedia

| Historical context|

* Arab–Israeli conflict
* Blockade of the Gaza Strip
* Palestinian freedom of movement
* Israel and apartheid
* Children
* Gaza–Israel conflict
* Casualties of Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip
* Human shields
* Israeli settlement
* Israeli outpost
* Israeli settler violence
* Israeli disengagement from Gaza
* Palestinian rocket attacks
* Palestinian tunnel warfare
* anti-tunnel barrier
* Women

|

Effects|

* Calls for the destruction of Israel
* Israeli government response
* Israeli war cabinet
* Mass detentions
* Economic impact
* Environment impact in Gaza
* Evacuations
* Gaza Strip evacuations
* Humanitarian crisis
* Gaza floating pier
* Healthcare collapse
* Premature baby crisis
* Famine
* Media coverage
* Violence against journalists
* Misinformation
* Pallywood
* Palestinian genocide accusation
* Accusations of United States complicity in Israeli war crimes in the Israel–Hamas war
* Sexual violence against Palestinians
* War crimes
* Hamas
* Israeli
* Cemetery destruction and necroviolence
* Israeli torture in the occupied territories
* Proposed Israeli resettlement of Gaza

| Reactions|

* International reactions
* Calls for a ceasefire
* Three-phase proposal
* Diplomatic impact
* University donors
* European Union
* US support for Israel
* UK support for Israel
* Islamic Summit Conference
* Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit
* Hurmat-e-Masjid Aqsa Conference
* Cancellation of the 2023 MTV EMA
* Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip

| Discrimination|

* Antisemitism
* Riots in the North Caucasus
* Anti-Palestinianism
* Islamophobia
* Violent incidents
* 2023 Nicosia Israeli embassy bombing
* Killing of Wadea al-Fayoume
* Death of Paul Kessler
* Vermont student shooting
* Zürich stabbing attack
* University of Texas at Austin stabbing

|

Protests|

* University campuses
* Columbia
* Sciences Po
* UCLA
* France
* March for the Republic and Against Antisemitism
* Indonesia
* 2023 Bitung clashes
* Israel
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Artists4Ceasefire
* DNC protests
* March on Washington for Gaza
* March for Israel
* National March on Washington: Free Palestine
* Protest votes
* Self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell

UN resolutions|

* A/RES/ES-10/21
* S/RES/2712
* A/RES/ES-10/22
* S/RES/2720
* S/RES/2728

UN inquiry|

* Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory

Global courts|

* South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention)
* Nicaragua v. Germany
* Legal Consequences of Israeli Policies and Practices
* Arrest warrants

Courts|

* Defense for Children International-Palestine v. Biden

Casualties|

| Israel|

| Security
forces|

* Alim Abdallah
* Yitzhak Ben-Bashat
* Jayar Davidov
* Eli Ginsberg
* Salman Habaka
* Asaf Hamami
* Yitzhar Hofman
* Roi Levy
* Izhar Peled
* Yonatan Steinberg

|

Civilians|

* Lior Asulin
* Yuval Castleman
* Hayim Katsman
* Ofir Libstein
* Shani Louk
* Aner Shapira
* Vivian Silver
* Yahav Winner

Palestine|

| Hamas|

* Saleh al-Arouri
* Abdul Fatah Dukhan
* Mohammed Dababish
* Wissam Farhat
* Ahmed Ghandour
* Marwan Issa
* Fursan Khalifa
* Osama Mazini
* Ayman Nofal
* Jamila al-Shanti
* Ali Al Qadi
* Alaa Shreiteh [ar]
* Faiq Al-Mabhouh

|

Other
militants|

* Fouad Abu Butihan
* Jihad Shehadeh

Civilians|

* Tawfic Abdel Jabbar
* Refaat Alareer
* Hammam Alloh
* Nahida and Samar Anton
* Yazan al-Kafarneh
* Ibrahim al-Astal
* Ahmad Bahar
* Mohammed Barakat
* Rashid Dabour [ar]
* Mohamed al-Dalou
* Awni El-Dous
* Omar Ferwana
* Hiba Abu Nada
* Ibrahim Qusaya
* Hind Rajab
* Mohammed Shabir
* Omar Abu Shawish
* Sufian Tayeh
* Wael Al Zard
* Sidra Hassouna

Spillover|

* Saleh al-Arouri
* Ali Hussein Barji
* Razi Mousavi
* Wissam al-Tawil
* Sadegh Omidzadeh
* Mushtaq Talib Al-Saeedi
* Mohammad Reza Zahedi

Journalists|

* Issam Abdallah
* Samer Abu Daqqa
* Roee Edan
* Belal Jadallah

General topics|

* Friendly fire

Related
people|

| Israelis|

* Nimrod Aloni
* Rachel Goldberg-Polin
* Eitan Okun
* Yagel Oshri
* Inbal Rabin-Lieberman
* Amir Tibon

|

Palestinians|

* Wael Al-Dahdouh
* Plestia Alaqad
* Motaz Azaiza
* Bisan Owda
* Mustafa Moien Ayyash

