Monarchy of Belize

King of Belize

Coat of arms of Belize

Incumbent
Charles III
since 8 September 2022
Details
Style| His Majesty
Heir apparent| William, Prince of Wales
First monarch| Elizabeth II
Formation| 21 September 1981

The monarchy of Belize is a system of government in which a hereditary monarch is the sovereign and head of state of Belize. The current Belizean monarch and head of state since 8 September 2022, is King Charles III. As sovereign, he is the personal embodiment of the Belizean Crown. Although the person of the sovereign is shared with 14 other independent countries within the Commonwealth of Nations, each country's monarchy is separate and legally distinct. As a result, the current monarch is officially titled King of Belize and, in this capacity, he and other members of the royal family undertake public and private functions as representatives of the Belizean state. However, the King is the only member of the royal family with any constitutional role.

All executive authority is vested in the monarch, and royal assent is required for the National Assembly to enact laws and for letters patent and Orders in Council to have legal effect. Most of the powers are exercised by the elected members of parliament, government ministers, and judges. Other powers vested in the monarch are significant but are treated only as reserve powers and as an important security part of the role of the monarchy.

The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power. While some powers are exercisable only by the sovereign, most of the monarch's operational and ceremonial duties are exercised by his representative, the governor-general of Belize.

## Origins

[edit]

Further information: British Honduras

> Her Majesty The Queen played an important role in the existence of Belize. Had we not been under her realm, we would not be Belize. We would have been swallowed by another nation.[1]

Former Government Minister Hector Silva, 2022

In 1836, after the emancipation of Central America from Spanish rule, the British claimed the right to administer the region nowadays known as Belize. In 1862, the Settlement of Belize in the Bay of Honduras was declared a British colony called British Honduras, and the crown's representative was elevated to a lieutenant governor, subordinate to the governor of Jamaica.[2]

Under a new constitution, the United Kingdom granted British Honduras self-governance in 1964. On 1 June 1973, British Honduras was officially renamed Belize.[3] Independence from the United Kingdom was granted on 21 September 1981, following the signing of the Belize Independence Order in 1981 by Queen Elizabeth II, which made Belize a sovereign state and an independent constitutional monarchy.[4][5]

Prince Michael of Kent represented the Queen at the independence celebrations.[6][7] In the capital, Belmopan, in the morning of 21 September, Prince Michael handed the instruments of independence to George Price, who became the prime minister of the newly independent country. Elmira Minita Gordon, a sociologist, was appointed governor-general of Belize by the Queen the same day,[8] who upon assuming office became the first female governor-general in Commonwealth history.[9]

## The Belizean Crown and its aspects

[edit]

Further information: Commonwealth realm § Relationship of the realms

> Your Majesty, the people of Belize welcome you into our hearts and our homes, our land is your land, our homes are your homes. Together we are the historical ideals of the Belizean experience, which make this land of the free by the Carib sea, truly a tranquil haven of democracy.[10]

Prime Minister Manuel Esquivel, addressing Queen Elizabeth II of Belize, 1985

The sovereign of Belize is shared with 14 other Commonwealth realms, members of the Commonwealth of Nations that share the same person as sovereign. However, the monarch's relationship with Belize is completely independent from his position as monarch of any other realm. Despite sharing the same person as their respective national monarch, each of the Commonwealth realms is sovereign and independent of the others.[11]

Since independence in 1981, the Belizean Crown has had both a shared and a separate character and the sovereign's role as monarch of Belize is distinct to his or her position as monarch of any other realm, including the United Kingdom.[12][13] Only Belizean ministers can advise the sovereign on matters of the Belizean state.[13][14][15] The monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution and in Belize became a Belizean, or "domesticated" establishment.[16][17]

This division is illustrated in a number of ways: The sovereign, for example, holds a unique Belizean title and,[18] when he is acting in public specifically as a representative of Belize, he uses, where possible, Belizean symbols, including the country's national flag and the like.[citation needed]

The flag of the governor-general of Belize, featuring St Edward's Crown in the centre, and a crowned lion on top.

In Belize, the legal personality of the state is referred to as the "Crown in Right of Belize", or "His Majesty in right of His Government in Belize", or the "Crown in right of His Majesty's Government in Belize".[19][20]

### Title

[edit]

In Belize, the King's official title is: Charles the Third, by the Grace of God, King of Belize and of His Other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth.[21][22][23]

This style communicates Belize's status as an independent monarchy, highlighting the sovereign's role specifically as Sovereign of Belize, as well as the shared aspect of the Crown throughout the Commonwealth realms. Typically, the sovereign is styled "King of Belize", and is addressed as such when in Belize.[18]

### Succession

[edit]

Further information: Succession to the British throne

William, Prince of Wales, the current heir apparent to the Belizean throne, with Governor-General Dame Froyla Tzalam, 2023

Like some realms, Belize defers to United Kingdom law to determine the line of succession.[24]

Succession is by absolute primogeniture governed by the provisions of the Succession to the Crown Act 2013, as well as the Act of Settlement 1701, and the Bill of Rights 1689. This legislation limits the succession to the natural (i.e. non-adopted), legitimate descendants of Sophia, Electress of Hanover, and stipulates that the monarch cannot be a Roman Catholic, and must be in communion with the Church of England upon ascending the throne. Though these constitutional laws, as they apply to Belize, still lie within the control of the British parliament, both the United Kingdom and Belize cannot change the rules of succession without the unanimous consent of the other realms, unless explicitly leaving the shared monarchy relationship; a situation that applies identically in all the other realms, and which has been likened to a treaty amongst these countries.[25]

External videos

Commemoration Service held in honour of HM Queen Elizabeth II
Source: Love FM.

