Mizpah Congregation

Reform synagogue in Tennessee, US

For other uses, see Mizpah.

Mizpah Congregation

Religion
Affiliation| Reform Judaism
Ecclesiastical or organizational status| Synagogue
Status| Active
Location
Location| 923 McCallie Avenue, Chattanooga, Tennessee
Country| United States

Location in Tennessee

Geographic coordinates| 35°02′34″N 85°17′32″W﻿ / ﻿35.0427°N 85.2922°W﻿ / 35.0427; -85.2922
Architecture
Architect(s)|

* Colonial Revival
* Georgian Revival

Type| Synagogue
Date established|

* 1866 (as a congregation)
* 1867 (Chartered by the State)

Completed|

* 1882 (Walnut Street)
* 1904 (Oak and Lindsay Sts.)
* 1928 (McCallie Avenue)

Website
mizpahcongregation.org

The Mizpah congregation is a Reform Jewish synagogue located at 923 McCallie Avenue in Chattanooga, Tennessee, in the United States. Founded in 1866, the congregation has erected synagogues in 1882, 1904, and its current site, in 1928 that was designated in 1979 as a Tennessee Historical Preservation Site.

## History

[edit]

A Jewish settlement in Chattanooga can be traced back to before the US Civil War. However, it wasn't until after the war that the Jewish community was really established. In 1860 German immigrants Fannie Schwartzenberg Bach and Jacob Bach made their home there.[1] The Bach family started holding services in their home six years later, Jacob Bach becoming the congregation's first rabbi, cantor, and ritual slaughterer.[2] That same year 21 young Jewish men organized a group called Chebra Gamilas Chaced, which was changed a year later to the Hebrew Benevolence Association.[1] The group received an official state charter in 1867.

The group then purchased land for Jewish community members on the corner of East Third and Collins Street, for a total of $225.[1] In 1869 the congregation got a new volunteer rabbi, E.K. Fischer, who served in this capacity for two years, opening a Jewish religious day school. In 1871 he stepped down for health reasons.[1]

Dr. Marx Block then took control of the congregation. It was under Block and his wife, Delphine, that the Jewish community in Chattanooga grew. In 1877 the Hebrew Ladies Aid Society was founded with 33 women. The Congregation's first temple was built in 1882 on Walnut Street near fifth. The group adopted the name Mitzpah, which in Hebrew means "overlook", or "lookout", which refers to Lookout Mountain.[3] The t was later dropped, changing the name to Mizpaw.

Twenty-two years later, in 1904 a new synagogue was built, due to the growth of the congregation, on the corner of Lindsay and Oak Street. The new building seated 350 people, and was the congregation's synagogue for twenty-four years. The Congregation received its first ordained rabbi, Moses J. Gries,[4] in 1889 and he served the congregation until 1892. Although the congregation was not associated with the Union of American Hebrew Congregations,[5] it started using the revised edition of the union prayer book in 1899, having previously used Isaac M. Wise Minhag America.[2] In 1928, Adolph Ochs, publisher of The New York Times and a former Chattanoogan involved in Reform Judaism, built the 3rd Mizpah temple. This temple located on McCallie Avenue was designated in 1979 by the Tennessee Preservation Trust, a non-profit historic preservation organization, as a Tennessee Preservation Site.[6][dead link]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d "Encyclopedia of Southern Jewish Communities – Chattanooga, Tennessee". Goldring /Worldenburg institute of Southern Jewish life. Retrieved September 30, 2014.
2. ^ a b Olitzky, Kerry (1996). The American Synagogue a Historical Dictionary and sourcebook. Greenwood. p. 432.
3. ^ DeVries, LaMoine. "Mizpah, Mizpeh".
4. ^ "Gries, Moses J". March 7, 2019.
5. ^ "About: History". Union for Reform Judaism. Archived from the original on October 17, 2015. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
6. ^ "Home". Tennessee Preservation Trust. Archived from the original on May 22, 2001.

