Moon Impact Probe

Lunar robotic craft developed by ISRO

Moon Impact Probe being integrated with Chandrayaan-1 orbiter Moon Impact Probe being worked on before integration with orbiter

The Moon Impact Probe (MIP) developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), India's national space agency, was a lunar probe that was released by ISRO's Chandrayaan-1 lunar remote sensing orbiter which in turn was launched, on 22 October 2008, aboard a modified version of ISRO's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle. It discovered the presence of water on the Moon.[1][2]

The Moon Impact Probe separated from the Moon-orbiting Chandrayaan-1 on 14 November 2008, 14:36:54 UTC and after nearly 25 minutes hard landed as planned, near the rim of Shackleton Crater.[3][4][5] With this mission, ISRO became the fifth national space agency to reach the lunar surface. Other nations whose national space agencies to have done so prior were the former Soviet Union in 1959,[6] the United States in 1962,[7][8] Japan in 1993,[9] and ESA member states in 2006.[10][11][12]

## History

[edit]

The probe was a product of former President Abdul Kalam's suggestion[13] who felt that since the Chandrayaan orbiter was already going so near to the Moon, the mission would have more scientific relevance if the probe was included. He believed that the Moon could not be left to a few countries and that India should not be left behind[14] The Times of India also reported a political motive by former president Abdul Kalam as "He believed that if this was done, India could always stake a claim to a portion of the Moon."[11] At the same time, The Indian Express reported Kalam as saying "no nation can claim the Moon as its own. The resources of the Moon should be a common property and that is one of the aims of the Moon mission."[15]

## Mission objectives

[edit]

The main objectives of the MIP were to demonstrate the technologies for reaching a specified location on the Moon, qualifying technologies required for any future soft landing missions, and scientific exploration of the Moon from close range just prior to the impact.[16][17][18]

## Configuration and payloads

[edit]

The MIP carried three instruments:[19]

* Radar Altimeter – which measured the altitude of the probe during descent and provided information on qualifying technologies for future landing missions. The operating frequency band was 4.3 GHz ± 100 MHz.
* Video Imaging System – acquired close range images of the surface of the Moon during descent and before impact. The video imaging system consisted of an analog CCD camera.
* Mass Spectrometer based payload CHACE – measured trace constituents of the lunar atmosphere during descent. This instrument was a quadrupole mass spectrometer with a mass resolution of 0.5 amu and sensitivities to partial pressures on the order of 1.3×10−11 pascals.

The probe used aluminium-honeycomb sandwich structure onto which the payloads were mounted. The probe was attached to the orbiter with a ball lock separation system which jettisoned the unit from the Chandrayaan. A solid propellant de-orbit mortar nudged the craft out of lunar orbit, while solid propellant based thrusters were fired to spin-stabilize the orientation enabling the imaging system to capture the descent profile.[20]

The probe's external surface had four oval-shaped anodised aluminium plates measuring 120mm X 180mm[21] on which the image of the Indian flag was depicted, complete with the Emblem of India and the words "Satyameva Jayate".[21] These plates were attached to each one of the four vertical sides of the probe. As per ISRO specifications these plates had to endure a temperature range from −50 degrees celsius and as high as more than 150 degrees celsius.[21]

## Mission chronology

[edit]

India launched the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft using a modified version of the PSLV C11[22][23] on 22 October 2008 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh at 06:22 IST (00:52 UTC).[24]

The lunar probe separated from Chandrayaaan-1, in a 102 km circular polar orbit around the Moon, at 20:06 IST on 14 November 2008.[25] After separation, it first fired its spin up rockets and then its retro rocket to de-orbit itself into the lunar surface.[26] While descending, the MIP continuously sent information back to the Chandrayaan-1 orbiter which in turn beamed the information back to Earth. After a 25-minute descent, it struck the Moon at 20:31 IST, 14 November 2008 at a speed of 1.69 kilometers per second (approximately 6100 km/h or 3800 miles per hour).[26] It crashed into Shackleton Crater, at the lunar south pole, near 89°33′S 122°56′W﻿ / ﻿89.55°S 122.93°W﻿ / -89.55; -122.93,[27][28] at 20:31 on 14 November 2008.[25]