Upon a demise of the Crown (the death or abdication of a sovereign), it is customary for the accession of the new monarch to be proclaimed by the governor-general in the capital, Belmopan, after the accession. Regardless of any proclamations, the late sovereign's heir immediately and automatically succeeds, without any need for confirmation or further ceremony. An appropriate period of mourning also follows, during which flags across the country are flown at half-mast to honour the late monarch.[26] The day of the funeral is likely to be a public holiday.[27] A memorial service commemorating the late monarch is likely to be held at St. John's Cathedral, Belize City.[28]

## Constitutional role and royal prerogative

[edit]

Governor-General Sir Colville Young and President Tsai Ing-wen of Taiwan converse under a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, 2018

The Belizean Constitution gives Belize a similar parliamentary system of government as the other Commonwealth realms, in which all powers of the state are constitutionally reposed in the monarch, who is represented by the governor-general of Belize; appointed by the monarch upon the advice of the prime minister of Belize. The monarch's domestic duties are performed by this vice-regal representative.[29]

The role of the monarch and the governor-general is both legal and practical; the Crown is regarded as a corporation, in which several parts share the authority of the whole, with the monarch as the person at the centre of the constitutional construct.[30]

### Executive

[edit]

The governor-general is responsible for appointing a prime minister,[31] who thereafter heads the Cabinet and advises the monarch or governor-general on how to execute their executive powers over all aspects of government operations and foreign affairs. The monarch is informed by the governor-general of the acceptance of the resignation of a prime minister and the swearing-in of a new prime minister and members of the ministry.[32]

The governor-general also appoints and dismisses ministers, members of various executive agencies, and other officials, including senators.[31][33]

There are also a few duties which must be specifically performed by the monarch, such as signing the appointment papers of governors-general.[34]

As all executive authority of Belize is vested in the sovereign,[31] the institutions of government are said to act under his authority; hence, the government of Belize is formally referred to as "His Majesty's Government in Belize".[20]

### Foreign affairs

[edit]

U.S. Ambassador to Belize Michelle Kwan presenting her credentials to Governor-General Dame Froyla Tzalam, 2022

The Royal Prerogative also extends to foreign affairs: the sovereign or the governor-general may negotiate and ratify treaties, alliances, and international agreements; no parliamentary approval is required. However, a treaty cannot alter the domestic laws of Belize; an Act of Parliament is necessary in such cases. The governor-general, on behalf of the monarch, also accredits Belizean High Commissioners and ambassadors, and receives diplomats from foreign states.[35][36]

In addition, the issuance of passports falls under the Royal Prerogative and, as such, all Belizean passports are issued in the governor-general's name, the monarch's vice-regal representative.[37]

### National Assembly

[edit]

The governor-general is responsible for summoning the two Houses of the National Assembly and may at any time prorogue or dissolve the National Assembly.[33] At the opening of a new parliamentary session, the governor-general reads the Speech from the Throne, outlining the government's legislative agenda.[38][29] A general election follows dissolution, the writs for which are issued by the governor-general at Belize House.[39]

> Your presence in this Honourable House of Representatives intensifies our faith in the principles of constitutional democracy, which are the pillars of Your Majesty's Government in Belize, and which guide the deliberations of this National Assembly.[40]

Bernard Q. Pitts, Speaker of the House of Representatives addressing the Queen of Belize, 1994

Mace of the National Assembly of Belize

Because the Belizean monarchy is a constitutional one, the powers that are constitutionally the monarch's are exercised almost wholly upon the advice of her prime minister and the ministers of the Crown in Cabinet, who are, in turn, accountable to the democratically elected House of Representatives, and through it, to the people. The monarch's role, and thereby the viceroy's role, is almost entirely symbolic and cultural, acting as a symbol of the legal authority under which all governments and agencies operate. In exceptional circumstances, however, the monarch or viceroy can act against such advice based upon his or her reserve powers.[30]

All laws in Belize are enacted with the viceroy's signature.[29] The granting of a signature to a bill is known as Royal Assent; it, and proclamation, are required for all acts of parliament, usually granted or withheld by the governor-general, with the Public Seal of Belize.[41]

The authority of the Crown is embodied in the mace of the House of Representatives, which bears a crown at its apex; unlike other bicameral realms, however, the Belizean legislature only has a mace for the lower house.[42]

### Courts

[edit]

The sovereign is responsible for rendering justice to all his subjects, and is thus traditionally deemed the fount of justice.[43] In Belize, criminal offences are legally deemed to be offences against the sovereign and proceedings for indictable offences are brought in the sovereign's name in the form of The King [or Queen] versus [Name].[44][45][46][47] Hence, the common law holds that the sovereign "can do no wrong", and the monarch cannot be prosecuted in his or her own courts for criminal offences.[48]

> As your Sovereign, I am proud to associate myself with your determination that social justice and personal freedom should flourish under the rule of law.[40]

Elizabeth II of Belize, 1994

The appointment of the chief justice of Belize, and other justices of the Supreme Court also falls under the Royal Prerogative, and these duties are assigned to the governor-general by the Constitution.[49]

The governor-general can also grant immunity from prosecution, exercise the "prerogative of mercy", and pardon offences against the Crown. Pardons may be awarded before, during, or after a trial. The exercise of the 'Prerogative of Mercy' to grant a pardon and the commutation of prison sentences in described in section 52 of the Belizean Constitution.[31]

## Cultural role

[edit]

Queen Elizabeth II's personal flag flying at the Sovereign's Day parade in Belize City, 2019

Belize celebrates the birthday of its monarch every year in May. The day is known as Sovereign's Day, and is marked by parades in Belize City, although it is not an official public holiday, like in the UK.[50] Horse races, conducted by the National Sports Council, are held in Belize City's National Stadium and Orange Walk Town's People's Stadium. A cycling race, also arranged by the National Sports Council, is held between the cities of Belmopan and Cayo. There is a flag-raising ceremony among other events held at schools and universities to commemorate Sovereign's Day.[51][52][53]

