Mississippi Legislature

Legislative branch of the state government of Mississippi

Mississippi Legislature

State seal

Type
Type|

Bicameral

Houses| Senate
House of Representatives

Term limits

| None
History
Founded| October 6, 1817
(206 years ago) (1817-10-06)
Preceded by| General Assembly of Mississippi Territory
Leadership

President of the Senate

Delbert Hosemann (R)
since January 9, 2020

Speaker of the House

Jason White (R)
since January 2, 2024

Structure
Seats| 174

* 52 senators
* 122 representatives

Senate political groups

* Republican (36)
* Democratic (16)

House of Representatives political groups

* Republican (79)
* Democratic (41)
* Independent (2)

Salary| $23,000/year
Elections

Last Senate election

| November 7, 2023

Last House of Representatives election

| November 7, 2023

Next Senate election

| November 2, 2027

Next House of Representatives election

| November 2, 2027
Redistricting| Legislative control
Meeting place
Mississippi State Capitol
Jackson
Website
legislature.ms.gov
Constitution
Mississippi Constitution of 1890

The Mississippi Legislature is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Mississippi. The bicameral Legislature is composed of the lower Mississippi House of Representatives, with 122 members, and the upper Mississippi State Senate, with 52 members. Both representatives and senators serve four-year terms without term limits. The Legislature convenes at the Mississippi State Capitol in Jackson.

## History[edit]

Methodist Meeting House – the first constitutional convention was held at Washington, Mississippi in 1817.

From 1800 until 1833, the legislative body of the Mississippi Territory and the state of Mississippi was known as the "General Assembly". Thereafter, it was known as "the Legislature of the State of Mississippi".[1] During the Reconstruction era, the legislature met for biennial sessions. In 1890, constitutional revisions allowed the body to regularly convene only once every four years. In 1910, the legislature reverted to biennial meetings, and in 1968 it began meeting annually.[2] In 1977, the state constitution was amended to require that legislative districts be apportioned equally in terms of population.[3]

## Membership[edit]

The Mississippi Legislature has 174 elected members, with 122 members of the Mississippi House of Representatives and 52 members of the Mississippi Senate.[4] Members are elected to four-year terms to represent districts.[2] Among the states, Mississippi has the 14th largest lower house and fifth largest upper house.[3] House districts are drawn such that each encompasses about 24,000 people, while Senate districts are drawn such that each encompasses about 55,000 people.[4] Candidates for the House must be at least 21 years old, while candidates for the Senate must be at least 25 years old.[5] Each house has the authority to judge the qualifications of its own members.[6] The Mississippi Legislature is a citizen legislature; most legislators have full-time occupations unrelated to their official roles.[4] Members receive a base salary of $23,000 per year. As of April 2022, most legislators garnered a total compensation of $40,000 to $50,000 per year from salary, per diem payments, and other reimbursements and payments, with several collecting around $70,000 per year.[7][a]

All legislators swear a state constitutionally-prescribed oath of office, which requires them to declare allegiance to the state and federal constitutions, pledge to be responsible in the exercise of their duties, and promise not to engage in vote trading.[6] The constitution provides legislators with a limited immunity from arrest during a legislative session and 15 days before or after a session except in cases of "treason, felony, theft, or breach of the peace".[9] In the event of a vacancy in a legislative seat in between regular elections, the governor issues a writ of election to enable a contest to be held to fill the seat for the remainder of its term.[10]

## Structure and process[edit]

The Constitution of Mississippi provides for a bicameral legislature of the state, composed of a Senate and a House of Representatives, in which all lawmaking authority is vested.[11] The constitution requires the legislature to convene in regular annual sessions, with most lasting for 90 days and sessions on every fourth year lasting for 125 days, though the legislature can extend their sessions with the approval of two-thirds of its members.[2] The governor may also at their discretion call the legislature into a special session to a consider a specific issue of the governor's choosing.[12] Since 1903, the legislature has met in the Mississippi State Capitol in Jackson.[13] One house cannot adjourn its proceedings for over three days without the agreement of the other.[14] A basic majority of one house's members constitutes a quorum to do business, though a smaller group can convene and vote to compel the attendance of absent members.[15]

