Moldova–European Union relations

This article is about bilateral relations. For the broad perspective on the accession negotiations between the European Union and Moldova, see Accession of Moldova to the European Union.

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European Union-Moldova relations

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A 2000 stamp celebrating 50 years of the Schuman Declaration

Relations between the European Union (EU) and Moldova are currently shaped via the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), an EU foreign policy instrument dealing with countries bordering its member states.

Moldova has strong ties to EU member state Romania. During the interwar period the two countries were united. They share a common language, traditions and culture. The Moldovan flag is a modified version of the Romanian equivalent, with the Moldovan arms superimposed in its centre. Despite Moldovan nationalist tendencies and a sizable Russophone minority, the Romanians, whilst having no ongoing claim to Moldovan territory per se, see Moldovans as culturally and ethnically Romanian. The former period of union enables Romanian passports and concurrent EU citizenship to be routinely granted to Moldovans on the basis of descent. A proportion of Moldovans currently identify as Romanian (see below).

The level of poverty in Moldova (the country is the poorest among the potential EU members) is a stumbling block to accession. The Transnistria conflict, concerning a self-proclaimed breakaway republic supported by Russia, is also an obstacle.

Nevertheless, the EU is developing an increasingly close relationship with Moldova, going beyond cooperation, to gradual economic integration and a deepening of political cooperation.[1] The EU has opened an office in Chișinău (the Moldovan capital), and on 23 March 2005 appointed Adriaan Jacobovits de Szeged as special representative to Moldova with a focus on the resolution of the crisis in Transnistria. The European Commission opened up a new office in Moldova on 6 October 2005 headed by Cesare de Montis. In June 2021, the European Commission announced Moldova will receive 600 million euros between 2021 and 2024, to help it recover from the COVID-19 pandemic and develop as a country.[2] The major strategic priority of Moldova is now seeking membership in European institutions.[3]

Following the outbreak of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, President Maia Sandu signed on 3 March 2022 the application for EU membership, together with Igor Grosu, the President of the Moldovan Parliament and Natalia Gavrilița, the Prime Minister of Moldova.[4] On 23 June, Moldova received EU candidate status, together with Ukraine, under the commitment of structural reforms.

## Agreements[edit]

The Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) represents the legal framework for the Republic of Moldova–European Union relationship. The Agreement was signed on 28 November 1994 and entered into force on 1 July 1998 for the next 10 years. This arrangement provides for a basis of cooperation with the EU in the political, commercial, economic, legal, cultural and scientific areas.

In 2005, Moldova began implementing its first three-year action plan within the framework of the EU's European Neighbourhood Policy.[5] This was the EU Moldova Action Plan, a political document that laid out the strategic objectives of cooperation between Moldova and the EU.[6] Its implementation was intended to help fulfil the provisions in the PCA and to encourage and support Moldova's objective of further integration into European economic and social structures. Implementation of the Action Plan was meant to significantly advance the approximation of Moldovan legislation, norms and standards to those of the European Union.

Moldova and the EU began negotiating an Association Agreement (AA), including a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area, to replace the PCA in January 2010.[7] The AA was initialled in November 2013 at the Eastern Partnership summit,[8] and signed on 27 June 2014.[9] The parliament of Moldova ratified the agreement on 2 July 2014.[10]

On 24 January 2011, Moldova officially received an "action plan" toward the establishment of a visa-free regime for short-stay travel from the EU's Internal Affairs Commissioner.[11] In November 2013, the Commission proposed that visa requirements for short-term visits be abolished for Moldovan citizens holding biometric passports,[12] with Lithuanian Foreign Minister Linas Linkevičius suggesting the change could take place in early 2014.[13] On 13 February 2014 the European Parliament's Civil Liberties, Justice, and Home Affairs Committee approved lifting the visa requirements,[14] and the full parliament voted in favour on 27 February 2014. The European Parliament and Council gave their final consent to visa-free travel for Moldovan citizens on 3 April 2014,[15] and the change become applicable on 28 April 2014.[16][17]

