Morena (political party)

Mexican political party

For the Bolivian political party, see National Renewal Movement (Bolivia). For the Gabonese political party, see Movement for National Rectification.

National Regeneration Movement

Movimiento Regeneración Nacional

Abbreviation| MORENA
Leader| Claudia Sheinbaum[citation needed]
President| Luisa María Alcalde Luján
Secretary-General| Carolina Rangel Gracida
Senate Leader| Adán Augusto López Hernández
Chamber Leader| Ricardo Monreal Ávila
Founder| Andrés Manuel López Obrador
Founded| 2 October 2011; 13 years ago (2011-10-02)[1]
Registered| 10 July 2014; 11 years ago (2014-07-10)[2]
Split from| Party of the Democratic Revolution
Headquarters| Santa Anita #50, Col. Viaducto Piedad C.P. 08200 Iztacalco, Mexico City
Newspaper| Regeneración
Membership (2023)|  2,322,136
Ideology|

* Anti-neoliberalism[3][4][5]
* Progressivism[10]
* Left-wing nationalism[11]
* Left-wing populism[12]
* Latin American integration[18]
* Social democracy
* Alter-globalization
* Energy nationalism[4]
* Anti-corruption[4][5]

Political position| Centre-left[24] to left-wing[30]
National affiliation| Sigamos Haciendo Historia (since 2023)[nb 1]
Regional affiliation| São Paulo Forum[31]
Colours|  Maroon
Slogan| La esperanza de México
('The hope of Mexico')[32]
Chamber of Deputies|

253 / 500

Senate|

67 / 128

Governorships|

23 / 32

State legislatures|

495 / 1,123

Mayors|

731 / 2,052

Website
morena.org

* Politics of Mexico
* Political parties
* Elections

|  |

This article is part of
a series about

Andrés Manuel López Obrador

|

* * *

Presidential campaigns

* 2006
* coalition
* controversies
* 2012
* 2018
* political party
* coalition
* opinion polling

* * *

Presidency

Tenure and policies

* "Abrazos, no balazos"
* cabinet
* Fourth Transformation
* judicial reform

* * *

Establishments

* Banco del Bienestar
* CIIT
* INSABI
* Lake Texcoco Ecological Park
* LitioMX
* Maya Train
* National Guard
* Santa Lucía Airport
* Tulum Airport

* * *

Events

* Ciudad Juárez migrant center fire
* COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico
* Hurricane Otis
* Minatitlán massacre
* Politicians killed between 2018 and 2024
* during the 2024 elections
* Tlahuelilpan pipeline explosion

* * *

Referendums

* Corruption trial
* presidential recall

* * *

Family

* Beatriz Gutiérrez Müller (wife)
* Andrés Manuel López Beltrán (son)
* Manuela Obrador Narváez (cousin)

* * *

Related

* ¿Quién es el señor López?
* Statue in Atlacomulco

* * *

* v
* t
* e

The National Regeneration Movement (Spanish: Movimiento de Regeneración Nacional), commonly referred to by its syllabic abbreviation Morena ([moˈɾena]), is described[by whom?] as a major,[33] dominant,[34][35] and left-wing political party in Mexico.[36] The party espouses the principles of populism,[37][38] corporatism,[39][opinion][40][failed verification] and clientelism.[41][failed verification][42] As of 2023, it is the largest political party in Mexico by number of members; it has been the ruling party since 2018, and it won a second term in the 2024 general election.[43][44] Since 2025, MORENA has majority control of the judiciary of Mexico through winning the recent[when?] judicial elections, a process criticized[why?] by Human Rights Watch,[45] Amnesty International,[46] and international media.[47] [48]

The party's name also alludes to Mexico's Catholic national patroness: the Virgin of Guadalupe, known as La Morena.[49][50][51]

Established as a non-profit organization in 2011 and registered as a political party in 2014, it was led by three-time presidential candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador[52][53][54] until 12 December 2017, when he registered as a candidate for the party's presidential nomination and was succeeded by Yeidckol Polevnsky.[55][56]

For the 2018 general election, it formed the coalition Juntos Haremos Historia (Together We Will Make History) with the left-wing Labor Party and the Christian conservative Social Encounter Party. As its candidate, López Obrador won the presidency with 53% of the popular vote and the party won a majority in both the Senate and Chamber of Deputies. MORENA was part of the Juntos Hacemos Historia alliance for the 2021 legislative election. In the 2024 election, Morena's presidential candidate, Claudia Sheinbaum, was elected in a landslide victory and became Mexico's first female president[57] when she succeeded López Obrador on 1 October 2024.