## External links

[edit]

* Official website

* v
* t
* e

Chattanooga, Tennessee area landmarks

Current|

| Bridges/dams|

* Chickamauga Dam
* Market Street Bridge
* Olgiati Bridge
* Tenbridge
* Veterans Memorial Bridge
* Walnut Street Bridge
* Wilkes T. Thrasher Bridge

|

Commercial|

* Chattanooga Choo-Choo Hotel
* Chattanooga Market
* Delta Queen
* Eastgate Towne Center
* Enterprise South Industrial Park
* Hamilton Place Mall
* Northgate Mall
* The Read House Hotel
* Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant

Educational|

* Chattanooga School for the Arts & Sciences
* Clarence T. Jones Observatory
* First Baptist Church Education Building

Governmental|

* Chattanooga State Office Building
* Solomon Federal Building

Historic
districts|

* Ferger Place Historic District
* Fort Wood Historic District
* Market Street Warehouse Historic District
* Moccasin Bend
* St. Elmo Historic District

Monuments|

* Chattanooga National Cemetery
* Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park
* Ross's Landing

Museums|

* Creative Discovery Museum
* Hunter Museum of American Art
* International Towing Museum
* Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum

Parks and
wildlife|

* Bonny Oaks Arboretum
* Chattanooga Zoo at Warner Park
* Cherokee Arboretum at Audubon Acres
* Chickamauga Lake
* Cloudland Canyon State Park
* Nickajack Lake
* Reflection Riding Arboretum and Nature Center
* Tennessee Aquarium
* Tennessee River
* Tennessee River Blueway
* Tennessee Riverwalk

Performing
arts|

* Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Auditorium
* Tivoli Theatre

Religious|

* Asbury United Methodist Church
* First Baptist Church
* First Presbyterian Church
* Mizpah Congregation
* Northside Presbyterian Church
* Basilica of Sts. Peter and Paul
* Second Presbyterian Church
* St. Paul's Episcopal Church
* Wiley United Methodist Church

Residential
(former)|

* Seamour and Gerte Shavin House

Tourist
attractions|

* Lake Winnepesaukah
* Lookout Mountain Incline Railway
* Raccoon Mountain Caverns
* Rock City
* Ruby Falls

Former|

* Belt Railway of Chattanooga
* Brainerd Mission
* Citico
* Miller's Department Store
* Terminal Station
* Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church
* Union Depot

See also: Chattanooga, Tennessee sports venues

* v
* t
* e

Synagogues in the United States

By state

Alabama

* Beth-El (Anniston)
* Knesseth Israel (Birmingham)
* Beth-El (Birmingham)
* Emanu-El (Birmingham)
* B'nai Sholom (Huntsville)
* Sha’arai Shomayim (Mobile)
* Agudath Israel Etz Ahayem (Montgomery)
* Beth Or (Montgomery)

Alaska

Arizona

* Beth Israel (Scottsdale)
* Emanuel (Tempe)
* Kol Ami (Tucson)

Arkansas

* Shalom (Fayetteville)

California

| Los Angeles|

* Stephen Wise Temple (Bel Air)
* Beth Jacob (Beverly Hills)
* Emanuel (Beverly Hills)
* Valley Beth Shalom (Encino)
* Beth Israel (Highland Park & Eagle Rock)
* Temple Israel (Hollywood)
* Beth Am
* IKAR (LA)
* Wilshire Boulevard (LA)
* Beth Chayim Chadashim (Mid City)
* Ahavat Shalom (Northridge)
* Kehillat Israel (Pacific Palisades)
* Ner Tamid (Rancho Palos Verdes)
* Jewish Temple and Center (Pasadena)
* Pacific Jewish Center (Venice)
* Sephardic Temple (Westwood)
* Sinai Temple (Westwood)

|

Bay Area|

* Beth Israel (Berkeley)
* Beyt Tikkun (Berkeley)
* Peninsula Temple Sholom (Burlingame)
* B'nai Israel (Daly City)
* Beth Am (Los Altos Hills)
* Kehilla Community (Oakland)
* Temple Sinai (Oakland)
* Am Tikvah (San Francisco)
* Beth Sholom (San Francisco)
* Emanu-El (San Francisco)
* House of Love and Prayer (San Francisco)
* The Kitchen (San Francisco)
* Sherith Israel (San Francisco)
* Rodef Sholom (San Rafael)
* Kol Shofar (Tiburon)

* Beth Israel (Fresno)
* Chabad (Poway)
* B'nai Israel (Sacramento)
* Beth Israel (San Diego)
* Temple Israel (Stockton)