On May 14, 2024, Financial Times reported that Moldova and the European Union would soon sign an important security agreement.[18] The article by Financial Times claims that the news agency has seen the proposed security arrangement and notes that the arrangement would significantly deepen the security relationship of Moldova and the European Union.[18] Furthermore, the agreement would come on the heels of a defense agreement between Moldova and France from March 2024, as the Financial Times article about the agreement between Moldova and the European Union also notes.[19][18] The report from the Financial Times also comes after recent news (April 2024) about a Romanian draft bill on defending Romanian citizens abroad (including many Moldovans with Romanian citizenship) from danger via "military intervention" and including from "hybrid threats", which is significant considering Romania's membership in the European Union (according to Balkan Insight).[20] This proposed Romanian legislation does not specify policy towards dual-citizenship holders of Romanian passports.[21]

On May 20, 2024, Moldova becomes the first non-European Union (EU) signatory country to sign a security and defense pact with the EU in order to receive assistance to strengthen and manage its borders, facilitate cooperation in terms of cybersecurity and fight against disinformation.[22]

## Accession of Moldova to the European Union[edit]

Main article: Accession of Moldova to the European Union

See also: Potential enlargement of the European Union

President of Georgia Salome Zourabichvili, President of Moldova Maia Sandu, President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy and President of the European Council Charles Michel during the 2021 Batumi International Conference. In 2014, the EU signed Association Agreements with all the three states. Moldovan Prime Minister Natalia Gavrilița with President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen in Brussels, 6 February 2023

The European Parliament passed a resolution in 2014 stating that "in accordance with Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine, as well as any other European country, have a European perspective and can apply for EU membership in compliance with the principles of democracy, respect for fundamental freedoms and human rights, minority rights and ensuring the rule of rights".[23]

In April 2014, whilst visiting the Moldovan-Romanian border at Sculeni, Moldovan Prime Minister Iurie Leanca stated, "We have an ambitious target but I consider that we can reach it: doing everything possible for Moldova to become a full member of the European Union when Romania will hold the presidency of the EU in 2019".[24] In July 2017, Andrian Candu, Moldova's speaker of parliament, said that the country aimed to submit an application for membership by late 2018 or 2019.[25]

Some political parties within both Moldova and Romania advocate merging the two countries. Such a scenario would incorporate the current territory of Moldova into Romania and thus into the EU, though the Transnistria conflict would still be an issue. With regard to Free Movement of Labour it could be argued that as far as individuals are concerned, Moldova is already a de facto member of the EU, since Moldovans will automatically gain a Romanian passport if they show that their ancestors were at one point Romanian (that is before the countries were split).[26][27]

The integration process, however, has been hampered by many internal issues. The unresolved issue of the breakaway republic of Transnistria is a major barrier to any progress. Also, Moldova's autonomous region of Gagauzia held two referendums on 2 February 2014, where an overwhelming majority of voters rejected integration with the EU and opted for closer ties with Russia.[28]

In the backdrop of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, President Maia Sandu signed a formal application for EU membership on 3 March 2022.[29] On 7 March, the EU said it would formally assess Moldova's application.[30] On 11 April, the Minister of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Moldova Nicu Popescu received a questionnaire from the European Commission (EC) following a meeting with the European Commissioner for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Olivér Várhelyi as a result of Moldova's application for candidacy.[31] Their response to the first part of the questionnaire was submitted back to the EC through the Delegation of the European Union to Moldova's head Janis Mazeiks by the Prime Minister of Moldova Natalia Gavrilița on 22 April,[32] while the responses to the second part were submitted on 12 May 2022.[33]

On 17 June 2022, the European Commission formally recommended that the European Council grant the Republic of Moldova the perspective to become a member of the European Union and candidate status for accession, with a number of conditions for the opening of accession negotiations.[34] On 23 June, the European Council granted candidate status to Moldova.[35]

Moldova was asked to improve the efficiency of its economy; reduce corruption; better enforce property rights; reduce the size of state-owned enterprises; improve energy efficiency; improve the labor market; comprehensively reform the judicial system and prosecutions, including filling vacancies; address problems identified by the OECD, Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, and Venice Commission; improve investigations and prosecutions of corruption and implement recommendations of the National Anticorruption Centre; implement "de-oligarchisation"; reduce organized crime, improve money-laundering laws, and implement Financial Action Task Force standards; improve procurement, public administration, and delivery of public services; increase involvement of civil society in decision-making; reduce violence against women; and strengthen protections for gender equality and the human rights of vulnerable groups.[36]