Each house elects their own officers.[6] The House of Representatives is led by a speaker, who is elected among the preexisting membership in the House.[4] The Senate is led by the lieutenant governor, who is popularly elected by voters in statewide elections and is ex officio president of the Senate.[4][16] Second to these officers in their respective houses are the speaker pro tempore and president of the Senate pro tempore. The presiding officers determine the leadership of legislative committees in their own houses.[4] In the event of a tied vote in a joint session, the lieutenant governor is empowered to cast a tie-breaking vote.[17] The constitution gives the state legislature the authority to determine rules of its own proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and expel a member with a two-thirds vote of the membership of his or her chamber.[14] Legislative proceedings are open to the public unless a closed session for secrecy is deemed necessary, and each house has the power to punish public observers for disorderly and disruptive behavior.[18] Each house keeps an official journal to record its proceedings, including votes on bills.[14]

A bill may originate in either house, and be amended or rejected in the other, and must be read by its title on three different days in each house, unless two-thirds of the house vote to suspend the rules. The Mississippi Constitution prohibits amending a bill to change its original purpose.[19] Bills amended in the second house, must return it to the first for a vote to accept amendments.[20] All bills must be considered by a committee in each house.[21] No bills can be introduced in the last three days of a session.[22] Most bills are passed by a simple majority vote of each chamber.[23] Any revenue bill or measure that alters the assessment of taxable property requires the approval of three-fifths of legislators present and voting.[24] Every bill passed by both houses is signed by the presiding officers of each house.[19]

## Powers[edit]

The Mississippi Legislature has the power to write state laws[11] and craft appropriations to fund state government.[4] All bills passed by the legislature become law unless vetoed by the governor, though the body may override the veto with the approval two-thirds of the members of each House.[25] The legislature has the power to convene hearings to investigate any matter it desires. Unable to compel testimony from any individual in such instances, or prosecute crimes, or enforce any other desired outcome, such hearings are usually held only to gather information to aid in policy-making and budgeting decisions.[26]

The legislature is responsible for election of the state librarian.[27] During instances of rebellion or foreign invasion, the legislature may suspend the writ of habeas corpus.[28] The House of Representatives is empowered to impeach any state official with the agreement of two-thirds of its members and subject them to a trial in the Senate, which can remove an official from office with the agreement of two-thirds of its members.[29] The legislature can pass amendments to the state constitution with the approval of two-thirds of the members of each house, subject to ratification in a popular referendum.[30]

## Political dynamics[edit]

Bills typically have to be passed out of committee before being passed by the legislature.[4] A chair of a committee can choose not to bring up the bill for a vote before the committee or a full house and thus let it expire.[23] The chairs of the Finance Committee in the Senate and the Ways and Means Committee and Appropriations Committee in the House often exercise significant influence over legislation.[4] Mississippi judges have usually deferred to the legislature on legal questions involving its internal decisions and operations; such things are not subject to regular judicial review.[31]

In 2011, 63% of the seats in the legislature had candidates with no significant opposition in upcoming elections. In 2023, that figure was 85%. That year the Associated Press stated that this "raises questions about the ability of American voters to hold their elected representatives accountable."[32]

## See also[edit]

* Political party strength in Mississippi for party compositions

Past sessions[33][34]

