Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet

Writing system of standard Mongolian in Mongolia

This article is about Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet. For other developments, see Mongolian writing systems. For the language, see Mongolian language.

See also: Cyrillic alphabets, Cyrillic script, and List of Cyrillic letters

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|

Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet

Монгол Кирилл үсэг

Script type|

Alphabet

Time period

| 1940s – present
Languages| Mongolian
Related scripts

Parent systems

Egyptian hieroglyphs[1]

* Proto-Sinaitic alphabet
* Phoenician alphabet
* Greek alphabet (partly Glagolitic alphabet)
* Early Cyrillic alphabet
* Russian alphabet
* Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet

ISO 15924
ISO 15924| Cyrl (220), ​Cyrillic
Unicode

Unicode alias

| Cyrillic

Unicode range

| subset of Cyrillic (U+0400...U+04FF)
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
The word 'Mongolia' ('Mongol') in Cyrillic script

The Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet (Mongolian: Монгол Кирилл үсэг, Mongol Kirill üseg or Кирилл цагаан толгой, Kirill tsagaan tolgoi) is the writing system used for the standard dialect of the Mongolian language in the modern state of Mongolia. It has a largely phonemic orthography, meaning that there is a fair degree of consistency in the representation of individual sounds. Cyrillic has not been adopted as the writing system in the Inner Mongolia region of China, which continues to use the traditional Mongolian script.

## History

[edit]

Mongolian Cyrillic is the most recent of the many writing systems that have been used for Mongolian. It uses the same characters as the Russian alphabet except for the two additional characters Өө ⟨ö⟩ and Үү ⟨ü⟩.

It was introduced in the 1940s in the Mongolian People's Republic under Soviet influence,[2] after two months in 1941 where Latin was used as the official script, while Latinisation in the Soviet Union was in vogue. On 1 January 1946, the Mongolian language officially adopted the Cyrillic alphabet. The Cyrillic script had many advantages over the traditional Mongolian script known as Hudum Mongol Bichig. In the traditional Mongolian script, certain letters such as "t" and "d," "o" and "u" were frequently confused, and there were inconsistencies in letter formation at the beginning, middle, and end of words. The low legibility between letters and the need to memorize the shapes of all the syllables in the language individually increased the learning burden of traditional Mongolian script. Additionally, the structural characteristics of the traditional Mongolian script resulted in wider line spacing, occupying more space and increasing paper usage. Moreover, vertical alignment of text was not well-suited to the needs of modern society. Therefore, following the script reform, the movement to replace the old Mongolian script continued for over 10 years. It took 21 years for Mongolia to achieve nationwide literacy, with the literacy rate increasing from around 2% to over 97%. This greatly facilitated the development of modern Mongolian culture.[3]

After the Mongolian democratic revolution in 1990, the traditional Mongolian script was briefly considered to replace Cyrillic, but the plan was canceled in the end. However, the Mongolian script has become a compulsory subject in primary and secondary schooling and is slowly gaining in popularity.[4] The Mongolian script is a highly uncommon vertical script, and unlike other historically vertical-only scripts such as the Chinese script it cannot easily be adapted for horizontal use, which puts it at a disadvantage compared to Cyrillic for many modern purposes. Thus, the Cyrillic script continues to be used in everyday life.[citation needed]

In March 2020, the Mongolian government announced plans to use both Cyrillic and the traditional Mongolian script in official documents by 2025.[5][6][7]

In China, the Cyrillic alphabet is also used by Chinese for learning the modern Mongolian language, as well as by some Mongols in Inner Mongolia to demonstrate their ethnic identity.[8][9]

## Description

[edit]

See also: Cyrillic alphabets § Mongolian

The Cyrillic alphabet used for Mongolian is as follows (with borrowed sounds in parentheses):