## History

[edit]

### Background

[edit]

Initially, MORENA’s political strategy focused on anti-big business,[58] anti-bourgeoisie,[59] and anti-neoliberalism,[60] using socialist rhetoric to gain the support of the Mexican lower middle class,[according to whom?] it was later[when?] downplayed to gain the support of business leaders.[61][failed verification]

Following the 2006 presidential election, in which former Head of Government of Mexico City Andrés Manuel López Obrador alleged election fraud after narrowly losing to Felipe Calderón,[62][63] the left wing parties who supported López Obrador's candidacy formed the legislative bloc Broad Progressive Front during the LX Legislature to promote his political platform and counteract Calderón's administration. However, during the legislative session, many legislators from the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), the bloc's largest party, began to distance themselves from López Obrador, who was increasingly perceived as radical due to his election fraud claims.[64] In the 2008 PRD leadership election, Jesús Ortega, from the party’s "Nueva Izquierda" (lit. 'New Left') faction, defeated López Obrador ally Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez for the party presidency.[65] "Nueva Izquierda" favored cooperation with other political forces, marking a shift away from López Obrador’s confrontational strategy.[66][67]

In 2008, Calderón’s administration introduced an energy reform that López Obrador and his followers argued was a step toward privatizing the state-owned petroleum company, Pemex.[68][69] In response, he organized the "Movimiento Nacional en Defensa del Petróleo, el Patrimonio y la Economía Popular" (lit. 'National Movement in Defense of Oil, Heritage, and the Popular Economy'), which mobilized supporters in rallies and sit-ins to oppose the measures.[68][70] The reform was ultimately approved with support from the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), the National Action Party (PAN), and factions of PRD legislators.[71] Due to this, in the 2009 legislative elections, López Obrador only endorsed candidates from the Labor Party (PT), Convergence (CON), or his faction of the PRD.[67][71]

Following the 2009 legislative elections, internal shifts within the PT and CON led both parties to participate in 2010 electoral coalitions with the PRD and the PAN in several key gubernatorial contests aimed at curbing the PRI’s resurgence,[72] a strategy that further distanced López Obrador and his supporters from the PRD’s leadership.[73][74]

### Civil association (2011–2012)

[edit]

Drawing from his successful mobilization of activists during the "National Movement in Defense of Oil, Heritage, and the Popular Economy," López Obrador believed it was feasible to establish a citizen network operating without party affiliations, motivated solely by support for his candidacy. On 10 January 2011, he called for the formation of a social and political movement dedicated to defending the vote in preparation for the upcoming general election, naming it the National Regeneration Movement (Morena).[75][76]

Morena aimed to establish "Voter Defense Committees" in 66,000 electoral sections across Mexico to monitor for potential election fraud. This initiative became one of the largest social mobilizations in the country's history, rivaled only by the PRI's mobilizations during the mid-20th century. The movement was officially founded as a civil association on 2 October 2011,[76][77] with López Obrador claiming that the movement had attracted nearly four million supporters within nine months.[78]

For the 2012 general election, López Obrador was once again nominated by the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), Labor Party (PT), and Citizens' Movement (MC) in a coalition called Progressive Movement. On election day, López Obrador's surveillance plan was successful, with Morena achieving total coverage across all 300 electoral districts. Despite these efforts, López Obrador once again finished in second place.

After the election, growing disagreements between López Obrador and the PRD leadership over the future of Morena led to López Obrador's departure from the PRD on 9 September 2012.[79] The PRD leadership had considered forming a legislative bloc with the PAN, a move López Obrador criticized, later accusing the party of having "betrayed the people" by aligning with both the PAN and later with Peña Nieto's PRI.[80][81]

### Foundation as a political party (2012–2017)

[edit]

On 20 November 2012, Morena's first National Congress took place, where it formally started its transition from a civil association to a political party.[82] During the congress, attendees approved the statutes and action plan for the party, elected 300 councillors to form the Morena National Council, and selected Martí Batres as president of the National Executive Committee.[83]

A 2012 poll indicated that a majority of the public held a negative view of MORENA's establishment as a political party.[84] While some PRD politicians, such as Ricardo Monreal, supported López Obrador's decision, describing it as a "divorce of convenience" to avoid further polarization in the country,[85] others, like Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, criticized him for forming a new political party, claiming it further splintered the Mexican left.[86]

On 7 January 2014, Batres submitted documents to the National Electoral Institute (INE) for registration as a political party.[87] The INE officially approved MORENA on 10 July, allowing it to receive federal funds and participate in the 2015 legislative election.[86][88]

The 2015 election marked the first time MORENA participated as an official political party. It won 35 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, which included 14 district seats and 21 proportional representation seats.