Colorado

* Beth HaMedrosh Hagodol-Beth Joseph (Denver)
* Temple Emanuel (Denver)
* Temple Sinai (Denver)
* Temple Emanuel (Pueblo)
* Temple Aaron (Trinidad)

Connecticut

* B'nai Israel (Bridgeport)
* Beth Shalom Rodfe Zedek (Chester)
* Knesseth Israel (Ellington)
* Ahavath Achim (Fairfield)
* Mishkan Israel (Hamden)
* Beth Israel (Hartford West)
* Tephereth Israel (New Britain)
* Beth Israel (New Haven)
* Agudath Sholom (Stamford)
* Israel (Westport)
* B'nai Jacob (Woodbridge)
* Hebrew Congregation of Woodmont

Delaware

District of Columbia

* Adas Israel
* Bet Mishpachah
* DC Minyan
* Kesher Israeln
* Machar
* Ohev Sholom
* Rosh Pina
* Sixth & I
* Washington Hebrew

Florida

* Ahavath Chesed (Jacksonville)
* Bal Harbour (Surfside)
* Bet Shira (Miami)
* Edmond J. Safra (Miami)
* Beth Sholom (Miami Beach)
* Cuban Hebrew (Miami Beach)
* Emanu-El (Palm Beach)
* New (Palm Beach)
* Beth-El (Pensacola)

Georgia

* Beth Jacob (Atlanta)
* Shearith Israel (Atlanta)
* Temple (Atlanta)
* B'nai Israel (Augusta)
* Beth Israel (Macon)
* B'nai Torah (Sandy Springs)
* Mickve Israel (Savannah)

Hawaii

* Aloha Jewish Chapel (Pearl Harbor)
* Emanu-El (Honolulu)

Idaho

* Ahavath Beth Israel (Boise)

Illinois

| Chicagoland|

* Anshe Emet
* Anshe Sholom B'nai Israel
* Beth Shalom
* Emanuel Congregation
* KAM Isaiah Israel
* Loop Synagogue
* Makom Solel Lakeside
* Mishkan
* North Shore Congregation Israel
* Beth El (Highland Park)
* Temple Sholom
* Sinai
* Tzedek

|

* Moses Montefiore (Bloomington)
* Jewish Community Center (Mattoon)
* Anshai Emeth (Peoria)

Indiana

* Achduth Vesholom (Fort Wayne)
* Indianapolis Hebrew

Iowa

* B'nai Israel (Council Bluffs)
* Beit Shalom (Davenport)
* United Orthodox (Sioux City)

Kansas

* Beth Israel Abraham Voliner (Kansas City)
* B'nai Jehudah (Overland Park)

Kentucky

* Adath Israel Brith Sholom (Louisville)
* Anshei Sfard (Louisville)
* Keneseth Israel (Louisville)
* Adath Israel (Owensboro)
* Temple Israel (Paducah)

Louisiana

* B'nai Israel (Alexandria)
* Gemiluth Chassodim (Alexandria)
* Anshe Sfard (New Orleans)
* Beth Israel (New Orleans)
* Sinai (New Orleans)
* Touro (New Orleans)
* B'Nai Zion (Shreveport)

Maine

* Beth Israel (Bangor)
* Etz Chaim (Portland)
* Shaarey Tphiloh (Portland)

Maryland

| Baltimore|

* B'nai Israel
* Hebrew
* Beth Am
* Shearith Israel
* Shomrei Emunah
* Tiferes Yisroel

|

* Naval Academy (Annapolis)
* Beth El (Bethesda)
* Bethesda Jewish Congregation
* Beth Shalom (Columbia)
* B'er Chayim (Cumberland)
* B'Nai Israel (Easton)
* Beth Sholom (Frederick)
* Kol Ami (Frederick)
* Emanuel (Kensington)
* Oseh Shalom (Laurel)
* Magen David Sephardic (North Bethesda)
* Ohev Sholom Talmud Torah (Olney)
* Beth El (Pikesville)
* Beth Tfiloh (Pikesville)
* Har Sinai – Oheb Shalom (Pikesville)
* Beth Sholom and Talmud Torah (Potomac)
* Beth Israel (Salisbury)
* Young Israel Shomrai Emunah (Silver Spring)
* B'nai Israel (Rockville)