Other
topics|

* Al-Saqqa House
* Al Qarara Cultural Museum
* Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Israel–Hamas war
* Central Archives of Gaza City
* Bearing Witness
* From the river to the sea
* Gaza Daily
* "Harbu Darbu"
* "Hind's Hall"
* Israeli demolition of Palestinian property
* "Options for a policy regarding Gaza's civilian population"
* Project Nimbus
* "Rajieen"
* Blockout 2024
* Ahmed Abdel Khalek
* All Eyes on Rafah

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Disinformation and misinformation

Types

* Algorithmic radicalization
* Alternative facts
* Big lie
* Cherry picking
* Circular reporting
* Cognitive bias
* List of cognitive biases
* Conspiracy theory (list)
* Deception
* Denialism
* Disinformation attack
* Doublespeak
* Euphemistic misspeaking
* Factoid
* Fake news
* online
* list of websites
* Lying press
* Fallacy
* List of fallacies
* False accusation
* False dilemma
* False flag
* Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
* Firehose of falsehood
* Forgery as covert operation
* Gaslighting
* Half-truth
* Historical negationism
* Hoax
* Infodemic
* Internet manipulation
* Manipulation (psychology)
* Media culture
* Media manipulation
* Potemkin village
* Post-truth politics
* Psychological warfare
* Memetic warfare
* Military deception
* Propaganda
* black propaganda
* counterpropaganda
* State-sponsored Internet propaganda
* Quote mining
* Scientific fabrication
* Smearing
* Social bot
* Spin
* Truthiness
* Urban legend
* Whataboutism
* Yellow journalism

Books and documentaries

* Disinformation by Ion Mihai Pacepa
* Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy
* The KGB and Soviet Disinformation
* Who's Who in the CIA
* Merchants of Doubt
* After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News

Examples

* Bermuda Triangle
* Congo Free State propaganda war
* Climate change denial
* Free energy suppression
* Genocide denial
* Illuminati
* International Jewish conspiracy
* Disinformation in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war
* Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
* New World Order
* Red mercury
* Reptilians
* Rothschilds
* Strategy of tension

| Health|

* 5G
* COVID-19 misinformation
* by governments
* Ebola
* HIV/AIDS denialism
* Mental illness denial
* Misinformation related to abortion
* Vaccines
* anti-vaccination
* autism
* COVID-19
* Water fluoridation controversy

|

Operations and events by country

| Canada|

Jihadunspun.com

|

China|

* Chinese information operations
* 50 Cent Party
* cyberwarfare
* Little Pink
* Internet Water Army
* PLA Unit 61398
* Spamouflage
* COVID-19
* Global Times

Czechoslovakia|

Operation Neptune

Germany|

* Funkspiel
* Propaganda in Nazi Germany
* Myth of the clean Wehrmacht

India|

* Fake news in India
* Godi-media
* Paid news in India
* OpIndia

Israel|

Team Jorge

Korea|

Voluntary Agency Network of Korea

Kuwait|

Fintas Group

Mexico|

Peñabots

Philippines|

* COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines
* Fake news in the Philippines
* Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos

Russia /
Soviet Union|

| Soviet era|

* Active Measures
* K-1000 battleship
* Operation INFEKTION
* Operation Toucan
* Seat 12
* Soviet influence on the peace movement
* U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B
* Useful idiot

|

Post-Soviet era|

* Cyberwarfare
* on Estonia
* during the Russo-Georgian War
* Information war against Ukraine
* Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
* On US elections
* 2016
* 2018
* 2020
* 2016 Brexit referendum
* Russian Institute for Strategic Studies
* Trolls from Olgino
* Web brigades

South Africa|

HIV/AIDS denialism

Turkey|

* Conspiracy theories
* Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests
* AK Trolls

United Kingdom|

* Bell Pottinger
* Double-Cross System
* Clockwork Orange plot
* Euromyth
* Lancet MMR autism fraud
* Operation Mass Appeal
* Psychological Warfare Division
* Zinoviev letter

United States|

* 1995 CIA disinformation controversy
* Attempts to overturn the 2020 election
* Conspiracy theories
* 9/11 conspiracy theories
* CIA Kennedy assassination
* QAnon
* Sandy Hook
* COVID-19
* Fake news
* online
* Election denial movement in the United States
* The Freedom Fighter's Manual
* Habbush letter
* Information Operations Roadmap
* Litter boxes in schools
* Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection
* Niger uranium forgeries
* Tobacco industry playbook
* Operation Shocker
* Yellow rain

Venezuela|

Bolivarian Army of Trolls

Vietnam|

* Public opinion brigades
* Force 47

Opposition

* Fact-checking
* Fact-checking website
* Active Measures Working Group
* Counter disinformation unit
* Counter Misinformation Team
* Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act
* The Disinformation Project
* East StratCom Task Force
* FactCheck.org
* Full Fact
* Logically
* NewsGuard
* PolitiFact
* Snopes
* StopFake
* United States Information Agency
* USAFacts

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