1817–1818 Mississippi Legislature
1819 Mississippi Legislature
1820 Mississippi Legislature
1821 Mississippi Legislature
1822 Mississippi Legislature
1823 Mississippi Legislature
1825 Mississippi Legislature
1826 Mississippi Legislature
1827 Mississippi Legislature
1828 Mississippi Legislature
1829 Mississippi Legislature
1830 Mississippi Legislature
1831 Mississippi Legislature
1833–1835 Mississippi Legislature
1836–1838 Mississippi Legislature
1838–1840 Mississippi Legislature
1840–1842 Mississippi Legislature
1842–1844 Mississippi Legislature
1844–1846 Mississippi Legislature
1846–1848 Mississippi Legislature
1848–1850 Mississippi Legislature
1850–1852 Mississippi Legislature
1852–1854 Mississippi Legislature
1854–1856 Mississippi Legislature
1856–1857 Mississippi Legislature
1857–1859 Mississippi Legislature
1860–1861 Mississippi Legislature
1861–1862 Mississippi Legislature
1865–1867 Mississippi Legislature
1870–1872 Mississippi Legislature
1872–1874 Mississippi Legislature
1874–1876 Mississippi Legislature
1876–1878 Mississippi Legislature
1878–1880 Mississippi Legislature
1880–1882 Mississippi Legislature
1882–1884 Mississippi Legislature
1884–1886 Mississippi Legislature
1886–1888 Mississippi Legislature
1888–1890 Mississippi Legislature
1890–1892 Mississippi Legislature
1892–1896 Mississippi Legislature
1896–1900 Mississippi Legislature
1900–1904 Mississippi Legislature
1904–1908 Mississippi Legislature
1908–1912 Mississippi Legislature
1912–1916 Mississippi Legislature
1916–1920 Mississippi Legislature
1920–1924 Mississippi Legislature
1924–1928 Mississippi Legislature
1928–1932 Mississippi Legislature
1932–1936 Mississippi Legislature
1936–1940 Mississippi Legislature
1940–1944 Mississippi Legislature
1944–1948 Mississippi Legislature
1948–1952 Mississippi Legislature
1952–1956 Mississippi Legislature
1956–1960 Mississippi Legislature
1960–1964 Mississippi Legislature
1964–1968 Mississippi Legislature
1968–1972 Mississippi Legislature
1972–1976 Mississippi Legislature
1976–1980 Mississippi Legislature
1980–1984 Mississippi Legislature
1984–1988 Mississippi Legislature
1988–1992 Mississippi Legislature
1992 Mississippi Legislature
1993–1996 Mississippi Legislature
1996–2000 Mississippi Legislature
2000–2004 Mississippi Legislature
2004–2008 Mississippi Legislature
2008–2012 Mississippi Legislature
2012–2016 Mississippi Legislature
2016–2020 Mississippi Legislature
2020–2024 Mississippi Legislature

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ The salaries of the speaker of the House and the lieutenant governor are $60,000 per year, but are set to increase to $85,000 annually in 2024.[8]

## References[edit]

1. ^ Rowland 1908, p. 272.
2. ^ a b c Winkle 2014, p. 60.
3. ^ a b Harrison, Bobby (December 10, 2023). "Mississippi Legislature bigger than most even as population lags". Mississippi Today. Nonprofit Mississippi News. Retrieved December 13, 2023.
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Pender, Geoff (2022). "Legislative Session 2022 Guide : What does the Legislature do?". Mississippi Today. Nonprofit Mississippi News. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
5. ^ "The Mississippi State Legislature". Center for Youth Political Participation. Rutgers University. 2019. Retrieved March 20, 2023.
6. ^ a b c Winkle 2014, p. 61.
7. ^ Pender, Geoff (April 7, 2022). "Statewide and other elected officials to get raises in 2024". The Clarion-Ledger. pp. 1A, 8A.
8. ^ Pender, Geoff (April 7, 2022). "Amid vetoes, Gov. Reeves lets pay raises for elected officials pass". Mississippi Today. Nonprofit Mississippi News. Retrieved March 20, 2023.
9. ^ Winkle 2014, p. 64.
10. ^ Winkle 2014, p. 72.
11. ^ a b Winkle 2014, p. 59.
12. ^ Winkle 2014, pp. 90–91.
13. ^ "Brief History of the Mississippi State Capitol". Mississippi Legislature. Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2023.
14. ^ a b c Winkle 2014, p. 66.
15. ^ Winkle 2014, pp. 65–66.
16. ^ Winkle 2014, pp. 93–94.
17. ^ Winkle 2014, p. 93.
18. ^ Winkle 2014, pp. 66–67.
19. ^ a b Winkle 2014, p. 67.
20. ^ Constitutional Provisions The Legislature And Legislation Rules of Procedure, Mississippi Legislature (accessed May 27, 2013)
21. ^ Winkle 2014, pp. 71–72.
22. ^ Winkle 2014, p. 69.
23. ^ a b Harrison, Bobby (2022). "Legislative Session 2022 Guide : How does a bill become a law?". Mississippi Today. Nonprofit Mississippi News. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
24. ^ Winkle 2014, p. 70.
25. ^ Winkle 2014, pp. 70–71.
26. ^ Gates, Jimmie E. (July 22, 2018). "When politics meets the road". The Clarion-Ledger. pp. 1C, 2C.
27. ^ Winkle 2014, p. 80.
28. ^ Winkle 2014, p. 45.
29. ^ Winkle 2014, pp. 64–65.
30. ^ Winkle 2014, pp. 170–171.
31. ^ Winkle 2014, pp. 61, 70.
32. ^ Lieb, David A.; Pettus, Emily Wagster (October 29, 2023). "In Mississippi, most voters will have no choice about who represents them in the Legislature". Associated Press News. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
33. ^ "1798-, Mississippi Council/Senate Journals". llmc.com. Retrieved January 30, 2022.
34. ^ Mississippi (1980). "Mississippi official and statistical register". Mississippi Official and Statistical Register: 31. ISSN 0196-4755.