Massachusetts

* Temple Israel (Boston)
* Ohabei Shalom (Brookline)
* Kahal B'raira (Cambridge)
* Agudath Shalom (Chelsea)
* Beth Israel (Malden)
* Adams Street (Newton)
* Shaarei Tefillah (Newton)
* Beth Israel (North Adams)
* Beth Israel (Onset)
* Anshe Amunim (Pittsfield)
* Sinai Temple (Springfield)
* Ahavath Torah (Stoughton)
* Beth Israel (Worcester)
* Emanuel Sinai (Worcester)

Michigan

* Beth El (Alpena)
* Beth Emeth (Ann Arbor)
* Beth Israel (Ann Arbor)
* Beth El (Detroit)
* Birmingham Temple (Detroit)
* Isaac Agree Downtown (Detroit)
* Temple Emanuel (Grand Rapids)
* Temple Jacob (Hancock)
* Beth Sholom (Marquette)
* Beth Israel (Jackson)
* Temple Israel (West Bloomfield)

Minnesota

* Beth Jacob (Mendota Heights)
* Temple Israel (Minneapolis)
* Adath Jeshurun (Minnetonka)
* Beth El (St Louis Park)
* Mount Zion (St Paul)
* Or Emet (St Paul)

Mississippi

* Adath Israel (Cleveland)
* Beth Israel (Jackson)
* Beth Israel (Meridian)
* B'nai Israel (Tupelo)

Missouri

* United Hebrew (Chesterfield)
* B'nai Amoona (Creve Coeur)
* Shaare Emeth (Creve Coeur)
* Temple Israel (Creve Coeur)
* Beth El (Jefferson City)

Montana

Nebraska

* B'nai Jeshurun / South Sreet (Lincoln)

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

* Beth Sholom (Cherry Hill)
* Kol Ami (Cherry Hill)
* Synagogue of Deal
* Beth Hillel (Deerville)
* Ahavath Torah (Englewood)
* Barnert (Franklin Lakes)
* Agudath Achim (Freehold)
* Etz Ahaim Sephardic (Highland Park)
* United Synagogue of Hoboken
* Beth-El (Jersey City)
* Adas Emuno (Leonia)
* B'Nai Abraham (Livingston)
* Shaari Emeth (Manalapan)
* Marlboro Jewish Center
* B'nai Israel (Millburn)
* Beth Hillel Beth Abraham (Millville)
* Morristown Jewish Center
* Beth Israel (Ridgewood)
* Rosenhayn Synagogue
* Oheb Shalom (South Orange)
* Beth El (Voorhees)

New Mexico

* Albert (Albuquerque)
* B'nai Israel (Albuquerque)

New York

| The Bronx|

* Adath Israel
* Hebrew Institute
* Riverdale Center
* Riverdale Temple

|

Brooklyn|

* Magen David (Bensonhurst)
* Chevra Anshei Lubawitz (Borough Park)
* Shomrei Emunah (Borough Park)
* Young Israel Beth El (Borough Park)
* Kane Street/Baith Israel Anshei Emes (Cobble Hill)
* 770 (Crown Heights)
* CAY (Crown Heights)
* Kol Israel (Crown Heights)
* Beth El (Flatbush)
* Khal Hisachdus Yirieim Veretzky (Flatbush)
* Shaare Zion (Gravesend)
* Edmond J. Safra (Homecrest)
* Ocean Parkway (Kensington)
* Manhattan Beach Jewish Center
* B'nai Yosef (Mapleton)
* East Midwood (Midwood)
* Kingsway Center (Midwood)
* Sephardic Center (Mills Basin)
* Beth Elohim (Park Slope)
* Kolot Chayeinu (Park Slope)
* Park Slope (Park Slope)
* Beth Jacob Ohev Sholom (Williamsburg)
* Yetev Lev D'Satmar (Hooper St, Williamsburg)
* Yetev Lev D'Satmar (Rodney St, Williamsburg)

Long Island|

* Jewish Center (Atlantic Beach)
* Jewish Center (East Hampton)
* East Meadow Beth-El Jewish Center
* North Country Reform (Glen Cove)
* Beth-El (Great Neck)
* Tifereth Israel (Greenport)
* Jericho Jewish Center
* Emanu-El (Long Beach)
* RSNS (Plandome)
* Beth Israel (Port Washington)
* Adas Israel (Sag Harbor)
* Aish Kodesh (Woodmere)