## Discovery of water

[edit]

On 25 September 2009, ISRO announced that the MIP had discovered water on the Moon during its descent just before impact.[1] This announcement was made after the discovery of water was announced on 24 September 2009 by Science magazine by the NASA payload Moon Mineralogy Mapper carried on board Chandrayaan-1.[29] MIP discovered water on the Moon before NASA's Moon Mineralogy Mapper, the announcement of this discovery was not made until NASA confirmed it.[2][30]

## Site location and naming

[edit]

The approximate impact location of the probe (89°46′S 39°24′W﻿ / ﻿89.76°S 39.40°W﻿ / -89.76; -39.40)[31] was named as Jawahar Sthal in India after the first Prime Minister of India, on whose birth anniversary[32][33] incidentally the event of MIP impact took place. The name was suggested by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam to honor his vision that was crucial to the creation of INCOSPAR and later ISRO.[34][35]

The initial location was later refined to the Earth-facing slope of the connecting ridge between Shackleton (crater) and De Gerlache (crater) near coordinates (89°33′S 122°56′W﻿ / ﻿89.55°S 122.93°W﻿ / -89.55; -122.93) by matching images from MIP camera to LROC NAC image mosaic.[36]

## See also

[edit]

* Solar System portal
* Spaceflight portal

* Chandrayaan-1
* LCROSS
* List of missions to the Moon
* Lunar water
* List of artificial objects on the Moon