## Works cited[edit]

* Rowland, Dunbar (1908). The Official and Statistical Register of the State of Mississippi. Department of Archives and History.
* Winkle, John W. III (2014). The Mississippi State Constitution (second ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199300631.

* v
* t
* e

Members of the Mississippi State Senate

President of the Senate
Delbert Hosemann (R)
President pro tempore
Dean Kirby (R)

1. ▌Michael McLendon (R)
2. ▌David Parker (R)
3. ▌Kathy Chism (R)
4. ▌Rita Potts Parks (R)
5. ▌Daniel Sparks (R)
6. ▌Chad McMahan (R)
7. ▌Hob Bryan (D)
8. ▌Benjamin Suber (R)
9. ▌Nicole Akins Boyd (R)
10. ▌Neil Whaley (R)
11. ▌Reginald Jackson (D)
12. ▌Derrick Simmons (D)
13. ▌Sarita Simmons (D)
14. ▌Lydia Chassaniol (R)
15. ▌Bart Williams (R)
16. ▌Angela Turner-Ford (D)
17. ▌Charles Younger (R)
18. ▌Jenifer Branning (R)
19. ▌Kevin Blackwell (R)
20. ▌Josh Harkins (R)
21. ▌Bradford Blackmon (D)
22. ▌Joseph C. Thomas (D)
23. ▌Briggs Hopson (R)
24. ▌David Lee Jordan (D)
25. ▌J. Walter Michel (R)
26. ▌John Horhn (D)
27. ▌Hillman Terome Frazier (D)
28. ▌Sollie Norwood (D)
29. ▌David Blount (D)
30. ▌Dean Kirby (R)
31. ▌Tyler McCaughn (R)
32. ▌Rod Hickman (D)
33. ▌Jeff Tate (R)
34. ▌Juan Barnett (D)
35. ▌Andy Berry (R)
36. ▌Brian Rhodes (R)
37. ▌Albert Butler (D)
38. ▌Gary Brumfield (D)
39. ▌Jason Barrett (R)
40. ▌Angela Burks Hill (R)
41. ▌Joey Fillingane (R)
42. ▌Robin Robinson (R)
43. ▌Dennis DeBar (R)
44. ▌John A. Polk (R)
45. ▌Chris Johnson (R)
46. ▌Philman Ladner (R)
47. ▌Mike Seymour (R)
48. ▌Mike Thompson (R)
49. ▌Joel Carter (R)
50. ▌Scott DeLano (R)
51. ▌Jeremy England (R)
52. ▌Brice Wiggins (R)

* ▌Republican (36)
* ▌Democratic (16)

* Mississippi Legislature
* Mississippi House of Representatives
* Mississippi State Senate

* v
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Members of the Mississippi House of Representatives

Speaker of the House
Jason White (R)
Speaker pro tempore
Manly Barton (R)