Manhattan|

* Altneu
* Sixth Street (East Village)
* Meserich (East Village)
* Beth Israel (Garment District)
* Millinery Center (Garment District)
* Old Broadway (Harlem)
* Actor's Temple (Hells Kitchen)
* Fort Tryon (Hudson Heights)
* Lincoln Square (Lincoln Square)
* Bialystoker (Lower East Side)
* City Congregation for Humanistic Judaism (Lower East Side)
* Chasam Sopher (Lower E. Side)
* Eldridge Street (Lower E. Side)
* Kehila Kedosha Janina (Lower E. Side)
* Shul of New York (Lower E. Side)
* Stanton Street (Lower East)
* Talmud Torah Adereth El (Lower E. Side)
* Lab/Shul (Lower W. Side)
* Beit Simchat Torah (Midtown)
* Central Synagogue (Midtown)
* Sutton Place (Midtown)
* TriBeCa Synagogue (Tribeca)
* Temple Emanu-El (Upper E. Side)
* Fifth Avenue (Upper E. Side)
* Temple Israel (Upper E. Side)
* Kehilath Jeshurun (Upper E. Side)
* Or Zarua (Upper E. Side)
* Park Avenue (Upper E. Side)
* Park East (Upper E. Side)
* Edmond J. Safra (Upper E. Side)
* Shaaray Tefila (Upper E. Side)
* TUJ (Upper E. Side)
* Ansche Chesed (Upper W. Side)
* B'nai Jeshurun (Upper W. Side)
* Habonim (Upper W. Side)
* Jewish Center (Upper W. Side)
* Kol Zimrah (Upper W. Side)
* Ohab Zedek (Upper W. Side)
* Ramath Orah (Upper W. Side)
* Rodeph Sholom (Upper W. Side)
* Romemu (Upper W. Side)
* Shaare Zedek (Upper W. Side)
* Shearith Israel (Upper W. Side)
* SAJ (Upper W. Side)
* Stephen Wise (Upper W. Side)
* Hebrew Tabernacle of Washington Heights
* K'hal Adath Jeshurun (Washington Hts.)
* Mount Sinai (Washington Hts.)

Queens|

* Center of Israel (Astoria)
* Etz Hayim (Bayside)
* Tifereth Israel (Corona)
* Free Synagogue of Flushing
* Georgian Jews (Forest Hills)
* Queens Center (Forest Hills)
* Rego Park (Rego Park)

* Beth Emeth (Albany)
* Beth David (Amenia)
* Beth Zion (Buffalo)
* Beth El (Chappaqua)
* Beth Shalom (Clifton Park)
* B'nai Israel (Fleischmanns)
* Hunter (Hunter)
* Kerhonkson Synagogue (Kerhonkson)
* Loch Sheldrake Synagogue
* Agudas Achim (Livingston Manor)
* Hebrew Congregation (Mountaindale)
* Jewish Center (Norwich)
* Beth Israel (Plattsburgh)
* Kneses Tifereth Israel (Port Chester)
* B'rith Kodesh (Rochester)
* Beth Tzedek (Getzville)
* South Fallsburg Hebrew Association
* Emanu-El (Staten Island)
* Anshei Glen Wild (Sullivan Co.)
* Bikur Cholim B'nai Israel (Swan Lake)
* Society of Concord (Syracuse)
* Berith Sholom (Troy)
* Beth Joseph Synagogue (Tupper Lake)
* Spring Glen Synagogue (Wawarsing)
* Ulster Heights Synagogue (Wawarsing)
* West Point Jewish Chapel
* Temple Israel (White Plains)
* B'nai Israel (Woodbourne)
* Ohave Shalom (Woodridge)
* Lincoln Park (Yonkers)

North Carolina

* Beth Israel (Asheville)
* Temple Israel (Charlotte)
* Temple Israel (Kinston)
* Emanuel (Statesville)
* Temple of Israel (Wilmington)

North Dakota

* B'nai Israel (Grand Forks)