### The Crown and Honours

[edit]

Within the Commonwealth realms, the monarch is deemed the fount of honour.[54] Similarly, the monarch, as Sovereign of Belize, confers awards and honours in Belize in his name. Most of them are often awarded on the advice of "His Majesty's Belize Ministers".[55][56] Investitures are conducted by the governor-general on behalf of the sovereign.[57]

Through the passage of the National Honours and Awards Act, Belize established three national orders on 16 August 1991: the Order of Belize, the Order of Distinction, and the Order of the National Hero. The monarch's representative, the governor-general serves as chancellor of all these orders.[58]

### The Crown and the Defence Force

[edit]

The rank insignia of a Belizean Colonel (left), Lieutenant-Colonel (centre), and Major (right) of the Belize Defence Force featuring the St Edward's Crown

The Crown sits at the pinnacle of the Belize Defence Force. The monarch is the Commander-in-Chief of the entire Forces.[59] The Crown of St. Edward appears on Belize Defence Force badges and rank insignia, which illustrates the monarchy as the locus of authority.[60]

Under the Belizean Defence Act, every member of the Belize Defence Force must swear allegiance to the monarch of Belize, on taking office. The current oath is:[61]

> "I, (name), do sincerely promise and swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Our Sovereign Lord the King and to His constitutionally Elected Government in Belize and that I will faithfully serve His Majesty in the Belize Defence Force until lawfully discharged, dismissed or removed, and that I will resist His Majesty's enemies and defend and protect all His Majesty's subjects and territory in Belize and cause His Majesty's peace to be kept and maintained and that I will in all matters appertaining to my service faithfully discharge my duties according to law."

### The Crown and the Police Force

[edit]

The badge of the Belize Police Department featuring the Crown

Every member of the Belize Police Department has to swear allegiance to the monarch of Belize, on taking office. Under the Police Act of Belize, every police officer must make the following declaration on joining the Department:[62]

> "I, (name), do solemnly and sincerely declare that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to His Majesty, King Charles the Third, His Heirs and Successors, and that I will faithfully serve His Majesty the King, His Heirs and Successors, during my service in the Department and will obey all orders of the Governor-General and of the officers placed over me, and will subject myself to all Acts, Orders and Regulations, from time to time in force, relating to the Department."

All riot proclamations are also issued in the monarch's name and end with the phrase "God Save the King".[63][64]

St Edward's Crown is used on the badge of the Belize Police Department, and is incorporated into the rank insignias for commissioner, senior superintendent, and superintendent.[65]

### Royal symbols

[edit]

A Belizean 50-cent coin with an effigy of Elizabeth II on the obverse

The main symbol of the Belizean monarchy is the sovereign himself. Thus, framed portraits of him are displayed in public buildings and government offices. Many Belizeans also keep portraits of the royal family in their homes.[66] All Belizean coins feature a crowned effigy of the monarch. All banknotes of the Belizean dollar feature the monarch's portrait on the obverse.[67] The monarch also appears on commemorative Belizean stamps.[68]

A crown is also used to illustrate the monarchy as the locus of authority, appearing on police force, postal workers, prison officers, and Belize Defence Force regimental and maritime badges and rank insignia.

God Save the King is the royal anthem of Belize.[69]

Under the Belizean Oath of Citizenship, new Belizean citizens have to take a pledge of allegiance to the monarch of Belize, and his heirs and successors.[70]

### Royal visits

[edit]

External videos

A Look Back At Past Royal Visits
Source: Channel 5 Belize.

#### 20th century

[edit]

Princess Margaret visited Belize in 1958.[71] The Duke of Edinburgh visited in 1962.[72] Prince Michael of Kent represented the Queen at the independence celebrations in September 1981.[6]

Elizabeth II, Queen of Belize, visited the country in October 1985. She was welcomed by the mayor and given the key to Belize City. She spent the night in Government House before flying to Dangriga the following day where she watched a Junkanoo Dance by children and received a painting from the people of the Stann Creek District. She also met British Servicemen and women stationed in Belize.[73] During the visit, the Queen was served the famous gibnut during an official dinner. The next day, the British press in London ran headlines: "Queen Eats Rat in Belize". Ever since, the gibnut has often been referred to as "The Royal Rat", or "The Queen's Rat" in Belize.[74][75]

> Belize is the only one of my eighteen realms that I have not visited before and I have been looking forward to this moment for a long time.[76]

Elizabeth II of Belize, 1985

The Duke of Edinburgh returned in 1988 for a solo visit in his capacity as President of the World Wide Fund for Nature.[71]

The Queen visited again in 1994. On her arrival at the airport in Belize City, she was greeted by 90% of the city's population. The Queen also visited the towns of San Ignacio, Punta Gorda, and Cahal Pech, one of Belize's many Mayan archaeological sites. The Queen attended a special sitting of the National Assembly, where she addressed the body for the first time and spoke of Belize's "robust democracy". The Queen also noted in her speech that this was the first occasion in which she had been welcomed by a song both written and performed by a governor-general.[40][71]

#### 21st century

[edit]

> I bring to you warmest greetings from The Queen of Belize, whose Diamond Jubilee we are celebrating here tonight. Her Majesty has asked me to send her good wishes to you all. She remembers so fondly her visits to this beautiful realm and speaks of the warmth of welcome she received on her most recent visit in 1994.[77]

Prince Henry of Wales, 2012

The Princess Royal visited Belize in April 2001. The Princess visited the National Assembly of Belize at Belmopan, and the Belize Defence Force, Price Barracks, Ladyville, Belize City. During her visit, The Princess also visited San Lazaro Village Roman Catholic Primary School at Orange Walk, the Mennonite Community at Blue Creek Village, the Rio Bravo Conservation and Management Area, Marla's House of Hope, NOPCA Saves – Children's Home (National Organisation for the Prevention of Child Abuse), Belize Zoo, and the Commonwealth War Graves at Lord's Ridge Cemetery at Belize City.[78]