### 2018 general election

[edit]

See also: 2018 Mexican general election and Opinion polling for the 2018 Mexican general election

In the lead-up to the 2018 general election, speculation emerged that Mexico's four left-wing parties—Morena, the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), the Labor Party (PT), and Citizens' Movement (MC)—might form a coalition. However, Andrés Manuel López Obrador dismissed this possibility due to political differences, especially after the 2017 State of Mexico gubernatorial election, where PRD and MC candidates chose to continue their campaigns rather than support Morena's candidate.[89]

The PT, however, aligned with Morena after its candidate in the State of Mexico withdrew in favor of Morena's. Seeking an alliance, it was formalized in October 2017 at the PT’s National Congress, where party leader Alberto Anaya was re-elected for another six-year term.[90] By late November 2017, discussions began with the right-wing Christian-conservative Social Encounter Party (PES), whose president, Hugo Eric Flores Cervantes, stated: "We don't negotiate with the PRI; we have two options: to go alone or with Morena."[91] In December 2017, the alliance was solidified under the name Juntos Haremos Historia ("Together We Will Make History"), with López Obrador as the coalition's presidential nominee.[92][93]

Founder of Morena and 65th President of Mexico, Andrés Manuel López Obrador

López Obrador won the election in a landslide with 53% of the popular vote. The party won 55 seats in the Senate, 156 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, and the governorships of Mexico City, Chiapas, Tabasco, and Veracruz.[94]

Before and after the 2018 election, many PRD politicians, including incumbent mayors and legislators, left the party to join Morena, asserting that it represented a true leftist movement.[95][96] Notably, key PRD founder Ifigenia Martínez y Hernández was among those who made the switch to Morena.[97]

### 2018–present

[edit]

In early 2019, nine deputies from the PRD left the party, joined López Obrador's Morena-led government coalition, and gave the government a two-thirds majority, allowing for the passage of constitutional amendments.[98]

In the 2021 legislative election, as part of Juntos Hacemos Historia, Morena won an additional seven seats in the Chamber of Deputies while the coalition as a whole lost seats. The ruling coalition maintained a simple majority but failed to secure the two-thirds congressional supermajority.[99]

## Ideology

[edit]

MORENA describes itself as a social democratic party that supports ethnic, religious, cultural, and sexual diversity, respect for human rights, and environmental care. It describes itself as an opponent of the neoliberal economic policies that Mexico began adopting in the 1980s. MORENA states that a new economic model is needed after the failures of neoliberalism in Mexico, which has resulted in increased corruption and inequality. The party supports "development through private and social business, promoting market competition, but exercising State responsibility in the strategic activities which the Constitution states" and proposes "a model that strengthens the inner market, fair wages; a model that promotes syndical freedom and democracy, where the State doesn't intervene in the inner affairs of the trade organizations".[100][101]

The party opposes the privatization of Pemex[102] and the granting of lands to foreign mining companies who "devastate the lands, pay no taxes and harm the environment".[citation needed] MORENA also declares itself in favor of improving conditions for the Indigenous peoples of Mexico and implementing the 1996 San Andrés Accords, which were signed by the EZLN and representatives of the government but remained unenforced by President Ernesto Zedillo.[103] The party says it is against the monopolization of the mass media, especially television, by Televisa and TV Azteca, which in 2018 owned 90% of Mexican television.[104]

On social issues, the party's platform embraces a progressive agenda in favor of women's rights[105] and the LGBT community in Mexico,[106] supporting causes such as same-sex marriage and the decriminalization of abortion at the national level.[107] Andrés Manuel López Obrador became the first Mexican president-elect to include the LGBT community in an election victory speech.[108] Almost a year later, on 17 May 2019, López Obrador officially decreed the "National Day against Homophobia, Lesbophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia" in Mexico.[109]