Ohio

* Tifereth-Israel (Beachwood)
* Agudas Achim (Bexley)
* Golf Manor (Cincinnati)
* Rockdale (Cincinnati)
* Wise Temple (Cincinnati)
* Anshe Chesed Fairmount (Cleveland)
* Oheb Zedek Cedar Sinai (Cleveland)
* Park Synagogue (Cleveland)
* Silver Sanctuary (Cleveland)
* Temple Israel (Columbus)
* Temple Israel (Dayton)
* Beth Israel (Hamilton)
* B'nai Israel (Toledo)

Oklahoma

* B'nai Israel (Oklahoma City)
* Temple Israel (Tulsa)

Oregon

* Beth Israel (Eugene)
* Beth Israel (Portland)
* Neveh Shalom (Portland)
* Shaarie Torah (Portland)

Pennsylvania

| Philadelphia|

* Beit Harambam
* Temple Beth Zion-Beth Israel
* B'nai Abraham
* Frank Memorial
* Germantown Jewish Centre
* Keneseth Israel
* Mikveh Israel
* Rodeph Shalom
* Shivtei Yeshuron-Ezras Israel
* Society Hill
* South Philadelphia Shtiebel
* Vilna Congregation
* YPC Shari-Eli

|

* Beth Israel (Altoona)
* Beth Israel (Chester Co.)
* B'nai Shalom (Easton)
* Anshe Hesed (Erie)
* Beth Shalom (Elkins Park)
* Kesher Israel (Harrisburg)
* Ohev Sholom (Harrisburg)
* Beth Israel (Honesdale)
* Beth Israel (Lebanon)
* Beth Or (Maple Glen)
* Adath Israel (Merion)
* B'nai Jacob (Middletown)
* Rodef Shalom (Pittsburgh)
* Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha (Pittsburgh)
* Kesher Zion (Reading)
* Beth Israel (Washington)
* Beth Israel (York)

Rhode Island

* Touro (Newport)
* Beth-El (Providence)
* Sons of Jacob (Providence)

South Carolina

* Beth Israel (Beaufort)
* Beth Elohim (Charleston)
* House of Peace (Columbia)
* Beth Israel (Florence)
* Beth Elohim (Georgetown)
* Kol Ami (Fort Mill)
* Sinai (Sumter)

Tennessee

* Adas Israel (Brownsville)
* Mizpah (Chattanooga)
* B'nai Israel (Jackson)
* Baron Hirsch (Memphis)
* Temple Israel (Memphis)
* Ohabai Sholom (Nashville)
* Sherith Israel (Nashville)

Texas

* Agudas Achim (Austin)
* Beth Israel (Austin)
* Emanuel (Beaumont)
* B'nai Abraham (Brenham)
* Emanu-El (Dallas)
* Beth Jacob (Galveston)
* B'nai Israel (Galveston)
* Beth Israel (Houston)
* Beth Yeshurun (Houston)
* Sinai (Houston)
* Beth-El (San Antonio)

Utah

* B'rith Sholem (Ogden)
* Kol Ami (Salt Lake City)

Vermont

* Ohavi Zedek (Burlington)
* Old Ohavi Zedek (Burlington)
* Rutland Jewish Center

Virginia

* Agudas Achim (Alexandria)
* Beth El (Alexandria)
* Beth Israel (Charlottesville)
* Rodef Shalom (Falls Church)
* Sinai (Newport News)
* Commodore Levy Chapel (Norfolk)
* Beth Ahabah (Richmond)
* Kol Emes (Richmond)
* Beth Israel (Roanoke)
* Adath Israel (Rutland)
* House of Israel (Staunton)
* Beth El (Winchester)

Washington

* Beth Israel (Bellingham)
* Bikur Cholim Machzikay Hadath (Seattle)
* Ezra Bessaroth (Seattle)
* Kavana Cooperative (Seattle)
* Sephardic Bikur Holim (Seattle)
* De Hirsch Sinai (Seattle and Belleview)

West Virginia

* Ohev Sholom (Huntington)
* Shalom (Wheeling)

Wisconsin

* Beth El (Madison)
* Beth Israel Ner Tamid (Milwaukee)
* Emanu-El B'ne Jeshurun (River Hills)

Wyoming

* Mt Sinai (Cheyenne)

Territories

* Virgin Islands

* Oldest U.S. synagogues
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