In 2012, Prince Harry visited on the Queen's behalf to mark her Diamond Jubilee. During his visit, the Prince visited the remains of the ancient Mayan city of Xunantunich, launched a canoe named in honour of the Queen, and attended officially naming of the 'Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II Boulevard' in Belmopan.[71]

> I am honoured to convey the very warmest wishes from my grandmother, The Queen of Belize, on the occasion of her Platinum Jubilee. She always speaks so fondly of her visits to Belize, which of course included a memorable stop here at Cahal Pech in 1994. And she may have mentioned something about a gibnut.[79]

The Duke of Cambridge, 2022

The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge visited in March 2022 on the occasion of the Queen's Platinum Jubilee. During their visit, the couple visited Mayan sites, explored Belize's Maya chocolate making, and celebrated the culture of the Garifuna community in Hopkins. The Duke and Duchess also learned about the restoration efforts of Belize's barrier reef being led by communities across the country,[80] and scuba-dived to learn more about the second-largest barrier reef in the world.[81] At the reception hosted by Governor-General Dame Froyla Tzalam in celebration of the Queen's Platinum Jubilee, the Duke said, "Now we know why Belize is so lovingly referred to as the Jewel. We hope to return again soon and to show our children this wonderful country. They are rather jealous that they're not here with us now".[82] A visit to a Maya village in southern Belize was also planned, but was cancelled due to local protests.[83]

## Debate

[edit]

In March 2022, the government of Belize set up the People's Constitutional Commission to review the laws of Belize, including the constitution, as well as the way the country is governed.[84] Prime Minister Johnny Briceño has said that he will bring about a referendum on the commission's broad recommendations, which are due in 2024.[85]

In May 2023, Briceño suggested that it was "quite likely" that Belize would be the next Commonwealth realm to become a republic.[86] Briceño did not say if he would introduce a bill for a referendum on becoming a republic, which would need parliamentary approval.[87]

An opinion poll conducted in February and March 2023 found that 48 per cent of respondents supported the continuation of Belize's monarchy, against 43 per cent who supported a republic. Seventy one per cent of those who stated they preferred to keep the Crown said the monarchy was a "good thing" for the country.[88]

## List of Belizean monarchs

[edit]

Portrait  | Regnal name
(Birth–Death) | Reign over Belize  | Full name  | Consort  | House

|
|
|
|
|

Start  | End
| Elizabeth II
(1926–2022) | 21 September 1981  | 8 September 2022  | Elizabeth Alexandra Mary  | Philip Mountbatten | Windsor
Governors-general: Dame Elmira Minita Gordon, Sir Colville Young, Dame Froyla Tzalam
Prime ministers: George Cadle Price, Sir Manuel Esquivel, Said Musa, Dean Barrow, Johnny Briceño
| Charles III
(b. 1948) | 8 September 2022  | present | Charles Phillip Arthur George  | Camilla Shand | Windsor
Governors-general: Dame Froyla Tzalam
Prime ministers: Johnny Briceño

## See also

[edit]

* Belize portal
* Monarchy portal

* Lists of office-holders
* List of prime ministers of Elizabeth II
* List of prime ministers of Charles III
* List of Commonwealth visits made by Elizabeth II
* Monarchies in the Americas
* List of monarchies

## Footnotes

[edit]