Pos. | Cyrillic | Braille | Name | IPA[10] | ISO 9 | Standard romanization
(MNS 5217:2012)[11][12] | Library of
Congress | BGN/PCGN[13]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1 | Аа | ⠁ | а | a | а
2 | Бб | ⠃ | бэ | p, pʲ | b
3 | Вв | ⠺ | вэ | w̜, w̜ʲ | v
4 | Гг | ⠛ | гэ | ɡ, ɡʲ, ɢ | g
5 | Дд | ⠙ | дэ | t, tʲ | d
6 | Ее | ⠑ | е | ji~jɵ | e | ye | e | yö
7 | Ёё | ⠡ | ё | jɔ | ë | yo | ë | yo
8 | Жж | ⠚ | жэ | tʃ | ž | j | zh |  j
9 | Зз | ⠵ | зэ | ts | z | dz
10 | Ии | ⠊ | и | i | i
11 | Йй | ⠯ | хагас и | i | j | i | ĭ | y
12 | Кк | ⠅ | ка | kʰ, kʲʰ, x, xʲ | k
13 | Лл | ⠇ | эл | ɮ, ɮʲ | l
14 | Мм | ⠍ | эм | m, mʲ | m
15 | Нн | ⠝ | эн | n, nʲ, ŋ | n
16 | Оо | ⠕ | о | ɔ | o
17 | Өө | ⠧ | ө | ɵ~o | ô | ö
18 | Пп | ⠏ | пэ | pʰ, pʰʲ | p
19 | Рр | ⠗ | эр | r, rʲ | r
20 | Сс | ⠎ | эс | s | s
21 | Тт | ⠞ | тэ | tʰ, tʰʲ | t
22 | Уу | ⠥ | у | ʊ | u
23 | Үү | ⠹ | ү | u | ü
24 | Фф | ⠋ | фэ, фа, эф | f, pʰ | f
25 | Хх | ⠓ | хэ, ха | x, xʲ | h | kh | h
26 | Цц | ⠉ | цэ | tsʰ | c | ts
27 | Чч | ⠟ | чэ | tʃʰ | č | ch
28 | Шш | ⠱ | ша, эш | ʃ | š | sh
29 | Щщ | ⠭ | ща, эщэ | (ʃ) | ŝ | sh | shch
30 | Ъъ | ⠷ | хатуугийн тэмдэг | none | ʺ | i | ı | '
31 | Ыы | ⠮ | эр үгийн ы | i | y | ï
32 | Ьь | ⠾ | зөөлний тэмдэг | ʲ | ʹ | i | ĭ
33 | Ээ | ⠪ | э | e~i | è | e | ê |  e
34 | Юю | ⠳ | ю | jʊ, ju | û | yu | iu | yu/yü
35 | Яя | ⠫ | я | ja | â | ya | ia | ya
Cyrillic Script Monument erected under a joint Bulgarian-Mongolian project in Antarctica

Үү and Өө are sometimes also written as the Ukrainian letters Її (or Vv) and Єє respectively,[14] when using Russian software or keyboards that do not support them.

Initial long vowels and non-initial full vowels are written with double vowel letters, while initial short vowels and non-initial epenthetic vowels are written with single vowel letters. Conversely, every vowel letter except у and ү can also represent schwa and zero in non-first syllables. Palatalisation is indicated by и (i), the soft sign ь (') or е (ye), ё (yo), я (ya) and ю (yu) after the palatalised consonant. These latter letters are pronounced without [j] in that position. Щ is never used in Mongolian and only used in Russian words containing the letter.[15] It is pronounced identically to Ш, and is often omitted when teaching the Cyrillic alphabet. Sometimes, Russian loanwords with Щ will be spelled with Ш instead: борш, Хрушев. The difference between [e~i] might be dialectal,[16] while the difference between ɵ~o is positional.[17]

/ɡ/ and /ɢ/ are both indicated by the letter г ⟨g⟩, but the phonetic value of that letter is mostly predictable. In words with "front" (+ATR) vowels (see Mongolian phonology for details), it always means /ɡ/, because only /ɡ/ occurs in such words. In words with "back" (−ATR) vowels, it always means /ɢ/, except syllable-finally, where it means /ɡ/; to acquire the value of /ɢ/, it is written followed by a single mute syllable-final vowel letter. Similarly, a mute vowel is added to final н ⟨n⟩ to make it denote /n/ and not /ŋ/. ф (f) and к (k) are loan consonants and will often be adapted into the Mongolian sound system as [pʰ] and [x].[15]