The party advocates an alternative security strategy to the war on drugs, which was implemented in the country during the presidency of Felipe Calderón (2006–2012) and which they oppose, arguing that it is a "failed" strategy that has only sown "insecurity and instability" among Mexicans. Among other things, they advocate the legalization of drugs, such as marijuana, considering that such a proposal would make it possible to find "mechanisms for peace and the reconstruction of the social fabric".[110]

Contrary to other parties of the left, MORENA has not sought to reduce inequality by increasing taxes on the wealthy. Instead, the party has focused on reducing the pay gap between lower-level employees and high-level government workers salaries, such as politicians and judges, through austerity measures. The party announced support for a plan by López Obrador to cut salaries of higher-ranking public officials (including the president), lay off up to 70 percent of non-unionized federal workers, and reduce spending by cracking down on corruption and tax fraud. As Article 94 of the Mexican Constitution prohibits reducing the salary of judges at any time during their appointment to maintain judicial independence, judges on the Supreme Court took a 25% pay cut starting in 2019.[111]

### Pragmatism

[edit]

Various outlets have described MORENA as a big tent party, "not in the strict sense a political party, but an alliance of diverse movements and political actors, whose main reference is its founder and presidential candidate, Andrés Manuel López Obrador". Due to López Obrador's pragmatism, some critics have claimed that MORENA is subject to López Obrador's decisions rather than having a more consistent ideology as a party.[112]

### Introducing elections to the judiciary

[edit]

In September 2024, then-President Obrador with a majority in Congress adopted a judicial reform that involved the direct election of justices, magistrates, and judges at the federal and state level and reduced justices’ tenure from 15 to 12 years. Obrador argued the reform democratize the Mexican judiciary and reduce corruption in the system.[113][114]

The reform was highly controversial. Supporters argue for example that Mexico’s judiciary is characterised by nepotism and favoring oligarchs,[115] the reforms shall make judges more accountable.[113] Critics like the Wilson Center[116] and the Washington Office on Latin America[117] said, the reform would increase political influences of the judiciary and erode checks and balances in Mexico’s seemingly resurgent single-party political system. The reform resulted in protests and a nationwide strike by judicial sector personnel.[118] Human Rights Watch said a justice reform is necessary, due to corruption and a lack of due process in Mexican justice. However they criticised, the reform won't change the big problem of prosecutors' willingness and capacity to investigate.[119] U.S. and Canadian diplomats issued public criticisms of the reform.[120]

## Structure

[edit]

### Presidents

[edit]

Main article: President of the National Regeneration Movement

Officeholder  | Term  | State

|
|

Martí Batres | 9 July 2014 – 20 November 2015  | Mexico City
Andrés Manuel López Obrador | 20 November 2015 – 12 December 2017  | Tabasco
Yeidckol Polevnsky | 12 December 2017 – 26 January 2020  | Mexico City
Alfonso Ramírez Cuéllar | 26 January 2020 – 5 November 2020  | Zacatecas
Mario Delgado Carrillo | 5 November 2020 – 30 September 2024  | Colima
Luisa María Alcalde Luján | 1 October 2024 – present  | Mexico City

### National Executive Committee

[edit]

* Luisa María Alcalde Luján - President
* Carolina Rangel Graciada - General Secretary
* Andrés Manuel López Beltrán - Secretary of Organization
* Iván Herrera Zazueta - Secretary of Finance
* Camila Martínez Gutiérrez - Secretary of Communication, Press and Propaganda
* Enrique Dussel - Secretary of Education, Training and Political Capacity Building
* Carlos Alberto Figueroa Ibarra - Secretary of Defense of Human Rights
* Janix Liliana Castro Muñoz - Secretary of Studies and National Project
* Manuel Zavala Salazar - Secretary of Cooperativism, Solidarity Economy and Civil and Social Movements
* Aaron Enríquez García - Youth Secretary
* Adriana Grajales Gómez - Secretary of Women
* Bxido Xishe Jara Bolaños - Secretary of Indigenous Peoples
* Artemio Ortiz Hurtado - Secretary of Labor
* Gonzalo Machorro Martínez - Secretary of Production
* Arturo Martínez Nuñez - Secretary of Art and Culture
* Hugo Alberto Martínez Lino - Secretary of Defense of Sovereignty, the Environment and National Heritage
* Carlos Alberto Evangelista Aniceto - Secretary of the Fight against Corruption
* Martín Sandoval Soto - Secretary for the Strengthening of Moral, Spiritual, and Civic Ideas and Values
* Manuel Alejandro Robles Gómez - Secretary of Mexicans Abroad and International Policy
* Adolfo Villarreal Valladares - Secretary of Welfare
* Almendra Negrete - Secretary of Sexual Diversity