1. ^ "London Bridge is Down". Channel 5 Belize. Retrieved 1 October 2022 - via YouTube.
2. ^ Bolland, Nigel. "Belize: Historical Setting". In A Country Study: Belize (Tim Merrill, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (January 1992). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
3. ^ "Belize". CARICOM. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
4. ^ Leslie Jermyn, Jui Lin Yong, Jason Brainard (2020), Belize, Cavendish Square Publishing LLC, p. 31, ISBN 9781502655745`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
5. ^ "The Belize Independence Order 1981" (PDF). legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
6. ^ a b "The Prince". Prince Michael of Kent. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
7. ^ Thomas Streissguth (2009), Belize in Pictures, Twenty-First Century Books, p. 34, ISBN 9781575059587
8. ^ "Belize Celebrates its Independence". The New York Times. 22 September 1981. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
9. ^ Dame Elmira Minita Gordon, trailblazing educator and first Governor-General, dead at 90, breakingbelizenews.com. 2 January 2021. Accessed 28 November 2022.
10. ^ The New Belize: Volumes 14–15, Government Information Service, 1984, p. 3
11. ^ The English Court of Appeal ruled in 1982, while "there is only one person who is the Sovereign within the British Commonwealth... in matters of law and government the Queen of the United Kingdom, for example, is entirely independent and distinct from the Queen of Canada." R v Foreign Secretary; Ex parte Indian Association, QB 892 at 928; as referenced in High Court of Australia: Sue v Hill [1999] HCA 30; 23 June 1999; S179/1998 and B49/1998
12. ^ R v Foreign Secretary, Ex parte Indian Association (as referenced in High Court of Australia: Sue v Hill [1999] HCA 30; 23 June 1999; S179/1998 and B49/1998), QB 892 at 928 (English Court of Appeal June 1999).
13. ^ a b Royal Household. "The Queen and Commonwealth > Other Caribbean Realms". Queen's Printer.
14. ^ The Queen's role in Belize
15. ^ Vernon Bogdanor (1995), The Monarchy and the Constitution, Clarendon Press, p. 279, ISBN 9780191520891
16. ^ Mallory, J.R. (August 1956). "Seals and Symbols: From Substance to Form in Commonwealth Equality". The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science. 22 (3). Montreal: Blackwell Publishing: 281–291\. doi:10.2307/138434. ISSN 0008-4085. JSTOR 138434.281-291&rft.date=1956-08&rft.issn=0008-4085&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/138434#id-name=JSTOR&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307/138434&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Monarchy+of+Belize" class="Z3988">
17. ^ Nathan Tidridge (2011), Canada's Constitutional Monarchy: An Introduction to Our Form of Government, Dundurn, p. 205, ISBN 9781554889808, "The Crown is an institution that has grown to become specific to the country in which it now finds itself planted. No longer just a British monarchy, the Crown is separately a Jamaican monarchy, Tuvaluan monarchy, Canadian monarchy, et cetera."
18. ^ a b Coates, Colin Macmillan (2006). Majesty in Canada. p. 143\. ISBN 978-1-55002-586-6.
19. ^ "The Constitution of Belize" (PDF). belizelaw.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
20. ^ a b "Crown Proceedings Act" (PDF). belizelaw.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
21. ^ Queen and Belize Archived 1 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine
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23. ^ Robert Hickey (2023), Honor and Respect: The Official Guide to Names, Titles, and Forms of Address, University of Chicago Press, p. 449, ISBN 9780226830674
24. ^ Clegg, Nick (26 March 2015), Commencement of Succession to the Crown Act 2013 :Written statement – HCWS490, London: Queen's Printer, retrieved 26 March 2015
25. ^ Justice Rouleau in a 2003 court ruling wrote that "Union under the ... Crown together with other Commonwealth countries [is a] constitutional principle". O’Donohue v. Canada, 2003 CanLII 41404 (ON S.C.)
26. ^ "Long Live the King". Channel5Belize.com. 9 September 2022.
27. ^ "Gov't of Belize Declares One-Time Holiday To Observe Queen's Funeral". 7 News. 13 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
28. ^ "Memorial service in honour of Queen Elizabeth II to be held on Saturday". Breaking Belize News. 21 October 2022.
29. ^ a b c "People in Parliamnet: Governor-General". National Assembly of Belize. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
30. ^ a b Cox, Noel; Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law: Black v Chrétien: Suing a Minister of the Crown for Abuse of Power, Misfeasance in Public Office and Negligence; Volume 9, Number 3 (September 2002)
31. ^ a b c d "Part V: The Executive". Belize Law.
32. ^ "Belize". Royal.uk. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
33. ^ a b "Part VI: The Legislature". Belize Law.
34. ^ Julio A. Fernandez (1989), Belize: Case Study for Democracy in Central America, Avebury, p. 48, ISBN 9780566057212
35. ^ "Presentation of Credentials". Government of Belize Press Office. 18 March 2018.
36. ^ "Presentation of Credentials". Government of Belize Press Office. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
37. ^ Passports
38. ^ Amelia D. Poornananda (1995), The Office of the Governor-General of Belize: A Booklet of Information, Belize House, p. 3
39. ^ "Governor General issues Writ of Election". Breaking Belize News. 29 September 2015.
40. ^ a b c "THE ROYAL VISIT TO BELIZE (22–24 FEBRUARY)" (PDF). 23 March 1994. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
41. ^ Belize (2000), Belize Government Gazette, Government Printery
42. ^ "Mace of the National Assembly". National Assembly of Belize. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
43. ^ Davis, Reginald (1976), Elizabeth, our Queen, Collins, p. 36, ISBN 9780002112338
44. ^ "Courts order proceedings in the name of the new King". Breaking Belize News. 8 September 2022.
45. ^ "The Queen v Marco Suazo" (PDF). belizejudiciary.org. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
46. ^ "The Queen v Mr. Elmer Javier Carillo" (PDF). belizejudiciary.org. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
47. ^ "The Queen v Keyron Gibson" (PDF). belizejudiciary.org. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
48. ^ Halsbury's Laws of England, volume 12(1): "Crown Proceedings and Crown Practice", paragraph 101
49. ^ "Part VII: The Judiciary". Belize Law.
50. ^ "Public and Bank Holidays, 2022 (Updated)". Government of Belize Press Office. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
51. ^ "Holidays Act" (PDF). Retrieved 10 January 2022.
52. ^ Kate Joynes-Burgess (2010), Explorer's Guide Belize: A Great Destination, Countryman Press, p. 60, ISBN 9781581578522
53. ^ "Sovereign's Day". Retrieved 10 January 2022.
54. ^ Commonwealth Journal: The Journal of the Royal Commonwealth Society · Volumes 12–14, Royal Commonwealth Society, 1969, p. 99
55. ^ "No. 58736". The London Gazette (8th supplement). 14 June 2008. pp. 43–44.43-44&rft.date=2008-06-14&rft_id=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/58736/supplement/43&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Monarchy+of+Belize" class="Z3988">
56. ^ "No. 60735". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 2013. p. 53.
57. ^ "Belizeans Appointed to the Order of the British Empire". Government of Belize Press Office. 9 November 2022.
58. ^ World Orders of Knighthood and Merit: Volume 1, Burke's Peerage & Gentry, 2006, p. 882, ISBN 9780971196674
59. ^ "Belize Defence Force welcomes new commander on its 40th anniversary". The San Pedro Sun. 2 February 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
60. ^ "Belize Defence Force". The International Encyclopedia of Uniform Insignia. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
61. ^ "Defence Act" (PDF). Retrieved 3 December 2021.
62. ^ "Police Act" (PDF). Retrieved 22 January 2022.
63. ^ God Save the King archived
64. ^ "Belize Criminal Code Chapter 101" (PDF). Belizelaw.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
65. ^ "Rank Insignia". The Belize Police Department. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019.
66. ^ Geneviève Escure (1997), Creole and Dialect Continua Standard Acquisition Processes in Belize and China (PRC), John Benjamins Publishing Company, p. 68, ISBN 9789027275868
67. ^ Thomas Streissguth (2009), Belize in Pictures, Twenty-First Century Books, p. 68, ISBN 9781575059587
68. ^ "All Hail the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Stamps". edition.channel5belize.com. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
69. ^ The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2012, p. 79, ISBN 9780160911422
70. ^ "Belizean Nationality Act" (PDF). belizelaw.org. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
71. ^ a b c d "Royal visits". Royal.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
72. ^ The Illustrated London News: Volume 240, Illustrated London News & Sketch Limited, 1962, p. 595
73. ^ Royal visits
74. ^ Kema Irogbe (2014), The Effects of Globalization in Latin America, Africa, and Asia: A Global South Perspective, Lexington Books, p. 104, ISBN 9780739187708
75. ^ Belize, APA Publications, 2003, p. 96, ISBN 9789812349361
76. ^ The New Belize: Volumes 14–15, Government Information Service, 1984, p. 4
77. ^ "A speech by Prince Harry at a Diamond Jubilee street naming ceremony in Belize". The Royal Family. 3 March 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
78. ^ "April 2001". Royal.uk. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
79. ^ "Prince William and Kate arrive in Jamaica for royal tour amid protests – best photos". HELLO!. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
80. ^ The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge visit Belize, Jamaica and The Bahamas Royal.uk
81. ^ Duke and Duchess of Cambridge swim with sharks as Royal couple go diving in Belize
82. ^ "It's A Wrap for the Royals!". 7 News Belize. 22 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
83. ^ "Royal couple starts Caribbean tour dogged by protest in Belize". 19 March 2022.
84. ^ "Belize moving towards republicanism?". Loop News. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
85. ^ "Belize signals intention to remove Queen as head of state following royal visit". The Independent. 26 March 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
86. ^ Laughland, Oliver (4 May 2023). "Belize likely to become republic, says PM as he criticises Rishi Sunak". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
87. ^ "Belize PM signals possible break with British monarchy, the Guardian reports". Reuters. 4 May 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
88. ^ Polls (LordAshcroftPolls.com), Lord Ashcroft. "LORD ASHCROFT CORONATION POLL FINDS BELIZE WOULD VOTE TO KEEP MONARCHY". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved 10 June 2023.