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b "MIP detected water on Moon way back in June: ISRO Chairman". The Hindu. Bangalore. 2009-09-25. Retrieved 2013-06-09.
2. ^ a b "Chandrayaan first discovered water on moon, but?". DNA. Bangalore. DNA. 2009-09-25. Retrieved 2013-06-09.
3. ^ "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-03.
4. ^ "Chandrayaan-1 starts observations of the Moon". www.esa.int. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
5. ^ "An afterthought". frontline.thehindu.com. 2008-12-18. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
6. ^ "Luna 2". US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 2013-12-03.
7. ^ "Ranger 3". US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 2013-12-03.
8. ^ "Hiten". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive (NSSDCA). Retrieved 2019-04-12.
9. ^ "Hiten". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive (NSSDCA). Archived from the original on 2019-04-17. Retrieved 2019-04-12.
10. ^ "Probe crashes into Moon's surface". BBC News. 2006-09-03. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
11. ^ a b Laxman, Srinivas (2008-11-15). "Chandrayaan-I Impact Probe lands on moon". Times Of India. Retrieved 2008-11-14.
12. ^ "China's lunar probe Chang'e-1 impacts moon_English_Xinhua". news.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on 2009-03-02.
13. ^ "An afterthought". Frontline. 2008-12-18. Retrieved 2023-09-19.
14. ^ "India's Moon Mission". politicalaffairs.com. 2008-10-27. Archived from the original on 2015-10-17. Retrieved 2013-11-06.
15. ^ Service, Express News (2008-11-11). "Kalam turns teacher in the midst of students". newindianexpress.com. Archived from the original on 2014-04-12. Retrieved 2014-04-11.
16. ^ "Payload bearing Tricolour will land on Moon". The Economic Times. 2008-10-15. Retrieved 2008-10-24.
17. ^ "Moon Impact Probe". ISRO. Archived from the original on 2008-10-26. Retrieved 2008-10-24.
18. ^ "Chandrayaan team over the moon". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 2008-11-15. Archived from the original on 2008-12-16.
19. ^ "Moon Impact Probe (MIP)". ISRO. Archived from the original on 2008-10-26. Retrieved 2008-10-24.
20. ^ "Moon Impact Probe Chandrayaan-I" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-03-26.
21. ^ a b c "Blore firm behind the Chandrayaan tri-colour". Deccan Herald. 2008-11-16. Retrieved 2008-11-17.[dead link]
22. ^ "Mission Sequence". Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Retrieved 2008-11-05.
23. ^ "Chandrayaan-1 shifted to VAB". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 2008-10-22. Archived from the original on 2008-10-17. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
24. ^ "PSLV-C11 Successfully Launches Chandrayaan-1". Indian Express. 2008-10-22. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-10-22.
25. ^ a b "Chandrayaan team over the moon". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 2008-11-15. Archived from the original on 2008-12-16.
26. ^ a b "Indian Tricolour lands on Moon". The Indian Express. 2008-11-14. Archived from the original on 2012-10-04. Retrieved 2008-11-14.
27. ^ "Frontline India's National Magazine - Moon Mystery - Moon Impact Probe impact coordinates". Archived from the original on 2011-01-10. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
28. ^ "Chandrayaan-1 Moon Impact Probe: Impact Location Refined" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-02-05. Retrieved 2021-08-16.
29. ^ "Water on the Moon?". Science Magazine. 2009-09-25. Retrieved 2009-09-29.
30. ^ Bagla, Pallav (2009-09-25). "Did India beat NASA to find water on moon?". NDTV. Bangalore. Retrieved 2013-06-09.
31. ^ "Note verbale dated 13 October 2009 from the Permanent Mission of India to the United Nations (Vienna) addressed to the Secretary-General" (PDF).
32. ^ "Indian tricolour lands on moon". The New Indian Express. 2012-05-14. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
33. ^ "Indian Tricolour Placed on the Moon on Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru's Birthday". 2008-11-14. Archived from the original on 2008-11-19.
34. ^ "8.4 Chandrayaan-1 Mission The New Face of the Moon by J.N. GOSWAMI". From Fishing Hamlet To Red Planet. Harper Collins. 2015. p. 506\. ISBN 978-9351776895. Archived from the original on 2017-09-09. Retrieved 2019-03-28. "The landing site of the MIP was named 'Jawahar Sthal' to commemorate the birthday of India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, which also falls on 14 November coinciding with the date of the MIP impact."
35. ^ "Chandrayaan-1: The first time India 'touched' the Moon". The Indian Express. 2023-08-23. Archived from the original on 2023-08-27. Retrieved 2023-08-27. "You, buddy, you have done it!" Dr Kalam told Nair. To the entire control room, he said: "Today is a historic day as India has accomplished this fantastic mission. I congratulate each and every one of you!"
Before returning to New Delhi, however, he made a notable suggestion – to name the impact site after Pandit Nehru, on whose birthday the landing was made and whose vision was crucial to the creation of Isro. After receiving appropriate permissions from the government, the site was named "Jawahar Sthal"
36. ^ "lpi (iPosterSessions - an aMuze! Interactive system)". lpsc2021.ipostersessions.com. Retrieved 2023-09-07.

* v
* t
* e

Spacecraft missions to the Moon

Exploration
programs|

* American
* Apollo
* Artemis
* CLPS
* Lunar Orbiter
* Lunar Precursor
* Pioneer
* Ranger
* Surveyor
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* Chang'e
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* Chandrayaan
* Japanese
* Japanese Lunar Exploration Program
* South Korean
* Korean Lunar Exploration Program
* Russian
* Luna-Glob
* Soviet
* Crewed
* Luna
* Lunokhod
* Zond

Active
missions|

| Orbiters|

* ARTEMIS
* CAPSTONE
* Chandrayaan-2
* Chang'e 5-T1
* Danuri
* Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
* Queqiao 1 and 2
* Tiandu-1
* 2
* ICUBE-Q

|

Landers|

* Chang'e 4

Rovers|

* Yutu-2

Flybys|

* ArgoMoon

Past
missions|

| Crewed landings|

* Apollo 11
* 12
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* (List of Apollo astronauts)

|

Orbiters|

* Apollo 8
* 10
* Artemis I
* Chang'e 1
* 2
* 5
* Chandrayaan-1
* 3
* Clementine
* Explorer 35
* 49
* GRAIL
* Hiten
* LADEE
* Longjiang-2
* Luna 10
* 11
* 12
* 14
* 19
* 22
* Lunar Orbiter 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* Lunar Prospector
* PFS-1
* PFS-2
* SMART-1
* SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna)
* Lunar Trailblazer