The original plan as at 10 October 1945 was to use э only at the beginning of words and in long vowel combinations (as is done in other languages written using Russian-based Cyrillic), дз for modern з, дж for modern ж, ии for modern ий and йө for modern е (to represent the "yö" sound at the beginning of words), but the alphabet was changed to its final form on 13 November.[18]

## Keyboard layout

[edit]

See also: Keyboard layout § Cyrillic

The standard Mongolian Cyrillic keyboard layout for personal computers is as follows:

## See also

[edit]

* Language portal

* Mongolian writing systems
* Mongolian script
* Galik alphabet
* Todo alphabet
* ʼPhags-pa script
* Horizontal square script
* Soyombo script
* Mongolian Latin alphabet
* SASM/GNC romanization § Mongolian
* Mongolian transliteration of Chinese characters
* Sino–Mongolian Transliterations [zh]
* Mongolian Braille
* Mongolian Sign Language
* Mongolian name

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Himelfarb, Elizabeth J. "First Alphabet Found in Egypt", Archaeology 53, Issue 1 (Jan./Feb. 2000): 21.
2. ^ Will Mongolia Have the Courage to Scrap the Russian Alphabet?
3. ^ Мөнхбат, Азжаргал. "20世纪苏联对蒙古国的影响".
4. ^ "Монгол бичиг XXI зуунд хэлэлцүүлгээс уриалга гаргалаа" [Announcements from the "Mongolian script in the 21st century" debate]. 13 May 2011 (in Mongolian). GoGo.mn. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
5. ^ "Mongolia to promote usage of traditional script". China.org.cn (19 March 2020).
6. ^ Official documents to be recorded in both scripts from 2025, Montsame, 18 March 2020.
7. ^ Mongolian Language Law is effective from July 1st, Gogo, 1 July 2015. "Misinterpretation 1: Use of cyrillic is to be terminated and only Mongolian script to be used. There is no provision in the law that states the termination of use of cyrillic. It clearly states that Mongolian script is to be added to the current use of cyrillic. Mongolian script will be introduced in stages and state and local government is to conduct their correspondence in both cyrillic and Mongolian script. This provision is to be effective starting 1 January 2025. ID, birth certificate, marriage certificate and education certificates are to be both in Mongolian cyrillic and Mongolian script and currently Mongolian script is being used in official letters of President, Prime Minister and Speaker of Parliament."
8. ^ 侯万庄, 王浩 (2017-01-01). 现代蒙古语教程 Орчин цагийн монгол хэлний сурах бичиг. Beijing: 北京大学出版社. ISBN 9787301272312.
9. ^ "Өвөр монголчуудын өв соёл, үнэт зүйлс аажмаар замхрах аюул нүүрлээд байна". iSee.mn (in Mongolian). Гадаад мэдээ.
10. ^ Svantesson, Jan-Olof, Anna Tsendina, Anastasia Karlsson, Vivan Franzén. 2005. The Phonology of Mongolian. New York: Oxford University Press: 30-40.
11. ^ "Монгол кирил үсгийн латин хөрвүүлгийн шинэ стандарт батлагдлаа" [New latinization standard for Mongolian cyrillic script approved]. 18 February 2012 (in Mongolian). GoGo.mn. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
12. ^ kirill-useg-standart.jpg, basic table on archive.today
13. ^ https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5d288d91e5274a14efbe5032/ROMANIZATION_OF_MONGOLIAN.pdf [bare URL PDF]
14. ^ Sühbaatar, B. "Mongol helnij kirill üsgijg latin üsgeer galiglah tuhaj". InfoCon. Archived from the original on 2009-01-29. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
15. ^ a b Svantesson et al. 2005: 30-40.
16. ^ Svantesson et al. 2005 who proclaim a merger. Luvsanjav, J. (1975): Mongol avianii duudlaga. Ulaanbaatar: MUIS: 14-15 claims that word-initial e-s are articulated towards i, while others are not. But LaCross, Amy (2012): Non-adjacent Phonological Dependency Effects on Khalkha Mongolian Speech Perception. Proceedings of the 29th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, ed. Jaehoon Choi et al., 143-151. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project, 143-151 keeps them distinct
17. ^ Svantesson et al. 2005: 1-10.
18. ^ Tseveliin Shagdagsüren, Mongolchuudyn üseg bichigiin tovchoon, 2001, page 190

