Momentum (finance)

Term in finance

This article is about the concept related to asset prices. For other uses of momentum in finance, see Momentum (disambiguation).

In finance, momentum is the empirically observed tendency for rising asset prices or securities return to rise further, and falling prices to keep falling. For instance, it was shown that stocks with strong past performance continue to outperform stocks with poor past performance in the next period with an average excess return of about 1% per month.[1][2] Momentum signals (e.g., 52-week high) have been used by financial analysts in their buy and sell recommendations.[3]

The existence of momentum is a market anomaly, which finance theory struggles to explain. The difficulty is that an increase in asset prices, in and of itself, should not warrant further increase. Such increase, according to the efficient-market hypothesis, is warranted only by changes in demand and supply or new information (cf. fundamental analysis). Students of financial economics have largely attributed the appearance of momentum to cognitive biases, which belong in the realm of behavioral economics. The explanation is that investors are irrational,[4][5] in that they underreact to new information by failing to incorporate news in their transaction prices. However, much as in the case of price bubbles, other research has argued that momentum can be observed even with perfectly rational traders.[6]

## See also

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* Factor investing
* Carhart four-factor model
* Momentum investing
* Technical analysis

## References

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1. ^ Jegadeesh, N; Titman S (1999). "Profitability of Momentum Strategies: An Evaluation of Alternative Explanations". NBER Working Paper (7159).
2. ^ Jegadeesh, N; Titman S (1993). "Returns to Buying Winners and Selling Losers: Implications for Stock Market Efficiency". Journal of Finance. 48 (48): 65–91\. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1993.tb04702.x. S2CID 13713547.
3. ^ Low, R.K.Y.; Tan, E. (2016). "The Role of Analysts' Forecasts in the Momentum Effect" (PDF). International Review of Financial Analysis. 48: 67–84\. doi:10.1016/j.irfa.2016.09.007.
4. ^ Daniel, K; Hirschleifer D; Subrahmanyam A (1998). "A Theory of Overconfidence, Self-Attribution, and Security Market Under and Over-reactions". Journal of Finance (53). doi:10.2139/ssrn.2017. hdl:2027.42/35542. S2CID 155014440.
5. ^ Barberis, N; Shleifer A; Vishny R (1998). "A Model of Investor Sentiment". Journal of Financial Economics. 49 (49): 307–343\. doi:10.1016/S0304-405X(98)00027-0. S2CID 17623242.
6. ^ Crombez, J (2001). "Momentum, Rational Agents and Efficient Markets". The Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets. 2 (2): 190–200\. doi:10.1207/S15327760JPFM0204_3. S2CID 155049349.

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Technical analysis

Concepts|

* Breakout
* Dead cat bounce
* Dow theory
* Elliott wave principle
* Market trend

Charts|

* Candlestick
* Renko
* Kagi
* Line
* Open-high-low-close
* Point and figure
* Line break

Patterns|

| Chart|

* Broadening top
* Cup and handle
* Double top and double bottom
* Flag and pennant
* Gap
* Head and shoulders
* Island reversal
* Price channels
* Triangle
* Triple top and triple bottom
* Wedge pattern

|

Candlestick|

| Simple|

* Doji

|

Complex|

* Hikkake pattern
* Morning star
* Three black crows
* Three white soldiers

Point and figure|

* Bull trap
* Bear trap

Indicators|

| Support &
resistance|

* Fibonacci retracement
* Pivot point (PP)

|

Trend|

* Average directional index (A.D.X.)
* Commodity channel index (CCI)
* Detrended price oscillator (DPO)
* Know sure thing oscillator (KST)
* Ichimoku Kinkō Hyō
* Moving average convergence/divergence (MACD)
* Mass index
* Moving average (MA)
* Parabolic SAR (SAR)
* Smart money index (SMI)
* Trend line
* Trix
* Vortex indicator (VI)

Momentum|

* Money flow index (MFI)
* Relative strength index (RSI)
* Stochastic oscillator
* True strength index (TSI)
* Ultimate oscillator
* Williams %R (%R)

Volume|

* Accumulation/distribution line
* Ease of movement (EMV)
* Force index (FI)
* Negative volume index (NVI)
* On-balance volume (OBV)
* Put/call ratio (PCR)
* Volume–price trend (VPT)

Volatility|

* Average true range (ATR)
* Bollinger Bands (BB)
* Donchian channel
* Keltner channel
* CBOE Market Volatility Index (VIX)
* Standard deviation (σ)

Breadth|

* Advance–decline line (ADL)
* Arms index (TRIN)
* McClellan oscillator

Other|

* Coppock curve
* Ulcer index

Analysts|

* John Bollinger
* Ned Davis
* Charles Dow
* Ralph Nelson Elliott
* Bob Farrell
* John Murphy
* Mark Hulbert

* v
* t
* e

Financial markets

Types of markets|

* Primary market
* Secondary market
* Third market
* Fourth market

Types of stocks|

* Common stock
* Golden share
* Preferred stock
* Restricted stock
* Tracking stock

Share capital|

* Authorised capital
* Issued shares
* Shares outstanding
* Treasury stock

Participants|

* Broker
* Floor broker
* Inter-dealer broker
* Broker-dealer
* Market maker
* Trader
* Floor trader
* Proprietary trader
* Quantitative analyst
* Investor
* Hedger
* Speculator
* Arbitrager
* Scalper
* Regulator

Trading venues|

* Exchange
* List of major stock exchanges
* Over-the-counter (off-exchange)
* Alternative trading system (ATS)
* Multilateral trading facility (MTF)
* Electronic communication network (ECN)
* Direct market access (DMA)
* Straight-through processing (STP)
* Dark pool (private exchange)
* Crossing network
* Liquidity aggregator

Stock valuation|

* Alpha
* Arbitrage pricing theory (APT)

* Beta
* Buffett indicator (Cap-to-GDP)
* Book value (BV)
* Capital asset pricing model (CAPM)
* Capital market line (CML)
* Dividend discount model (DDM)
* Dividend yield
* Earnings yield
* EV/EBITDA
* Fed model
* Net asset value (NAV)
* Security characteristic line
* Security market line (SML)
* T-model

Trading theories
and strategies|

* Algorithmic trading
* Buy and hold
* Contrarian investing
* Dollar cost averaging
* Efficient-market hypothesis (EMH)
* Fundamental analysis
* Growth stock
* Market timing
* Modern portfolio theory (MPT)
* Momentum investing
* Mosaic theory
* Pairs trade
* Post-modern portfolio theory (PMPT)
* Random walk hypothesis (RMH)
* Sector rotation
* Style investing
* Swing trading
* Technical analysis
* Trend following
* Value averaging
* Value investing

Related terms|

* Bid–ask spread
* Block trade
* Cross listing
* Dividend
* Dual-listed company
* DuPont analysis
* Efficient frontier
* Financial law
* Flight-to-quality
* Government bond
* Greenspan put
* Haircut
* Initial public offering (IPO)
* Long
* Mandatory offer
* Margin
* Market anomaly
* Market capitalization
* Market depth
* Market manipulation
* Market trend
* Mean reversion
* Momentum
* Open outcry
* Order book
* Position
* Public float
* Public offering
* Rally
* Returns-based style analysis
* Reverse stock split
* Share repurchase
* Short selling
* Short squeeze
* Slippage
* Speculation
* Squeeze-out
* Stock dilution
* Stock exchange
* Stock market index
* Stock split
* Stock swap
* Trade
* Tender offer
* Uptick rule
* Volatility
* Voting interest
* Yield

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