Impactors|

* LCROSS
* Luna 2
* Moon Impact Probe
* Ranger 4
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9

Landers|

* Apollo Lunar Module ×6
* Blue Ghost M1
* Chandrayaan-3
* Chang'e 3
* Chang'e 5
* 6
* Luna 9
* 13
* 16
* 17
* 20
* 21
* 23
* 24
* SLIM
* Surveyor 1
* 3
* 5
* 6
* 7

Rovers|

* Lunar Roving Vehicle
* Apollo 15
* 16
* 17
* Lunokhod 1
* 2
* Yutu
* Pragyan 2
* 3
* LEV-1
* LEV-2 (Sora-Q)
* Jinchan
* Yaoki
* MAPP
* Micro-Nova
* AstroAnt

Sample return|

* Apollo 11
* 12
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* Luna 16
* 20
* 24
* Chang'e 5
* 6

Failed landings|

* Beresheet
* Emirates Lunar Mission
* Hakuto-R M1
* M2
* IM-1
* 2
* Luna 5
* 7
* 8
* 15
* 18
* 25
* OMOTENASHI
* Surveyor 2
* 4
* Vikram
* Peregrine

Flybys|

* 4M
* Apollo 13
* Chang'e 5-T1
* Geotail
* Galileo
* ICE
* Longjiang-1
* Luna 1
* 3
* 4
* 6
* LunaH-Map
* Lunar Flashlight
* Lunar IceCube
* LunIR
* Mariner 10
* NEA Scout
* Nozomi
* Pioneer 4
* Ranger 5
* STEREO
* TESS
* WMAP
* Wind
* Zond 3
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* PAS-22

Planned
missions|

| Artemis|

* II (2026)
* III (2027)
* IV (2028)
* V (2030)
* Lunar Gateway

|

CLPS|

* Blue Moon Pathfinder (2025)
* Griffin M1 (2025)
* IM-3 (2026)
* Blue Ghost M2 (2026)
* M3 (2028)
* IM-4 (TBD)

Luna-Glob|

* 26 (2027)
* 27 (2028)
* 28 (2030)
* 29 (2030s)
* 30 (2030s)
* 31 (2030s)

CLEP|

* Chang'e 7 (2026)
* 8 (2028)

Chandrayaan|

* 4 (2027)
* 5 (LUPEX) (2028)

KLEP|

* Korean lunar lander (2032)

Others|

* ispace M3 (2026)
* Lunar Pathfinder (2026)
* DESTINY+ (2028)
* Cislunar Explorers (2020s)
* CU-E3 (2020s)
* MoonRanger (2020s)
* Argonaut M1 (2031)
* International Lunar Research Station (2030s)

Proposed
missions|

| Robotic|

* ALINA
* Artemis-7
* Beresheet 2
* Blue Moon
* BOLAS
* Garatéa-L
* ISOCHRON
* LunaNet
* Lunar Crater Radio Telescope
* McCandless
* Moon Diver

|

Crewed|

* DSE-Alpha
* Boeing Lunar Lander
* Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander
* Lunar Orbital Station

Cancelled /
concepts|

* Altair
* Baden-Württemberg 1
* #dearMoon project
* European Lunar Explorer
* First Lunar Outpost
* International Lunar Network
* LEO
* LK
* Lunar-A
* Lunar Lander
* Lunar Mission One
* Lunar Observer
* Lunokhod 3
* MoonLITE
* MoonRise
* OrbitBeyond
* Project Harvest Moon
* Prospector
* Resource Prospector
* SELENE-2
* Ukrselena
* XL-1
* VIPER

Related|

* Colonization of the Moon
* Google Lunar X Prize
* List of lunar probes
* List of missions to the Moon
* List of artificial objects on the Moon
* List of species that have landed on the Moon
* Lunar resources
* Apollo 17 Moon mice
* Moon landing conspiracy theories
* Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings
* Apollo 11 anniversaries
* List of crewed lunar landers

* Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in italics.

