Modifier letter apostrophe

Phonetic modifier letter (ʼ)

Not to be confused with Apostrophe, ʻOkina, Right single quotation mark, or Modifier letter turned comma.

Modifier letter apostrophe

Usage
Writing system| Cyrillic, Latin, Devanagari
Type| alphabetic
Sound values| [ʔ], [ʰ]
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The modifier letter apostrophe (ʼ) is a letter found in Unicode encoding, used primarily for various glottal sounds. It was used for the apostrophe in early Unicode versions.

## Encoding

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The letter apostrophe is encoded at U+02BC ʼ MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE, which is in the Spacing Modifier Letters Unicode block.

In Unicode code charts it looks identical to the U+2019 ’ RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK,[1] but this is not true for all fonts. The primary difference between the letter apostrophe and U+2019 is that the letter apostrophe U+02BC has the Unicode General Category "Letter, modifier" (Lm), while U+2019 has the category "Punctuation, Final quote" (Pf).

## Use

[edit]

In early Unicode (versions 1.0[2]–2.1.9[3]) U+02BC was preferred for the punctuation apostrophe in English. Since version 3.0.0,[4][5] however, U+2019 is preferred due to vast amounts of existing text written in character sets that unified the apostrophe and the single close quote characters. This does make searching for words with apostrophes in them somewhat harder.[6]

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, it is used to express ejective consonants, such as [kʼ] and [tʼ].

It denotes a glottal stop [ʔ] in orthographies of many languages, such as Nenets (in Cyrillic script) and the artificial Klingon language.

In one version of the Kildin Sami alphabet, it denotes preaspiration.[7]

In the Ukrainian alphabet and in the Belarusian alphabet, U+02BC is used for the semi-letter 'apostrophe' (which plays a role similar to Russian ⟨ъ⟩) in certain contexts, such as, for example, in internationalized domain names where a punctuation mark would be disallowed.[8]

In Bodo and Dogri written in Devanagari, it marks high tone and low-rising tone on short vowels, respectively.

## See also

[edit]

* Apostrophe
* Hamza
* Modifier letter double apostrophe
* Modifier letter turned comma
* Saltillo and ʻOkina, other letters used for glottal stop
* Spacing Modifier Letters

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Unicode code charts Archived 15 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Unicode.org. Retrieved on 7 April 2013.
2. ^ "The Unicode Standard, Version 1.0, v. 1, p. 173" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
3. ^ "Unicode 2.1.9 NamesList-1.txt". Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
4. ^ "Unicode 3.0.0 NamesList-3.0.0.txt". Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
5. ^ "Current NamesList.txt". Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
6. ^ "Which Unicode character should represent the English apostrophe? (And why the Unicode committee is very wrong.)". 3 June 2015. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
7. ^ Куруч, Р. Д.; Афанасьева, Н. Е.; Виноградова, И. В. 1995. Правила орфографии и пунктуации саамского языка. Мурманск.
8. ^ "IDN Variant TLDs – Cyrillic Script Issues" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2016.

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Cyrillic script

Italics indicate that the language no longer uses Cyrillic

Cyrillic alphabets|

* Early
* Abkhaz
* Aleut
* Azerbaijani
* Bashkir
* Belarusian
* Bosnian
* Bulgarian
* Crimean Tatar
* Dargwa
* Even
* Evenki
* Gagauz
* Kazakh
* Khakas
* Kildin Sámi
* Komi
* Kyrgyz
* Lezgin
* Macedonian
* Mansi
* Mongolian
* Montenegrin
* Mordvinic
* Nivkh
* Nogai
* Polish
* Romanian
* transitional
* Moldovan
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* Serbian
* Tat
* Tatar
* Tlingit
* Turkmen
* Udege
* Udmurt
* Ukrainian
* Uyghur
* Uzbek
* Yakut
* Siberian Yupik
* Chaplino dialect
* Naukan Yupik

Cyrillization of|

* Arabic
* Chinese
* French
* German
* Greek
* Japanese
* Korean
* Lithuanian
* Polish

Letters of the Cyrillic script

Primary letters|

* Аа
* Бб
* Вв
* Гг
* Дд
* Ее
* Жж
* Зз
* Ии
* Йй
* Кк
* Лл
* Мм
* Нн
* Оо
* Пп
* Рр
* Сс
* Тт
* Уу
* Фф
* Хх
* Цц
* Чч
* Шш
* Щщ
* Ъъ
* Ыы
* Ьь
* Ээ
* Юю
* Яя

Other Slavic letters|

* Ґґ
* Ђђ
* Ѓѓ
* Ёё
* Єє
* З́
* Ѕѕ
* Іі
* Її
* Јј
* Љљ
* Њњ
* С́
* Ћћ
* Ќ
* Ўў
* Џџ