* v
* t
* e

Cyrillic script

Italics indicate that the language no longer uses Cyrillic

Cyrillic alphabets|

* Early
* Abkhaz
* Belarusian
* Bosnian
* Bulgarian
* Dargwa
* Lezgin
* Kildin Sámi
* Kyrgyz
* Macedonian
* Mongolian
* Mordvinic
* Polish
* Romanian
* transitional
* Moldovan
* Russian
* Serbian
* Udmurt
* Ukrainian
* Uyghur
* Yakut

Cyrillization of|

* Arabic
* Chinese
* French
* German
* Greek
* Japanese
* Korean
* Lithuanian
* Polish

Letters of the Cyrillic script

Primary letters|

* Аа
* Бб
* Вв
* Гг
* Дд
* Ее
* Жж
* Зз
* Ии
* Йй
* Кк
* Лл
* Мм
* Нн
* Оо
* Пп
* Рр
* Сс
* Тт
* Уу
* Фф
* Хх
* Цц
* Чч
* Шш
* Щщ
* Ъъ
* Ыы
* Ьь
* Ээ
* Юю
* Яя

Other Slavic letters|

* Ґґ
* Ђђ
* Ѓ ѓ
* Ёё
* Єє
* З́
* Ѕѕ
* Іі
* Її
* Јј
* Љљ
* Њњ
* С́
* Ћћ
* Ќ
* Ўў
* Џџ

Non-Slavic letters|

* А̊
* А̃
* Ӓ̄
* Ӕ
* Ә
* Ә̃
* Ӛ
* В̌
* Ԝ
* Г̌
* Г̊
* Ҕ
* Ғ
* Ӻ
* Ғ̌
* Ғ̊
* Ӷ/Г̡
* Д́
* Д̌
* Д̆
* Ӗ
* Е̃
* Ё̄
* Є̈
* Ԑ
* Ԑ̈
* Җ
* Ӝ
* Ӂ
* Ҙ
* Ӟ
* З̌
* Ӡ
* И̃
* И̇
* Ҋ
* Қ
* Ӄ
* Ҡ
* Ҟ
* Ҝ
* К̊
* Қ̊
* Ԛ
* Л́
* Ӆ
* Ԯ
* Ԓ
* Ӎ
* ᵸ
* Н́
* Ӊ
* Ԩ
* Ң
* Ӈ
* Ҥ
* О̆
* О̃
* Ө
* Ө̄
* Ө̆
* Ӫ
* Ԥ
* Р̌
* Ҏ
* С̌
* Ҫ
* Т́
* Т̌
* Ҭ
* Ᲊ
* У̃
* Ӳ
* У̊
* Ұ
* Ү
* Ү́
* Х̑
* Х̌
* Ҳ
* Ӽ
* Х̊
* Ӿ
* Ӿ̊
* Һ
* Ԧ
* Ҵ
* Ҷ
* Ҷ̣
* Ӵ
* Ӌ
*   * Ҹ
* Ч̇
* Ч̣
* Ҽ
* Ҿ
* Ы̆
* Ы̄
* Ӹ
* Ҍ
* Ҩ
* Э̆
* Э̄
* Э̇
* Ӭ
* Ӭ́
* Ӭ̄
* Ю̆
* Ю̈
* Ю̄
* Я̆
* Я̄
* Ӏ

Slavic archaic letters|

* O variants
* Ҁҁ
* Ꙋꙋ
* Ѡѡ
* Ѿ
* Ѣѣ
* Ꙗ
* Ѥ
* Yus
* Ѯѯ
* Ѱѱ
* Ѳѳ
* Ѵѵ
* Ꙉ

Non-Slavic archaic letters|

* Ԁ
* Ԃ
* Ꚁ
*   * Ꚅ
* Ԅ
* Ԇ
* Ꚉ
* Ԫ
* Ꚃ
* Ꚕ
* Ԟ
*   * Ԡ
* Ԉ
* Ԕ
* Ԋ
* Ԣ
*   * Ҧ
*   * Ԗ
* Ԍ
* Ԏ
* Ꚋ
* Ꚍ
* Ꚏ
* Ꚑ
* Ԭ
* Ꚓ
* Ꚗ
* Ꙟ