* v
* t
* e

Indian space programme

* Department of Space (DoS)

Organisations|

* Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
* Antrix Corporation
* Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST)
* Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS)
* National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL)
* NewSpace India Limited (NSIL)
* Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)
* Development and Educational Communication Unit (DECU)
* Integrated Space Cell
* Defence Space Agency
* Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN–SPACe)

Programmes|

* Bhaskara
* GAGAN
* GSAT
* INSAT
* IRNSS
* IRS
* Cartosat
* RISAT
* Rohini
* SROSS
* Chandrayaan
* Human Spaceflight Programme

Satellites|

* APPLE
* Aryabhata
* HAMSAT
* IMS-1
* Megha-Tropiques
* NISAR
* SARAL
* South Asia Satellite
* Kalpana-1

Space observatories|

* Astrosat
* Aditya-L1
* XPoSat
* AstroSat-2 (proposed)

Lunar and
planetary spacecraft|

* Chandrayaan-1
* Moon Impact Probe
* Chandrayaan-2
* Vikram lander
* Pragyan rover
* Chandrayaan-3
* Vikram lander
* Pragyan rover
* Chandrayaan-4 (upcoming)
* Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (proposed)
* Mars Orbiter Mission
* Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (proposed)
* Venus Orbiter Mission (proposed)

Human spaceflight|

* Indian human spaceflight programme
* SRE-1
* SRE-II
* Gaganyaan
* CARE
* ISRO Space Station (proposed)

Launch vehicles|

| Active|

* Orbital
* PSLV
* Launches
* GSLV
* Launches
* LVM3
* Launches
* SSLV
* Launches
* Suborbital
* Rohini
* ATV

|

In development|

* RLV
* NGLV

Retired|

* SLV
* ASLV

Engines|

| Active|

* CE-7.5
* CE-20
* Vikas

|

In development|

* SCE-200

Spaceports|

* Satish Dhawan Space Centre
* Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station

* under development
* Kulasekharapatnam Spaceport

Research facilities|

* Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
* U R Rao Satellite Centre
* Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre
* ISRO Propulsion Complex
* Space Applications Centre
* ISRO Inertial Systems Unit
* Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems
* Human Space Flight Centre
* Development and Educational Communication Unit

Communications|

* Indian Deep Space Network
* Indian Space Science Data Centre
* ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network
* Master Control Facility
* National Remote Sensing Centre

Legislation and policy|

* Space Activities Bill

Private companies|

* Pixxel
* Skyroot Aerospace
* Satellize
* AgniKul Cosmos
* Dhruva Space
* Bellatrix Aerospace
* TeamIndus

Related|

* National Space Day
* SAGA-220 (supercomputer)
* Statio Shiv Shakti
* RESPOND

* List of Indian satellites
* List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches
* List of ISRO missions
* List of ISRO chairpersons

* v
* t
* e

Indian spacecraft

* List of Indian satellites
* List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches
* List of ISRO missions

Satellites|

| Communication|

* CMS
* 01
* 02
* GSAT
* 1
* 2
* 3 (EDUSAT)
* 4
* 5P
* 6
* 6A
* 7
* 7A
* 8
* 9 (South Asia Satellite)
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 19
* 29
* 30
* 31
* HAMSAT
* INSAT
* 1A
* 1B
* 1C
* 1D
* 2A
* 2B
* 2C
* 2D
* 2DT
* 2E
* 3A
* 3B
* 3C
* 3D
* 3DR
* 3DS
* 3E
* 4A
* 4B
* 4C
* 4CR
* 4E
* 4F
* 4G
* Planned: GSAT
* 20
* 22
* 23
* 24

|

Earth observation|

* Bhaskara
* I
* II
* Cartosat
* 1
* 2
* 2A
* 2B
* 2C
* 2D
* 2E
* 2F
* 3
* EMISAT
* EOS
* 1
* 2
* 4
* 7
* 8
* HySIS
* IMS-1
* IRS
* 1A
* 1B
* 1C
* 1D
* 1E
* P1
* P2
* P3
* Megha-Tropiques
* Microsat
* Microsat-R
* Oceansat
* 1
* 2
* Resourcesat
* 1
* 2
* RISAT
* 1
* 2
* 2B
* 2BR1
* Rohini
* RS-D1
* RS-D2
* SARAL
* SCATSAT-1
* Technology Experiment Satellite (TESS)
* NISAR
* Planned: GISAT
* Oceansat-3
* Resourcesat-3
* RISAT-1A