On 21 May 2023, the Pro-European rally European Moldova National Assembly took place in Chișinău, having had tens of thousands of participants.[37]

According to the Moldovan Prime Minister, Natalia Gavrilița, Moldova's accession negotiations with the EU can begin no earlier than the autumn of 2023.[38]

On 8 November 2023, the European Commission recommended starting accession talks with Moldova.[39]

## Delegation[edit]

Main article: Delegation of the European Union to Moldova

The Delegation of the European Union to Moldova was opened in Chișinău in October 2005, having the status of a diplomatic mission and officially represents the EU in the Republic of Moldova.

Delegations such as the one in Moldova exist all over the world. Altogether there are over 136.

The Delegation's mandate includes:

* Promotion of the political and economic relations between the countries of accreditation and the European Union;
* Monitoring the implementation of the Partnership and Cooperation Agreements (PCA) between the EU and Moldova;
* Informing the public of the development of the EU and to explain and defend individual EU policies;
* Participating in the implementation of the EU's external assistance programmes (mainly TACIS, FSP, ENP), focusing on the support of democratic development and good governance, regulatory reform and administrative capacity building, poverty reduction and economic growth.[40]

## EU Partnership Mission in Moldova[edit]

Main article: European Union Partnership Mission in Moldova

At a meeting of the EU Foreign Affairs Council, Moldovan foreign minister Nicu Popescu expressed an interest in the deployment of a Common Security and Defence Policy mission in Moldova.[41][42] On 21 March 2023, Josep Borrell, told the Schuman Security and Defence Forum in Brussels that the EU is planning a civilian mission in Moldova to support the country in countering hybrid threats.[43][44] The mission was formally established by the Council of the European Union on 24 April 2023 [45][46] and will become operational during the second summit of the European Political Community which is to be hosted by Moldova 1 June 2023.[47][48][49]

## Alliance For European Integration[edit]

In August 2009, four Moldovan political parties agreed to create a governing coalition called the Alliance for European Integration. The Liberal Democratic Party, Liberal Party, Democratic Party, and Our Moldova committed themselves to achieving European integration and promoting a balanced, consistent and responsible foreign policy.[50]

* Alliance for European Integration (2009-2013)
* Pro-European Coalition (2013-2015)
* Political Alliance for a European Moldova (2015)
* Alliance for European Integration III (2015-2016)

## Public opinion[edit]

Pro-European demonstration in Chișinău, 6 April 2014.

On 2 February 2014, the Autonomous Territorial Unit of Gagauzia held two referendums on European integration. In one, 98.4% voted in favour of joining the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia, while in the second 97.2% opposed further integration with the EU. 98.9% also supported the proposition that Gagauzia could declare independence if Moldova unified with Romania.[51] There is concern in Gagauzia that Moldova's integration with the EU could lead to such a unification with EU member Romania, which is unpopular in the autonomous region.[52]

A poll in June 2018 found that 46% preferred that Moldova join the EU versus 36% that preferred to join the Eurasian Economic Union.[53]

Date | Question | For | Against | Abstain | Don't know

|
|
|
|
|

September 2014 - IMAS[54] | EU membership | 47% | 35% | 8% | 11%
September 2014 - IMAS[54] | Enter Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia | 48% | 35% | 8% | 9%
November 2014 - IMAS[55] | EU membership | 51% | 36% | 7% | 7%
November 2014 - IMAS[55] | Enter Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia | 47% | 35% | 6% | 12%

A March 2022 survey conducted by Magenta Consulting found that, after president Maia Sandu announced that her government had officially submitted an application for membership of the European Union, 61% of Moldovans (40% 'totally', 21% 'rather') were in favour of EU membership, up from 52% before the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[56]

Date  | Question  | Totally support  | Rather support  | Rather don't support  | Don't support at all  | Don't know/No answer

|
|
|
|
|
|

March 2022 – Magenta[57] | EU membership  | 40%  | 21%  | 10%  | 21%  | 8%

In May 2022, a poll in Moldova found that 56.1% supported EU membership.[58]