### Publication

[edit]

Morena publishes and distributes the newspaper Regeneración ; its name is taken from the publication of the same name that was clandestinely run by the Flores Magón brothers, journalists critical of the Porfirian regime prior to the Mexican Revolution. Morena defines its news organization as: "a tool of struggle, an agitator of ideas, an organizer of citizens, and a promoter of the revolution of consciences."[121][122]

## Election results

[edit]

### Presidential elections

[edit]

Election year  | Candidate  | Votes  | %  | Result  | Note

|
|
|
|
|

2018 | Andrés Manuel López Obrador | 30,113,483  | 53.20  | Y Elected  | Alliance: Juntos Haremos Historia
2024 | Claudia Sheinbaum | 35,924,519  | 61.18  | Y Elected  | Alliance: Sigamos Haciendo Historia

### Legislative elections

[edit]

Chamber of Deputies

Election  | Constituency  | Party-list  | Total [Note 1] | Electoral alliance  | Presidency  | Position

|
|
|
|
|
|

Votes  | %  | Seats  | Votes  | %  | Seats
2015 | 3,304,736  | 8.76  | 14  | 3,345,712  | 8.81  | 21  |

35 / 500

| None | Enrique Peña Nieto |  | Opposition
2018 | 20,790,623  | 38.70  | 106  | 20,968,859  | 38.80  | 85  |

191 / 500

| Juntos Haremos Historia | Andrés Manuel López Obrador |  | MORENA–PT–PES majority
2021 | 16,629,905  | 35.27  | 122  | 16,756,189  | 35.30  | 76  |

198 / 500

| Juntos Hacemos Historia | MORENA–PT–PVEM majority
2024 | 3,686,979  | 6.48  | 161  | 24,286,317  | 42.40  | 75  |

236 / 500

| Sigamos Haciendo Historia | Claudia Sheinbaum |  | MORENA–PT–PVEM supermajority

Senate elections

Election  | Constituency  | Party-list  | Total [Note 1] | Electoral alliance  | Presidency  | Position

|
|
|
|
|
|

Votes  | %  | Seats  | Votes  | %  | Seats
2018 | 21,013,123  | 39.03  | 42  | 21,256,238  | 39.12  | 13  |

55 / 128

| Juntos Haremos Historia | Andrés Manuel López Obrador |  | MORENA–PT–PES majority
2024 | 7,526,453  | 13.19  | 46  | 24,484,943  | 42.48  | 14  |

60 / 128

| Sigamos Haciendo Historia | Claudia Sheinbaum |  | MORENA–PT–PVEM majority

## See also

[edit]

* Yo Soy 132
* 2012 Mexican elections protests
* #1DMX – 2012 presidential inauguration civil unrest
* Mexican Indignados Movement
* Big tent
* List of political parties in Mexico
* History of democracy in Mexico
* Claudia Sheinbaum

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Previously part of Juntos Haremos Historia (2017–2020) and Juntos Hacemos Historia (2020–2023).