## External links

[edit]

* Belize at The Royal Family website
* Government of Belize: Governor-General of Belize
* Constitution of Belize

Articles related to the Belizean monarchy

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Belize articles

History|

* Pre-Columbian
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Commonwealth realms and dominions

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Former|

* Barbados (monarchy)
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* Rhodesia2 (monarchy)
* Sierra Leone (monarchy)
* South Africa (monarchy)
* Tanganyika (monarchy)
* Trinidad and Tobago (monarchy)
* Uganda (monarchy)

1 Annexed by Canada in 1949
2 Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965, but this was not recognised internationally. Declared itself a republic in 1970.

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Monarchies

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Type|

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Topics|

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Current|

| Africa|

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* list

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Asia|

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Europe|

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Oceania|

* Tonga

Commonwealth realms|

* Antigua and Barbuda
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Former|

| Africa|

* Adamawa
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|

Americas|

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Asia|

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Europe|

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Oceania|

* Abemama
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* Easter Island
* Kingdom of Fiji
* Hawaii
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* Niuē-Fekai
* Nuku Hiva
* Raiatea
* Rapa Iti
* Rarotonga
* Rimatara
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* Tahuata
* Tahiti

Commonwealth realms|

* Barbados
* Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
* Fiji
* The Gambia
* Ghana
* Guyana
* India (British Raj, princely states)
* Irish Free State / Ireland
* Kenya
* Malawi
* Malta
* Mauritius
* Nigeria
* Pakistan
* Rhodesia
* Sierra Leone
* South Africa
* Tanganyika
* Trinidad and Tobago
* Uganda

* v
* t
* e

Monarchies in the Americas

Current|

* Commonwealth of Nations monarchies
* Antigua and Barbuda
* The Bahamas
* Belize
* Canada
* Grenada
* Jamaica
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* United Kingdom
* Denmark
* Netherlands

Former|

| Indigenous monarchies|

* Aymara
* Colla
* Lupaca
* Aztec
* Huetar
* Eastern Huetar
* Garabito
* Pacaca
* Toyopán
* Western Huetar
* Inca
* Cusco
* Inca
* Neo-Inca
* Maya
* Miskito
* Nicoya
* Talamanca

|

European monarchies
with colonies in the Americas|

* Courland and Semigallia
* France
* Portugal
* Russia
* Spain
* Sweden

Sovereign states|

* Barbados (1966–2021)
* Brazil (1822–1889)
* Guyana (1966–1970)
* Haiti
* 1804–06
* 1811–20
* 1849–59
* Mexico
* 1822–23
* 1864–67
* Trinidad and Tobago (1962–76)

Related|

* List of monarchs in the Americas
* List of the last monarchs in the Americas
* Kingdom of Redonda
* Afro-Bolivian monarchy
* Araucania and Patagonia

* v
* t
* e

Elizabeth II

Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms (1952–2022)

Realms|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Australia
* The Bahamas
* Barbados
* Belize
* Canada
* Ceylon
* Fiji
* The Gambia
* Ghana
* Grenada
* Guyana
* Jamaica
* Kenya
* Malawi
* Malta
* Mauritius
* New Zealand
* Nigeria
* Pakistan
* Papua New Guinea
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Sierra Leone
* Solomon Islands
* South Africa
* Tanganyika
* Trinidad and Tobago
* Tuvalu
* Uganda
* United Kingdom