Non-Slavic letters|

* А̊
* А̃
* Ӓ̄
* Ӕ
* Ә
* Ә̃
* Ӛ
* В̌
* Ԝ
* Г̌
* Г̊
* Ҕ
* Ғ
* Ӻ
* Ғ̌
* Ғ̊
* Ӷ/Г̡
* Д́
* Д̌
* Д̆
* Ӗ
* Е̃
* Ё̄
* Є̈
* Ԑ
* Җ
* Ӝ
* Ӂ
* Ҙ
* Ӟ
* З̌
* Ӡ
* И̃
* И̇
* Ҋ
* Қ
* Ӄ
* Ҡ
* Ҟ
* Ҝ
* К̊
* Қ̊
* Ԛ
* Л́
* Ӆ
* Ԯ
* Ԓ
* Ӎ
* ᵸ
* Н́
* Ӊ
* Ԩ
* Ң
* Ӈ
* Ҥ
* О̆
* О̃
* Ө
* Ө̄
* Ө̆
* Ӫ
* Ԥ
* Р̌
* Ҏ
* С̌
* Ҫ
* Т́
* Т̌
* Ҭ
* Ᲊ
* Ӱӱ
* У̃
* Ӳ
* У̊
* Ұ
* Ү
* Ү́
* Х̑
* Х̌
* Ҳ
* Ӽ
* Х̊
* Ӿ
* Ӿ̊
* Һ
* Ԧ
* Ҵ
* Ҷ
* Ҷ̣
* Ӵ
* Ӌ
*   * Ҹ
* Ч̇
* Ч̣
* Ҽ
* Ҿ
* Ы̆
* Ы̄
* Ӹ
* Ҍ
* Ҩ
* Э̆
* Э̄
* Э̇
* Ӭ
* Ӭ́
* Ӭ̄
* Ю̆
* Ю̈
* Ю̄
* Я̆
* Я̄
* Ӏ

Slavic archaic letters|

* Ꙣꙣ
* Ꙉꙉ
* Ꙥꙥ
* Ꙧꙧ
* O variants
* Ҁҁ
* Ꙋꙋ
* Ѡѡ
* Ѿ
* Ѣѣ
* Ꙗ
* Ѥ
* Yus
* Ѯѯ
* Ѱѱ
* Ѳѳ
* Ѵѵ

Non-Slavic archaic letters|

* А̨
* Б̣
* Г̧
* Г̄
* Г̆г̆
* Д̨
* Ԁ
* Ԃ
* Ꚁ
*   * Ꚅ
* Ԅ
* Ԇ
* Ꚉꚉ
* Ԫԫ
* Ꚃꚃ
* Ꚕꚕ
* Ј̵
* К̀
* К̄
* К̂
* Ԟ
*   * Ԡ
* Ԉ
* Ԕ
* Ԋ
* Ԣ
*   * Ҧ
*   * Ԗ
* Ԍ
* Ԏ
* Ꚋ
* Ꚍ
* Х̾
* Ꚏ
* Ꚑ
* Ԭ
* Ꚓ
* Ꚗ
* Я̈
* Ԙ
* Ꙟ

Archaic diacritics|

* palatalization mark (◌҄)
* pokrytie (◌҇)
* titlo (◌҃)

Combinations of Cyrillic letters|

* Digraphs
* Multigraphs

* Glagolitic script
* Cyrillic numerals
* Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic

* v
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Latin script

* History
* Spread
* Romanization
* Roman numerals
* Ligatures

Alphabets (list)|

* Classical Latin alphabet
* ISO basic Latin alphabet
* Phonetic alphabets
* International Phonetic Alphabet
* X-SAMPA
* Spelling alphabet

Letters (list)|

Letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet

Aa | Bb | Cc | Dd | Ee | Ff | Gg | Hh | Ii | Jj | Kk | Ll | Mm  | Nn | Oo | Pp | Qq | Rr | Ss | Tt | Uu | Vv | Ww | Xx | Yy | Zz

Additional Latin letters

Æ æ | Ɑ ɑ | Ʌ ʌ | Ꞵ ꞵ | Ð ð | Ɛ ɛ | Ə ə | Ǝ ə | Ɣ ɣ | Ƣ ƣ | Ɩ ɩ | Ɥ ɥ | Ꟛ ꟛ | Ŋ ŋ  | Œ œ | Ɔ ɔ | Ɤ ɤ | Kʼ ĸ | Ʀ ʀ | ẞ ß | Ʃ ʃ | Ɯ ɯ | Ʊ ʊ | Ꞷ ꞷ | Ʋ ʋ | Ƿ ƿ
Ȝ ȝ | ϴ θ | Ʒ ʒ | Ƹ ƹ | Þ þ | Ȣ ȣ | Ꭓ ꭓ | Ɂ ʔ ɂ | ʕ | ǀ | ǁ | ǂ | ǃ | ʘ | ʻ | ˀ | ʼ | Ꞌ ꞌ | ᴬ | ᴮ | ꟲ | ᴰ | ᴱ | ꟳ | ᴳ | ᴴ
ᴵ | ᴶ | ᴷ | ᴸ | ᴹ | ᵃ | ᵉ | ᵋ | ʰ | ⁱ | ᶤ | ⁿ | ᵒ | ᵓ | ᵘ | ᶶ | ᵛ | ʷ | ʸ | ᶻ | ᶿ | Ꜣ ꜣ | Ꜥ ꜥ | 3 | Ꜫ ꜫ | Ꜭ ꜭ
7 | ⁷ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Multigraphs|

| Digraphs|

* Ch
* Dz
* Dž
* Gh
* IJ
* Lj
* Ll
* Ly
* Nh
* Nj
* Ny
* Sh
* Sz
* Th

|

Trigraphs|

* dzs
* eau

Tetragraphs|

* ough

Pentagraphs|

tzsch

Keyboard layouts (list)|

* QWERTY
* QWERTZ
* AZERTY
* Dvorak
* Colemak
* BÉPO
* Neo

Historical Standards|

* ISO/IEC 646
* Western Latin character sets

Current Standards|

* Unicode
* DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe

Lists|

* Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode
* Letters used in mathematics
* List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks

* Diacritics
* Palaeography

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