## Euroscepticism in Moldova[edit]

Moldova has several Eurosceptic parties including the left-wing Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova (PSRM) (1997–present), which has 22 seats in the 101-seat parliament, the conservative Șor Party (1998–present), which has 6 seats, and the left-wing Our Party (PN) (2014–present), which has no seats.[citation needed]

## Moldova's foreign relations with EU member states[edit]

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark

* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland

* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Poland

* Portugal
* Romania
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden

|
|
|

## See also[edit]

* European Union portal
* Moldova portal
* Europe portal

* Accession of Georgia to the European Union
* Accession of Ukraine to the European Union
* Association Trio
* Moldova–European Union Association Agreement
* Moldova–NATO relations
* Moldova–Romania relations
* Eastern Europe
* Potential enlargement of the European Union
* Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
* Energy Community
* Armenia–European Union relations
* Azerbaijan–European Union relations
* Georgia–European Union relations
* Ukraine–European Union relations
* INOGATE

## References[edit]

1. ^ "Moldova". European External Action Service. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
2. ^ "EU announces 'unprecedented' Moldova recovery plan". The Seattle Times. 2 June 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
3. ^ "Moldova and EU" Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine on the official Moldova site
4. ^ "Ultima oră! Moldova a semnat cererea de aderare la Uniunea Europeană: "Vrem să fim parte a lumii libere"". UNIMEDIA (in Romanian). 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
5. ^ Moldova-EU Action Plan Approved by European Commission Archived 2007-12-04 at the Wayback Machine, 14 December 2004, retrieved 2 July 2007
6. ^ "EU/Moldova Action Plan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2008.
7. ^ "EU - Moldova Association Agreement". European External Action Service.
8. ^ "Initialling of the EU-Republic of Moldova Association Agreement". European External Action Service. 29 November 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
9. ^ "EU forges closer ties with Ukraine, Georgia and Moldova". European External Action Service. 27 June 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
10. ^ "MAEIE salută ratificarea Acordului de Asociere RM-UE de către Parlamentul Republicii Moldova". Ministry of the Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Moldova. 2 July 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
11. ^ "EU Gives Moldovans 'Action Plan' For Visa-Free Travel", Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (24 January 2011)
12. ^ "Commission proposes visa-free regime to Moldova". European Commission. 27 November 2013.
13. ^ "Lithuanian minister: EU, Moldova may shift to visa-free travel in early 2014", Kyiv Post.
14. ^ "European Parliamentary Committee OKs Lifting Visa Regime". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 13 February 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
15. ^ "Commissioner Malmström on visa-free travel for Moldova". European Commission. 3 April 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
16. ^ "Commissioner Malmström on visa-free travel for the citizens of the Republic of Moldova". European Commission. 27 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
17. ^ "Moldovans Start Visa-Free Travel To EU". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 28 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
18. ^ a b c Foy, Henry (14 May 2024). "Moldova defies Russia with EU security pact". www.ft.com. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
19. ^ "Moldova turns to France in face of threats from Putin". POLITICO. 7 March 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
20. ^ Nescutu, Madalin (3 April 2024). "Romania Mulls Law Allowing Military Intervention to Protect Citizens Abroad". Balkan Insight.
21. ^ Mihai, Catalina (4 April 2024). "Romania could soon deploy troops to protect citizens abroad". Euractiv.
22. ^ Ngendakumana, Pierre Emmanuel (21 May 2024). "Moldova signs security and defense pact with EU". Politico.
23. ^ "Georgia can apply for EU membership if it complies with democratic principles". Archived from the original on 21 April 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
24. ^ "Moldova wants to join EU in 2019". The Straits Times. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
25. ^ "Moldova Says It Would Leave CIS Only After Becoming EU Candidate". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 25 January 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
26. ^ Phinnemore, David (21–23 September 2006). "Moldova: a step too far for EU enlargement?" (PDF). 3rd Pan-European Conference on EU Politics, Istanbul, Turkey. Johns Hopkins University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