1. ▌Lester Carpenter (R)
2. ▌Brad Mattox (R)
3. ▌William Tracy Arnold (R)
4. ▌Jody Steverson (R)
5. ▌John Faulkner (D)
6. ▌Justin Keen (R)
7. ▌Kimberly Remak (R)
8. ▌Trey Lamar (R)
9. ▌Cedric Burnett (D)
10. ▌Josh Hawkins (R)
11. ▌Lataisha Jackson (D)
12. ▌Clay Deweese (R)
13. ▌Steve Massengill (R)
14. ▌Sam Creekmore IV (R)
15. ▌Beth Luther Waldo (R)
16. ▌Rickey W. Thompson (D)
17. ▌Shane Aguirre (R)
18. ▌Jerry Turner (R)
19. ▌Randy Boyd (R)
20. ▌Rodney Hall (R)
21. ▌Donnie Bell (R)
22. ▌Jon Ray Lancaster (R)
23. ▌Andrew Stepp (R)
24. ▌Jeff Hale (R)
25. ▌Dan Eubanks (R)
26. ▌Orlando Paden (D)
27. ▌Kenji Holloway (D)
28. ▌Doc Harris (R)
29. ▌Robert L. Sanders (D)
30. ▌Tracey Rosebud (D)
31. ▌Otis Anthony II (D)
32. ▌Solomon Osborne (D)
33. ▌Jim Estrada (R)
34. ▌Kevin Horan (R)
35. ▌Joey Hood (R)
36. ▌Karl Gibbs (D)
37. ▌Andy Boyd (R)
38. ▌Cheikh Taylor (D)
39. ▌Dana McLean (R)
40. ▌Hester Jackson-McCray (D)
41. ▌Kabir Karriem (D)
42. ▌Carl L. Mickens (D)
43. ▌Rob Roberson (R)
44. ▌C. Scott Bounds (R)
45. ▌Keith Jackson (D)
46. ▌Karl Oliver (R)
47. ▌Bryant Clark (D)
48. ▌Jason White (R)
49. ▌Willie Bailey (D)
50. ▌John Hines (D)
51. ▌Timaka James-Jones (D)
52. ▌Bill Kinkade (R)
53. ▌Vince Mangold (R)
54. ▌Kevin Ford (R)
55. ▌Oscar Denton (D)
56. ▌Clay Mansell (R)
57. ▌Lawrence Blackmon (D)
58. ▌Jonathan McMillan (R)
59. ▌Brent Powell (R)
60. ▌Fred Shanks (R)
61. ▌Gene Newman (R)
62. ▌Lance Varner (R)
63. ▌Stephanie Foster (D)
64. ▌Shanda Yates (I)
65. ▌Chris Bell (D)
66. ▌Fabian Nelson (D)
67. ▌Earle S. Banks (D)
68. ▌Zakiya Summers (D)
69. ▌Tamarra Butler-Washington (D)
70. ▌Bo Brown (D)
71. ▌Ronnie Crudup Jr. (D)
72. ▌Justis Gibbs (D)
73. ▌Jill Ford (R)
74. ▌Lee Yancey (R)
75. ▌Celeste Hurst (R)
76. ▌Gregory Holloway Sr. (D)
77. ▌Price Wallace (R)
78. ▌Randy Rushing (R)
79. ▌Mark Tullos (R)
80. ▌Omeria Scott (D)
81. ▌Stephen Horne (R)
82. ▌Charles Young Jr. (D)
83. ▌Billy Adam Calvert (R)
84. ▌Troy Smith (R)
85. ▌Jeffery Harness (D)
86. ▌Shane Barnett (R)
87. ▌Joseph Tubb (R)
88. ▌Charles Blackwell (R)
89. ▌Donnie Scoggin (R)
90. ▌Noah Sanford (R)
91. ▌Robert Evans (D)
92. ▌Becky Currie (R)
93. ▌Timmy Ladner (R)
94. ▌Robert Johnson III (D)
95. ▌Jay McKnight (R)
96. ▌Angela Cockerham (I)
97. ▌Sam Mims V (R)
98. ▌Daryl Porter Jr. (D)
99. ▌Bill Pigott (R)
100. ▌Ken Morgan (R)
101. ▌Kent McCarty (R)
102. ▌Missy McGee (R)
103. ▌Percy Watson (D)
104. ▌Larry Byrd (R)
105. ▌Elliot Burch (R)
106. ▌Jansen Owen (R)
107. ▌Steve Lott (R)
108. ▌Stacey Hobgood-Wilkes (R)
109. ▌Manly Barton (R)
110. ▌Jeramey Anderson (D)
111. ▌Jimmy Fondren (R)
112. ▌John Read (R)
113. ▌Henry Zuber III (R)
114. ▌Jeffrey Guice (R)
115. ▌Zachary Grady (R)
116. ▌Casey Eure (R)
117. ▌Kevin Felsher (R)
118. ▌Greg Haney (R)
119. ▌Jeffrey Hulum III (D)
120. ▌Richard Bennett (R)
121. ▌Carolyn Crawford (R)
122. ▌Brent Anderson (R)

* ▌Republican (79)
* ▌Democratic (41)
* ▌Independent (2)

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