1. ^ a b The seat distribution reflects the election results and does not take into account party switches during the legislative term.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ García, Rosario (2 October 2011). "López Obrador Formaliza a 'Morena' Como Su Estrucutra Para Las Elecciones". Expansion. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
2. ^ Zepeda, Aurora (10 July 2014). "Aprueban tres nuevos partidos; a partir de agosto recibirán dinero público". Excelsior. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
3. ^ Schatzberg, Simon (24 July 2016). "The Rise of Morena". Jacobin.com. Jacobin. Retrieved 22 April 2025.
4. ^ a b c d "Morena". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 May 2025.
5. ^ a b c Ackerman, Edwin F. (26 June 2024). "How Morena Turned Anti-Corruption Politics Into Class Politics". jacobin.com. Jacobin. Retrieved 26 May 2025.
6. ^ "Busca diputada de Morena que México sea un país LGBT-friendly, libre de discriminación en establecimientos y comercios – Diputadas y Diputados Morena LXV Legislatura".
7. ^ "La Jornada – Morena se compromete a impulsar políticas a favor de comunidad LGBTTTI+".
8. ^ "Morena impulsará la despenalización del aborto en todo el país". 30 September 2019.
9. ^ "Morena propuso nueva iniciativa para la despenalización del aborto". 12 March 2023.
10. ^ [6][7][8][9]
11. ^ Bolívar Meza, Rosendo (December 2019). "Desdibujamiento ideológico y pragmatismo. MORENA en la coalición Juntos Haremos Historia, durante el proceso electoral de 2018". Revista mexicana de opinión pública (in Spanish). 2 (27): 61–76\. doi:10.22201/fcpys.24484911e.2019.27.65654. ISSN 2448-4911. "En esta coalición se presentó una mezcla de la izquierda nacionalista (MORENA) con el maoísmo (PT) y el cristianismo (PES). Este último ocasionó un corrimiento hacia la derecha del lopezobradorismo." [This coalition was a mixture of the nationalist left (MORENA) with Maoism (PT) and Christianity (PES). The latter caused a shift to the right of Lopezobradorism.]
12. ^ "'Oye, Trump': candidato presidencial López Obrador ganará por paliza en México" (in Spanish). Bloomberg. 29 June 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2018 - via Gestión.
13. ^ Doherty, Erin; Gonzalez, Oriana (6 June 2022). "Mexico's president confirms he will skip the Summit of the Americas". Axios. Retrieved 26 July 2022. "López Obrador said he hopes to visit the White House in July to talk to Biden about the "integration" of all American countries, with the goal of forming something similar to the European Union."
14. ^ "Mexico's Lopez Obrador to skip Biden's Summit of the Americas over 'exclusion' of some countries". France 24. 6 June 2022. Retrieved 26 July 2022. "The Mexican president said that he would still visit the White House in July where he would look to discuss pan-American "integration." . . . "That's how they created the European Community and then that became the European Union. That's what we need to do in America," he said."
15. ^ "López Obrador pide crear en Latinoamérica "algo semejante" a la Unión Europea". Los Angeles Times en Español (in Spanish). 24 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
16. ^ Menéndez, Carmen (25 July 2021). "López Obrador propone crear "algo semejante" a la UE en Latinoamérica". euronews (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 July 2022.
17. ^ Carrillo, Emmanuel (14 March 2022). "Debe buscarse integración de América, plantea AMLO a Fernández". Forbes México (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 July 2022.
18. ^ [13][14][15][16][17]
19. ^ Baker, Lucy (1 December 2022). "Procurement, finance and the energy transition: Between global processes and territorial realities". Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space. 5 (4): 1738–1764\. Bibcode:2022EnPlE...5.1738B. doi:10.1177/2514848621991121. ISSN 2514-8486.
20. ^ DiMaggio, Dan (1 January 2023). "A Path across the Border". New Labor Forum. 32 (1): 105–109\. doi:10.1177/10957960221144274. ISSN 1095-7960.
21. ^ "Mexico City will decriminalize sex work in move against trafficking". The Guardian. 1 June 2019. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 10 February 2025.
22. ^ Guillén, Beatriz (18 July 2023). "Salma Luévano, the first transgender member of Congress in Mexico: 'I receive death threats on a daily basis'". El País. Retrieved 10 February 2025.