Archaic diacritics|

* palatalization mark (◌҄)
* pokrytie (◌҇)
* titlo (◌҃)

Combinatins of Cyrillic letters|

* Digraphs
* Multigraphs

* Glagolitic script
* Cyrillic numerals
* Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic

* v
* t
* e

Types of writing systems

| Overview|

* History of writing
* Grapheme

|

Lists|

* Writing systems
* undeciphered
* inventors
* constructed
* Languages by writing system / by first written accounts

Types

Abjads

* Numerals

* Aramaic
* Hatran
* Arabic
* Elifba
* Egyptian hieroglyphs
* Elymaic
* Hebrew
* Ashuri
* Cursive
* Rashi
* Solitreo
* Tifinagh
* Mandaic
* Manichaean
* Nabataean
* Ancient North Arabian
* Pahlavi
* Book
* Inscriptional
* Inscriptional Parthian
* Psalter
* Pegon
* Phoenician
* Paleo-Hebrew
* Pitman shorthand
* Proto-Sinaitic
* Punic
* Samaritan
* South Arabian
* Zabur
* Musnad
* Sogdian
* Syriac
* ʾEsṭrangēlā
* Serṭā
* Maḏnḥāyā
* Teeline Shorthand
* Ugaritic

Abugidas

| Brahmic|

| Northern|

* Bengali–Assamese
* Bhaiksuki
* Brahmi script
* Devanagari
* Dogri
* Gujarati
* Gupta
* Gurmukhi
* Kaithi
* Kalinga
* Khema
* Khojki
* Khudabadi
* Laṇḍā
* Lepcha
* Mahajani
* Marchen
* Meitei
* Modi
* Multani
* Nagari
* Nandinagari
* Nepalese scripts
* Bhujimol
* Golmol
* Himmol
* Kummol
* Kvemmol
* Pachumol
* Pracalit
* Ranjana
* Tamyig
* Tirhuta
* Limbu
* Litumol
* Odia
* Karani
* ʼPhags-pa
* Sharada
* Siddhaṃ
* Soyombo
* Sylheti Nagri
* Takri
* Tibetan
* Uchen
* Umê
* Tocharian
* Zanabazar square

|

Southern|

* Ahom
* Balinese
* Batak
* Baybayin
* Bhattiprolu
* Buda
* Buhid
* Chakma
* Cham
* Fakkham
* Grantha
* Goykanadi
* Hanunoo
* Javanese
* Kadamba
* Kannada
* Karen
* Kawi
* Khmer
* Khom Thai
* Kulitan
* Lanna
* Langdi
* Lao
* Leke
* Lontara
* Bilang-bilang
* Makasar
* Malayalam
* Old Maldivian
* Dhives Akuru
* Eveyla Akuru
* Mon–Burmese
* Pallava
* Pyu
* Saurashtra
* Shan
* Sinhala
* Sukhothai
* Sundanese
* Old Sundanese
* Tagbanwa
* Tai Le
* New Tai Lue
* Tai Noi
* Tai Tham
* Tai Viet
* Lai Tay
* Tamil
* Tamil-Brahmi
* Tanchangya
* Telugu
* Thai
* Tigalari
* Ulu scripts
* Incung
* Lampung
* Lembak
* Ogan
* Pasemah
* Rejang
* Serawai
* Vatteluttu
* Kolezhuthu
* Malayanma

Others|

* Bharati
* Boyd's syllabic shorthand
* Canadian syllabics
* Blackfoot
* Déné syllabics
* Dham
* Fox I
* Geʽez
* Gunjala Gondi
* Japanese Braille
* Sarati
* Jenticha
* Kharosthi
* Mandombe
* Masaram Gondi
* Meroitic
* Miao
* Mwangwego
* Pahawh Hmong
* Sorang Sompeng
* Tengwar
* Thaana
* Thomas Natural Shorthand
* Warang Citi
* Mwangwego
* Rma