Experimental|

* APPLE
* Aryabhata
* Rohini
* RS-1
* Rohini Technology Payload (RTP)

Navigation|

* IRNSS
* 1A
* 1B
* 1C
* 1D
* 1E
* 1F
* 1G
* 1I
* NVS-01

Student satellites|

* ANUSAT
* Jugnu
* SRMSAT
* StudSat
* StudSat-2
* YouthSat
* Pratham

Space probes|

| Scientific|

* SROSS
* A
* B
* C
* C2

|

Astronomical|

* Astrosat
* Aditya-L1
* XPoSat
* AstroSat-2 (planned)

Lunar programme|

* Chandrayaan-1
* Moon Impact Probe
* Chandrayaan-2
* Vikram
* Pragyan
* Chandrayaan-3
* Vikram
* Pragyan
* Lunar Polar Exploration Mission
* Chandrayaan-4
* Chandrayaan-5
* Chandrayaan-6

Interplanetary|

* Mars Orbiter Mission
* Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (planned)
* Venus Orbiter Mission (planned)

Human
spaceflight|

* Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
* SRE-1
* SRE-II
* SRE-III
* Gaganyaan
* CARE
* Bharatiya Antariksha Station

* Future spacecraft in italics.

* v
* t
* e

← 2007

Orbital launches in 2008

2009 →

January|

* Thuraya 3
* TecSAR
* Ekspress AM-33

February|

* Progress M-63
* STS-122 (Columbus)
* Thor 5
* Kizuna

March|

* Jules Verne ATV
* STS-123 (Kibō ELM-PS, Dextre, Spacelab MD002)
* USA-200
* AMC-14
* USA-201
* DirecTV-11
* SAR-Lupe 4

April|

* Soyuz TMA-12
* ICO G1
* C/NOFS
* Vinasat-1, Star One C2
* Tianlian I-01
* GIOVE-B
* Cartosat-2A, Rubin-8, AAUSat-2, CanX-2, CanX-6, Compass-1, CUTE-1.7 + APD II, Delfi-C3, SEEDS-2
* Amos-3

May|

* Progress M-64
* Galaxy 18
* Kosmos 2437, Kosmos 2438, Kosmos 2439, Yubileiny
* Fengyun 3A
* STS-124 (Kibō PM)

June|

* ChinaSat 9
* Fermi
* Skynet 5C, Türksat 3A
* Orbcomm FM29, Orbcomm FM37, Orbcomm FM38, Orbcomm FM39, Orbcomm FM40, Orbcomm FM41
* OSTM/Jason-2
* Kosmos 2440

July|

* Badr-6, ProtoStar 1
* EchoStar XI
* SAR-Lupe 5
* Kosmos 2441

August|

* Trailblazer, NanoSail-D, PRESat, Explorers
* Superbird-C2, AMC-21
* Omid
* Inmarsat-4 F3
* Tachys, Mati, Choma, Choros, Trochia

September|

* Huan Jing 1A, Huan Jing 1B
* GeoEye-1
* Progress M-65
* Nimiq-4
* Galaxy 19
* Kosmos 2442, Kosmos 2243, Kosmos 2444
* Shenzhou 7 (Banxing-1)
* Ratsat

October|

* THEOS
* Soyuz TMA-13
* IBEX
* Chandrayaan-1 (MIP)
* Shijian 6E, Shijian 6F
* COSMO-3
* Venesat-1

November|

* Chuang Xin 1B, Shiyan Weixing 3
* Astra 1M
* Kosmos 2445
* STS-126 (Leonardo MPLM, PSSC-1)
* Progress M-01M

December|

* Yaogan 4
* Kosmos 2446
* Yaogan 5
* Hot Bird 9, Eutelsat W2M
* Fengyun 2E
* Kosmos 2447, Kosmos 2448, Kosmos 2449

Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
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