23. ^ "Sex work to be decriminalised in Mexico City in bid to cut trafficking". The Independent. 5 June 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2025.
24. ^ [19][20][21][22][23]
25. ^ "Mexico: Congress passes marijuana legalization bill". Deutsche Welle. 24 May 2021.
26. ^ "Mexico election: Voters pin hopes on left-wing populist Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador". Ann Deslandes. ABC Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2018.
27. ^ "AMLO y las nuevas izquierdas". Carlos Illades.
28. ^ "Proyecto de Nación 2024-2030 | Versión Definitiva".
29. ^ Arredondo, Armando Ojeda (20 March 2017). "Cartelera panorámica de propaganda política de elecciones federales 2015 en Ciudad Juárez, México, con fotografías analizadas desde el visual framing". RICSH Revista Iberoamericana de las Ciencias Sociales y Humanísticas (in Spanish). 6 (11). ISSN 2395-7972. "En el análisis de la muestra de espectaculares fotografías de los candidatos a diputados federales, se encontró que contendieron 10 partidos políticos, los cuales muestransu nombre, sus siglas y su posición ideológica. Estos fueron: Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) (Centro, Centro derecha); Partido Acción Nacional (PAN) (Derecha, Centro derecha); Partido de la Revolución Democrática (PRD) (Centroizquierda); Movimiento Regeneración Nacional (MORENA)(Izquierda); Partido Verde Ecologista de México (PVEM) (Derecha); Movimiento Ciudadano (MC) (Centroizquierda); Nueva Alianza (PANAL) (Centro, Centroderecha); Partido del Trabajo (PT) (Izquierda); Partido Encuentro Social (PES) (Derecha, Centroderecha); Partido Humanista (PH) (No tiene una posición definida)"
30. ^ [25][26][27][28][29][4][5]
31. ^ "Foro de São Paulo Partidos". forodesaopaulo.org.
32. ^ Ferrer, Heriberta (13 February 2015). "AMLO llama a sumarse a Morena en nuevo spot". El Financiero. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
33. ^ Brühwiller, Tjerk (1 June 2024). "Wahl in Mexiko: Warum die Morena-Partei so erfolgreich ist". Frankfurter Allgemeine. Retrieved 13 July 2025.
34. ^ Weiss, Sandra (12 November 2024). "Zurück zum Einparteienstaat". IPG-Journal. Retrieved 12 July 2025.
35. ^ Pardo, Daniel (7 July 2025). "Morena es ahora el partido hegemónico en México, pero ¿cuánto se parece realmente al poderoso PRI que gobernó durante 70 años?". BBC. Retrieved 8 July 2025.
36. ^ Ballesteros, Aldrin (18 October 2023). "Movimiento de Regeneración Nacional (Morena) - Explainer". The Wilson Center. Retrieved 11 July 2025.
37. ^ Aragon-Falomir, Jaime-Arturo (1 March 2024). "La génesis del discurso populista de Morena en México". CONICET Digital. Retrieved 12 July 2025.
38. ^ Knaul, Felicia-Marie (1 December 2021). "Punt Politics as Failure of Health System Stewardship: Evidence from the COVID-19 Pandemic Response in Brazil and Mexico". THE LANCET Regional Health. Retrieved 11 July 2025.
39. ^ Ruiz-Mena, Pablo (27 July 2022). "Morena: los siervos del corporativismo". Milenio. Retrieved 11 July 2025.
40. ^ Monsivais-Murcia, Andrea (27 May 2025). "Los gritos de la CNTE y el silencio del SNTE". El País. Retrieved 8 July 2025.
41. ^ Linthicum, Kate (28 February 2018). "In Mexico, voters are wooed with gift cards, washing machines and cheap tortillas". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 11 July 2025.
42. ^ Langston, Joy (29 March 2024). "The Role of Clientelism in the 2024 Elections". The Wilson Center. Retrieved 7 July 2025.
43. ^ Ponce, Aldo (1 July 2024). "The Weakening of the Mexican Party System: The Rise of AMLO's MORENA". Oxford Academic. Retrieved 8 July 2025.
44. ^ "Padrón de afiliados".
45. ^ Mexico, HRW (26 April 2021). "López Obrador Threatens Judicial Independence". HRW. Retrieved 30 July 2025.
46. ^ International, Amnesty (11 March 2022). "MEXICO: SHELVE REGRESSIVE BILL TO CURB CIVIL SOCIETY GROUPS". Amnesty International Canadá. Retrieved 30 July 2025.
47. ^ Brühwiller, Tjerk (7 June 2025). "Richterwahl in Mexiko: Unter Morenas Kontrolle". Frankfurter Allgemeine. Retrieved 30 July 2025.
48. ^ Post, The Washington (3 June 2025). "Mexico's ruling party expands in massive judicial election". WP. Retrieved 1 August 2025.
49. ^ Cuevas, Marco Polo Hernández (2003). "La Virgen Morena mexicana: Un símbolo nacional y sus raíces africanas". Afro-Hispanic Review. 22 (2): 54–63\. JSTOR 23054734.
50. ^ Pérez, Santiago; de Córdoba, José (2 July 2018). "Mexico Vote Snubs the Political Establishment". The Wall Street Journal. "[An] acronym that also alludes to the country's patron saint, the Virgin of Guadalupe, and means tan skinned"