Alphabets

| Linear|

* Adlam
* Ariyaka
* Armenian
* Avestan
* Pazend
* Avoiuli
* Bassa Vah
* Carian
* Caucasian Albanian
* Cirth
* Coelbren
* Coorgi–Cox alphabet
* Coptic
* Cyrillic
* Bosnian
* Early
* Deseret
* Duployan shorthand
* Chinook
* Eclectic shorthand
* Elbasan
* Enochian
* Etruscan
* Formosan
* Fox II
* Fraser
* Gabelsberger shorthand
* Gadabuursi
* Garay alphabet
* Georgian
* Asomtavruli
* Nuskhuri
* Mkhedruli
* Veso Bey
* Glagolitic
* Gothic
* Gregg shorthand
* Greek (Archaic)
* Greco-Iberian alphabet
* Hangul
* Hanifi
* Jenticha
* Kaddare
* Kayah Li
* Klingon
* Latin
* Beneventan
* Blackletter
* Carolingian minuscule
* Fraktur
* Gaelic
* Insular
* IPA
* Kurrent
* Merovingian
* Sigla
* Sütterlin
* Tironian notes
* Visigothic
* Luo
* Lycian
* Lydian
* Manchu
* Medefaidrin
* Molodtsov
* Mru
* Mundari Bani
* N'Ko
* Ogham
* Ol Chiki
* Old Hungarian
* Old Italic
* Old Permic
* Orkhon
* Old Uyghur
* Mongolian
* Evenki
* Galik alphabet
* Manchu
* Oirat
* Vagindra
* Ol Onal
* Osage
* Osmanya
* Pau Cin Hau
* Phrygian
* Pisidian
* Runic
* Anglo-Saxon
* Cipher
* Dalecarlian
* Elder Futhark
* Younger Futhark
* Gothic
* Marcomannic
* Medieval
* Staveless
* Shavian
* Sidetic
* Sorang Sompeng
* Sunuwar
* Tifinagh
* Todhri
* Tolong Siki
* Vellara
* Visible Speech
* Vithkuqi
* Wancho
* Warang Citi
* Yezidi
* Zaghawa

|

Non-linear|

* Braille
* Maritime flags
* Telegraph code
* New York Point
* Flag semaphore
* Moon type

Ideograms

* Adinkra
* Aztec
* Blissymbols
* Dongba
* Ersu Shaba
* Emoji
* Isotype
* Kaidā
* Miꞌkmaw
* Mixtec
* New Epoch Notation Painting
* Nsibidi
* Anishinaabewibii'iganan
* Olmec
* Siglas poveiras
* Testerian
* Yerkish
* Zapotec

Logograms

| Chinese family of scripts|

| Chinese characters|

* Simplified
* Traditional
* Oracle bone script
* Bronze scripts
* Seal script
* large
* small
* bird-worm
* Hanja
* Kanji
* Chữ Nôm
* Sawndip
* Bowen

|

Chinese-influenced|

* Jurchen
* Khitan large script
* Sui
* Tangut

Cuneiform|

* Akkadian
* Assyrian
* Elamite
* Hittite
* Luwian
* Sumerian

Other logosyllabic|

* Anatolian
* Bagam
* Cretan
* Isthmian
* Maya
* Proto-Elamite
* Tenevil
* Yi (Classical)

Logoconsonantal|

* Demotic
* Hieratic
* Hieroglyphs

Numerals|

* Hindu-Arabic
* Abjad
* Attic (Greek)
* Muisca
* Roman

Other|

* Sitelen Pona

Semi-syllabaries

| Full|

* Linear Elamite
* Celtiberian
* Iberian
* Northeastern
* Southeastern
* Khom
* Dunging

|

Redundant|

* Espanca script
* Pahawh Hmong
* Khitan small script
* Southwest Paleohispanic
* Bopomofo
* Quốc Âm Tân Tự