27. ^ Klussmann, Uwe (4 February 2009). "Reunification with Romania? EU Dreams in Communist Moldova". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
28. ^ "Gagauzia Voters Reject Closer EU Ties For Moldova". Moldovan Service of RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 3 February 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
29. ^ Tanas, Alexander (3 March 2022). "With war on its doorstep, Moldova applies for EU membership". Reuters.
30. ^ Barigazzi, Jacopo (7 March 2022). "EU to officially examine Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia's bids to join the bloc". Politico. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
31. ^ "Moldova gets European Commission's questionnaire for country's accession to EU". Interfax. 11 April 2022.
32. ^ "Moldova transmitted first EU accession questionnaire". IPN Press Agency. 22 April 2022.
33. ^ "Moldova transfers 2nd part of completed questionnaire for EU accession". Interfax. 12 May 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
34. ^ "Єврокомісія пропонує надати Молдові європейську перспективу і статус кандидата". www.eurointegration.com.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 17 June 2022.
35. ^ "Approved! EU countries endorse Ukraine and Moldova as official candidates to join bloc". Euronews. 23 June 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
36. ^ "Press corner". European Commission - European Commission. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
37. ^ Călugăreanu, Vitalie (21 May 2023). "Miting pro-european cu o sută de mii de oameni la Chișinău" (in Romanian). Deutsche Welle.
38. ^ "В уряді Молдови назвали можливі дати відкриття перемовин про членство у ЄС". www.eurointegration.com.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 7 July 2022.
39. ^ "Enlargement: Commission recommends starting accession negotiations with Ukraine, Moldova, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and candidate status for Georgia". commission.europa.eu. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
40. ^ ""The Delegation's of the European Commission to Moldova Mandate"". Archived from the original on 4 October 2008.
41. ^ "Foreign Affairs Council, 20 February 2023".
42. ^ "European Union – Mme Catherine Colonna's participation in the Foreign Affairs Council (20 Feb. 2023)".
43. ^ "Schuman Security and Defence Forum: Keynote speech by High Representative/Vice-President Josep Borrell | EEAS Website".
44. ^ "EU is preparing mission to Moldova to make it more resistant to hybrid threats, - Borrell".
45. ^ "Moldova: EU sets up a civilian mission to strengthen the resilience of the security sector - Consilium". Retrieved 22 May 2023.
46. ^ "EU sending anti-coup mission to Moldova in May". 31 March 2023.
47. ^ "Foreign Affairs Council: Press remarks by High Representative Josep Borrell upon arrival | EEAS". www.eeas.europa.eu. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
48. ^ "EU sending anti-coup mission to Moldova in May". EUobserver. 31 March 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
49. ^ "Мажейкс: Миссия правительственной поддержки РМ направлена на борьбу с гибридными угрозами". point.md. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
50. ^ Rettman, Andrew (30 March 2011). "Russian decision boosts Moldova's EU entry prospects". EU Observer.
51. ^ "Gagauzia Voters Reject Closer EU Ties For Moldova". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 3 February 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
52. ^ "Concerned About EU Integration, Moldova's Gagauz Region Holds Disputed Referendum". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2 February 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
53. ^ "Public Opinion Survey: Residents of Moldova" (PDF). June 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
54. ^ a b "Cercetare IPN - Septembrie 2014" (PDF). IMAS. September 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
55. ^ a b "Cercetare IPN - Noiembrie 2014" (PDF). IMAS. November 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
56. ^ "Poll shows rising support for EU membership in Moldova". bne IntelliNews. 10 March 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
57. ^ "Moldovans opinion on the war between Russia and Ukraine – Magenta Consulting - Cercetări, Consultanță și Strategie Marketing". Magenta Consulting - Cercetări, Consultanță și Strategie Marketing. 9 March 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
58. ^ "Sondaj: Câți cetățeni susțin aderarea Republicii Moldova la NATO". Știri. 31 May 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.

## External links[edit]

* europa.eu foreign relations Moldova-EU
* Delegation of the European Commission to Moldova site
* www.mfa.md - Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Moldova RM-EU relations page
* EU-Moldova Negotiations: what is to be discussed, what could be achieved? document

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