Titles and
honours|

* Head of the Commonwealth
* Defender of the Faith
* Supreme Governor of the Church of England
* Head of the British Armed Forces
* Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces
* Head of the Armed Forces (New Zealand)
* Lord of Mann
* Duke of Normandy
* Royal Family Order
* Elizabeth Cross
* Elizabeth Emblem
* Queen's Official Birthday
* Flags

Family|

* Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (husband)
* Charles III (son)
* Anne, Princess Royal (daughter)
* Prince Andrew, Duke of York (son)
* Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh (son)
* George VI (father)
* Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (mother)
* Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (sister)
* Mountbatten-Windsor family

Early life|

* Christmas pantomimes
* 21st birthday speech
* Wedding
* Wedding dress
* Wedding cake

Accession and
coronation|

* Proclamation of accession
* Coronation
* Royal guests
* Participants in the procession
* Coronation chicken
* Coronation gown
* Medal
* Honours
* Award
* The Queen's Beasts
* Coronation Arches
* Orb and Sceptre
* "O taste and see"
* Treetops Hotel
* MacCormick v Lord Advocate

Reign|

* Household
* Personality and image
* Prime ministers
* Pillar Box War
* Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence
* Queen of Rhodesia
* Lithgow Plot
* 1975 Australian constitutional crisis
* Palace letters
* Marcus Sarjeant incident
* Christopher John Lewis incident
* Michael Fagan incident
* 1987 Fijian coups d'état
* 1992 Windsor Castle fire
* Annus horribilis
* Handover of Hong Kong
* Death of Diana, Princess of Wales
* 1999 Australian republic referendum
* Perth Agreement
* State Opening of Parliament
* 2021
* 2022

Jubilees|

| Silver Jubilee|

* Events
* Medal
* Honours
* Jubilee Gardens
* Jubilee line
* Jubilee Walkway

|

Ruby Jubilee|

* Queen's Anniversary Prizes

Golden Jubilee|

* Prom at the Palace
* Party at the Palace
* Medal
* Honours
* The Odyssey
* 2002 royal tour of Canada

Diamond Jubilee|

* Pageant
* Armed Forces Parade and Muster
* Thames Pageant
* Gloriana
* Spirit of Chartwell
* Concert
* Gibraltar Flotilla
* Medal
* Honours

Sapphire Jubilee|

Sapphire Jubilee Snowflake Brooch

Platinum Jubilee|

* Medal
* Beacons
* Elizabeth line
* Platinum Party at the Palace
* Pageant
* Platinum Jubilee Celebration: A Gallop Through History
* Trooping the Colour
* National Service of Thanksgiving
* Platinum Pudding
* The Queen's Green Canopy
* Platinum Jubilee Civic Honours
* The Bahamas Platinum Jubilee Sailing Regatta
* The Queen's Platinum Jubilee Concert
* Big Jubilee Read
* "Queenhood"
* Queen's Platinum Jubilee Gardens

Commonwealth
tours|

* Aden Colony
* Antigua and Barbuda
* Australia
* official openings
* Canada
* Ceylon
* Jamaica
* New Zealand
* Saint Lucia
* Sierra Leone

| Ships used|

* HMS Vanguard (23)
* SS Gothic (1947)
* HMY Britannia

|

State visits|

| Outgoing|

* State visit to Spain
* State visit to Russia
* State visit to Ireland

|

Incoming|

* Pope Benedict XVI
* President Michael D. Higgins
* President Xi Jinping

Broadcasts|

* Christmas messages
* Special addresses

Depictions|

| Books|

* The Little Princesses (1950)
* The BFG (1982)
* The Queen and I (1992)
* Queen Camilla (2006)
* The Uncommon Reader (2007)
* Winnie-the-Pooh Meets the Queen (2016)

|

Documentaries|

* Royal Journey (1951)
* A Queen Is Crowned (1953)
* Royal New Zealand Journey (1954)
* The Queen in Australia (1954)
* The Royal Tour of the Caribbean (1966)
* Royal Family (1969)
* Elizabeth R: A Year in the Life of the Queen (1992)
* Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work (2007)
* The Diamond Queen (2012)
* Elizabeth at 90: A Family Tribute (2016)
* The Coronation (2018)
* Elizabeth: A Portrait in Parts (2022)
* Elizabeth: The Unseen Queen (2022)

Fictionalised film
and television
depictions|

* Spitting Image (1984–96); (2020–21)
* The BFG (1989)
* A Question of Attribution (1992)
* Willi und die Windzors (1996)
* Her Majesty (2001)
* The Queen (2006)
* South Park: The Snuke (2007)
* The Queen (2009 TV serial)
* Happy and Glorious (2012)
* A Royal Night Out (2015)
* Minions (2015)
* The BFG (2016)
* The Crown (2016–23)
* The Queen's Corgi (2019)
* 2020 alternative Christmas message
* The Prince (2021)

Plays|

* A Question of Attribution (1988)
* The Audience (2013)
* Handbagged (2013)

Portraits|

* Herbert James Gunn (1950)
* William Dargie (1954)
* Pietro Annigoni (1955, 1969 and 1972)
* Andy Warhol (1985)
* Richard Stone (1992)
* Justin Mortimer (1997)
* Rolf Harris (2005)
* Ralph Heimans (2012)
* Damien Hirst (2014)
* Henry Ward (2016)
* Ai-Da (2022)

Stamps|

* Wilding series
* Canadian domestic rate stamp
* Castle series
* Country definitives
* Machin series (list)

Statues|

* Windsor
* Winnipeg
* Lagos
* Toronto
* York Minster
* Oakham
* Antrim
* Newcastle-under-Lyme
* Andover
* London (planned)

Songs|

* "God Save the Queen" (Sex Pistols song)
* "Her Majesty"

Animals|

| Corgis|

* Dookie
* Susan

|

Horses|

* Aureole
* Burmese
* Carrozza
* Dunfermline
* Estimate
* Height of Fashion
* Highclere
* Pall Mall
* Winston