Sign languages

* ASLwrite
* SignWriting
* si5s
* Stokoe notation

Syllabaries

* Afaka
* Bamum
* Bété
* Byblos
* Canadian Aboriginal
* Cherokee
* Cypriot
* Cypro-Minoan
* Ditema tsa Dinoko
* Eskayan
* Geba
* Great Lakes Algonquian
* Iban
* Idu
* Kana
* Hiragana
* Katakana
* Man'yōgana
* Hentaigana
* Sōgana
* Jindai moji
* Kikakui
* Kpelle
* Linear B
* Linear Elamite
* Lisu
* Loma
* Nüshu
* Nwagu Aneke script
* Old Persian cuneiform
* Sumerian
* Vai
* Woleai
* Yi
* Yugtun

* v
* t
* e

Braille ⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑

Braille cell|

* 1829 braille
* International uniformity
* ASCII braille
* Unicode braille patterns

Braille scripts|

| French-ordered|

* Albanian
* Azerbaijani
* Cantonese
* Catalan
* Chinese (mainland Mandarin) (largely reassigned)
* Czech
* Dutch
* English (Unified English)
* Esperanto
* French
* German
* Ghanaian
* Guarani
* Hawaiian
* Hungarian
* Iñupiaq
* IPA
* Irish
* Italian
* Latvian
* Lithuanian
* Luxembourgish (extended to 8-dot)
* Maltese
* Māori
* Navajo
* Nigerian
* Philippine
* Polish
* Portuguese
* Romanian
* Samoan
* Slovak
* South African
* Spanish
* Taiwanese Mandarin (largely reassigned)
* Turkish
* Vietnamese
* Welsh
* Yugoslav
* Zambian

| Nordic family|

* Estonian
* Faroese
* Icelandic
* Scandinavian
* Danish
* Finnish
* Greenlandic
* Northern Sámi
* Norwegian
* Swedish

|

Russian lineage family
i.e. Cyrillic-mediated scripts|

* Belarusian
* Bulgarian
* Kazakh
* Kyrgyz
* Mongolian
* Russian
* Tatar
* Ukrainian

Egyptian lineage family
i.e. Arabic-mediated scripts|

* Arabic
* Persian
* Urdu (Pakistan)

Indian lineage family
i.e. Bharati Braille|

* Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
* Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
* Gujarati
* Kannada
* Malayalam
* Odia
* Punjabi
* Sinhala
* Tamil
* Telugu
* Urdu (India)

Other scripts|

* Amharic
* Armenian
* Burmese
* Dzongkha (Bhutanese)
* Georgian
* Greek
* Hebrew
* Inuktitut (reassigned vowels)
* Khmer
* Thai and Lao (Japanese vowels)
* Tibetan

Reordered|

* Algerian Braille (obsolete)

Frequency-based|

* American Braille (obsolete)

Independent|

* Chinese semi-syllabaries
* Cantonese
* Mainland Chinese Mandarin
* Taiwanese Mandarin
* Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
* Japanese
* Korean

Eight-dot|

* Luxembourgish
* Kanji
* Gardner–Salinas braille codes (GS8)

Symbols in braille|

* Braille music
* Canadian currency marks
* Computer Braille Code
* Gardner–Salinas braille codes (science; GS8/GS6)
* International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
* Nemeth braille code

Braille technology|

* Braille e-book
* Braille embosser
* Braille translator
* Braille watch
* Mountbatten Brailler
* Optical braille recognition
* Perforation
* Perkins Brailler
* Refreshable braille display
* Slate and stylus
* Braigo

People|

* Louis Braille
* Charles Barbier
* Róża Czacka
* Valentin Haüy
* Harris Mowbray
* Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
* Sabriye Tenberken
* William Bell Wait

Organisations|

* Braille Institute of America
* Braille Without Borders
* Japan Braille Library
* National Braille Association
* Blindness organizations
* Schools for the blind
* American Printing House for the Blind

Other tactile alphabets|

* Decapoint
* Moon type
* New York Point
* Night writing
* Vibratese

Related topics|

* Accessible publishing
* Braille literacy
* RoboBraille

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Mongolia

Official language|

* Mongolian

Minority languages|

* Buryat
* Darkhad
* Dukhan
* Evenki
* Kazakh
* Oirat
* Chinese
* Russian
* Tuvan
* Uyghur

Immigrant languages|

* English
* French
* Mandarin
* Spanish
* Arabic
* German
* Italian
* Hindi
* Hebrew
* Chinese
* Portuguese
* Japanese
* Russian
* Turkish

Sign languages|

* Mongolian Sign Language

* v
* t
* e

Mongolic languages

Contemporary
Mongolic|

| Central|

* Buryat–Mongolian
* Buryat
* Mongolian
* Khalkha
* Oirat
* Alasha
* Darkhad
* Kalmyk
* Torgut
* Sart Kalmyk
* Peripheral Mongolian
* Baarin
* Chakhar
* Khorchin
* Ordos
* Khamnigan

|

Southern|

* Eastern Yugur
* Shirongolic
* Baoanic
* Bonan
* Kangjia
* Santa
* Monguor

other|

* Dagur
* Moghol
* Rouran

mixed|

* Qoqmončaq
* Tangwang
* Wutun

Para-Mongolic|

* Awar
* Serbi
* Duan
* Khitan
* Tuoba
* Tuyuhun

Historical|

* Proto-Mongolic
* Middle Mongol
* Classical Mongolian

Italics indicate extinct languages

* v
* t
* e

Mongolia articles

History|

* Timeline
* Prehistoric Mongolia
* Proto-Mongols
* Xiongnu
* Xianbei
* Rouran Khaganate
* Eastern Turkic Khaganate
* Liao dynasty
* Medieval tribes
* Mongol Empire
* Yuan dynasty
* Northern Yuan dynasty
* Four Oirat
* Dzungar Khanate
* Qing rule
* 1911 Revolution
* Bogd Khanate
* Chinese occupation
* Soviet intervention
* 1921 Revolution
* Mongolian People's Republic
* World War II
* 1990 Revolution
* Modern Mongolia

Geography|

* Borders
* Cities
* Ulaanbaatar
* Historical cities and towns
* Climate
* Environmental issues
* Fauna
* Birds
* Mammals
* Flora
* Gobi Desert
* Grassland
* Lakes
* Khövsgöl
* Uvs
* Mountains
* Altai
* Khangai
* Khentii
* National parks
* Rivers
* Selenga
* Orkhon

Politics|

* Constitution
* State Great Khural (parliament)
* President
* Prime Minister
* Government (cabinet)
* Judiciary
* Supreme Court
* Constitutional Court
* Administrative divisions
* Elections
* Foreign relations
* Third neighbor policy
* Human rights
* LGBT
* Law enforcement
* Military
* Chief of General Staff
* Political parties

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Banking
* Companies
* Stock Exchange
* Tögrög (currency)
* Telecommunications
* Tourism
* Transportation
* Water supply and sanitation

Society|

* Demographics
* Mongols
* Khalkha
* Buryats
* Oirats
* Southern Mongols
* Education
* Health
* Language
* Prostitution
* Public holidays
* List of Mongolians
* Sex trafficking
* Women
* Writing systems

Culture|

* Architecture
* Biyelgee (dance)
* Cinema
* Cuisine
* Goyol Fashion Festival
* Horse culture
* Literature
* Media
* Traditional medicine
* Music
* Naadam (festival)
* Religion
* Tsagaan Sar (New Year's Day)
* Sport

* Outline
* Index

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Inner Mongolia topics

Hohhot (capital)

General|

* History
* Politics
* Independence movement
* Economy
* Administrative divisions

Geography|

* Cities
* Gobi Desert
* Tengger Desert
* Climate

Education|

* Inner Mongolia University
* Inner Mongolia Normal University
* Chifeng University

Culture|

* Music of Inner Mongolia
* Mongolian language (in Inner Mongolia)
* Mongolian script
* Northeastern Mandarin
* Plain Blue Banner

Cuisine|

* Hot pot

Visitor attractions|

* Shiretu Juu
* Zhaojun Tomb
* Mausoleum of Genghis Khan
* Hexigten Global Geopark
* Wanbu Huayanjing Pagoda

* Category
* Commons

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