Death|

* Reactions
* Queue for the lying-in-state
* State funeral
* Operation London Bridge
* Guests
* "Like as the hart"
* "Who shall separate us?"
* "Sleep, Dearie, Sleep"
* Queen Elizabeth II Memorial Day
* Honours

Related|

* Jewels
* Namesakes
* Sagana Lodge
* Villa Guardamangia
* Dorgi
* Children's Party at the Palace
* The Queen's Birthday Party
* Jeannette Charles
* Rosa 'Queen Elizabeth'
* Queen Elizabeth cake

* ← George VI
* Charles III →

* v
* t
* e

Charles III

King of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms (2022–present)

Realms|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Australia
* The Bahamas
* Belize
* Canada
* Grenada
* Jamaica
* New Zealand
* Papua New Guinea
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Solomon Islands
* Tuvalu
* United Kingdom

Titles and
honours|

* Head of the Commonwealth
* Defender of the Faith
* Supreme Governor of the Church of England
* Head of the Armed Forces
* Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces
* Head of the Armed Forces (New Zealand)
* Lord of Mann
* Duke of Normandy
* King's Official Birthday
* Flags
* Royal Family Order

Family|

* Camilla Shand (wife)
* Diana Spencer (former wife)
* William, Prince of Wales (elder son)
* Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex (younger son)
* Elizabeth II (mother)
* Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (father)
* Anne, Princess Royal (sister)
* Prince Andrew, Duke of York (brother)
* Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh (brother)
* Mountbatten-Windsor (family)

Life as Prince of Wales|

* Investiture
* Coronet
* First wedding
* guest list
* Second wedding
* Prince of Wales v Associated Newspapers Ltd
* black spider memos
* 2022 State Opening of Parliament
* 2022 royal tour of Canada

Accession and
coronation|

* Proclamation of accession (attendees)
* Coronation
* Medal
* Concert
* guest list
* Coronation quiche
* Scottish service

Reign|

* Household
* Prime ministers
* Operation Menai Bridge
* State and official visits made
* 2023 visits to France; Kenya; 2024 tour of Australia
* State visits received
* Trooping the Colour
* 2023
* 2024
* State Opening of Parliament
* 2023
* 2024

Charities
and campaigns|

* Mutton Renaissance Campaign
* The Prince's Charities
* British Asian Trust
* Business in the Community
* Children & the Arts
* In Kind Direct
* iwill Campaign
* The Royal Countryside Fund
* The King's Foundation
* The Prince's Foundation for Integrated Health
* The Prince's School of Traditional Arts
* King Charles III Charitable Fund
* Royal Drawing School
* Turquoise Mountain Foundation
* Youth Business Scotland
* The Prince's May Day Network
* King's Trust

Residences|

| As Prince of Wales|

* Clarence House (official)
* Highgrove House (private)
* Birkhall
* Llwynywermod

|

As King|

* Buckingham Palace (official)
* Windsor Castle (official)
* Holyrood Palace (official, Scotland)
* Hillsborough Castle (official, Northern Ireland)
* Sandringham House (private)
* Balmoral Castle (private)
* Craigowan Lodge (private)

Awards given
and created|

* List of awards received
* Prince of Wales's Intelligence Community Awards
* Prince of Wales Prize for Municipal Heritage Leadership
* The Sun Military Awards

Business ventures|

* Duchy Home Farm
* Dumfries House
* Highgrove House Shops
* Knockroon
* Nansledan
* Poundbury
* Waitrose Duchy Organic

Depictions|

| Televised addresses|

* Royal address to the nation
* Royal Christmas Message

|

Documentaries|

* Royal Family (1969)
* Charles: The Private Man, the Public Role (1994)
* Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work (2007)
* Elizabeth at 90: A Family Tribute (2016)
* Charles R: The Making of a Monarch (2023)
* Charles III: The Coronation Year (2023)

Film
and television|

* Chorus Girls (1981)
* Charles & Diana: A Royal Love Story (1982)
* The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana (1982)
* Spitting Image (1984–1996, 2020–2021)
* Charles and Diana: Unhappily Ever After (1992)
* Willi und die Windzors (1996)
* Whatever Love Means (2005)
* The Queen (2006 film)
* The Queen (2009 TV serial)
* King Charles III (2017 film)
* The Windsors (2016–2020 TV series)
* The Crown (2016–2023)
* The Prince (2021)
* Spencer (2021)

Plays|

* Her Royal Highness..? (1981)
* King Charles III (2014)
* Diana (2019/2021)
* The Windsors: Endgame (2021)

Portraits|

* Jonathan Yeo (2024)

Bibliography|

* The Old Man of Lochnagar (1980)
* A Vision of Britain: A Personal View of Architecture (1989)
* Harmony: A New Way of Looking at Our World (2010)
* Climate Change (2023)

Eponyms|

* Prince Charles Island
* Prince Charles Mountains
* Prince Charles stream tree frog

* ← Elizabeth II

* v
* t
* e

Heads of state and government of North America

Heads of state|

| Sovereign states|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Bahamas
* Barbados
* Belize
* Canada
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Dominica
* Dominican Republic
* El Salvador
* Grenada
* Guatemala
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Jamaica
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States

|

Heads of government|

| Sovereign states|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Bahamas
* Barbados
* Belize
* Canada
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Dominica
* Dominican Republic
* El Salvador
* Grenada
* Guatemala
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Jamaica
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States

|

* v
* t
* e

Current heads of state in Central American countries

* Charles III (Belize)
* Rodrigo Chaves Robles (Costa Rica)
* Nayib Bukele (El Salvador)
* Bernardo Arévalo (Guatemala)
* Xiomara Castro (Honduras)
* Daniel Ortega (Nicaragua)
* José Raúl Mulino (Panama)

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