51. ^ Agren, David (22 May 2018). "Political video filmed in Mexican church causes controversy". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 2 October 2018. "Lopez Obrador's own party name, MORENA, references the national patroness Our Lady of Guadalupe."
52. ^ "Mexico's Lopez Obrador leaves coalition to form new movement". BBC News. 10 September 2012.
53. ^ "Mexico's electoral Left May Be Divided Further by a New Political Party". The Wall Street Journal. 24 January 2014.
54. ^ "Mexico's MORENA Party Obtains Legal Status—What Will Be the Impact?". newpol.org. 19 July 2014.
55. ^ "Yeidckol Polevnsky asume presidencia de Morena, tras salida de AMLO". AM De Queretaro. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
56. ^ Rodríguez García, Arturo (12 December 2017). "Yeidckol Polevnsky asume presidencia nacional de Morena". Proceso. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
57. ^ "Claudia Sheinbaum ganó por amplio margen las elecciones y se convirtió en la primera mujer presidenta en la historia de México". 3 June 2024.
58. ^ Rojas, Ana-Gabriela (21 May 2019). "AMLO: los millonarios y empresarios que se beneficiaban de la condonación de impuestos que AMLO eliminó por decreto". BBC. Retrieved 1 August 2025.
59. ^ Ackerman, Edwin (26 June 2024). "How Morena Turned Anti-Corruption Politics Into Class Politics". Jacobin. Retrieved 1 August 2025.
60. ^ Gobierno de, Mexico (17 March 2019). "Presidente López Obrador declara formalmente fin del modelo neoliberal y su política económica". Government of Mexico. Retrieved 1 August 2025.
61. ^ Solis, Arturo (26 May 2023). "How Mexico's Carlos Slim Has Expanded His Oil Interests During AMLO's Term". Bloomberg. Retrieved 8 August 2025.
62. ^ "Nearly 1 million protest Mexico election". NBC News. 16 July 2006. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
63. ^ "Calderon declared Mexico's president-elect". NBC News. 5 September 2006. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
64. ^ "Desaprueban gobierno legítimo de AMLO | PARAMETRIA" (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 October 2024.
65. ^ "Elecciones internas del PRD, ocho meses de acusaciones, amagos y desencuentros - La Jornada". www.jornada.com.mx. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
66. ^ Bolívar Meza, Rosendo (2016). "El Partido de la Revolución Democrática durante la dirigencia de la corriente Nueva Izquierda". Polis (in Spanish). 12 (2): 39–80\. ISSN 1870-2333.
67. ^ a b "Tres años de la rupturaLópez Obrador-Ortega". Animal Politico. 6 February 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2025.
68. ^ a b "Constituyó AMLO el Movimiento Nacional en Defensa del Petróleo - La Jornada". www.jornada.com.mx. Retrieved 5 August 2025.
69. ^ "Mexico: Energy reform referendum reveals impotence of the PRD". World Socialist Web Site. 12 August 2008. Retrieved 5 August 2025.
70. ^ "La Jornada: 2006 y 2024: dos Gritos septembrinos por la soberanía". www.jornada.com.mx (in Mexican Spanish). 20 September 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
71. ^ a b Chihu Amparán, Aquiles (2011). "La imagen del PRD en la campaña electoral del 2009". Cultura y representaciones sociales (in Spanish). 6 (11): 59–81\. ISSN 2007-8110.
72. ^ "Surprises in Mexico's State Elections | AS/COA". www.as-coa.org. 6 July 2010. Retrieved 5 August 2025.
73. ^ C.V, DEMOS, Desarrollo de Medios, S. A. de (5 October 2010). "La Jornada: Incongruente, llama Ortega a AMLO por su rechazo a alianzas". www.jornada.com.mx (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 16 October 2024.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
74. ^ C.V, DEMOS, Desarrollo de Medios, S. A. de (16 March 2010). "La Jornada: Respalda el PT la postulación de Xóchitl Gálvez en Hidalgo". www.jornada.com.mx (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 16 October 2024.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
75. ^ "What is MORENA?". LaJornada (in Spanish). 6 October 2011.
76. ^ a b "Morena: El nuevo movimiento de López Obrador". Animal Politico. 29 January 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
77. ^ "Morena: Partido y movimiento". www.proceso.com.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 October 2024.
78. ^ "AMLO dedica a Peña Nieto la constitución del Morena". Animal Politico. 3 October 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
79. ^ Reyes, Juan Pablo (10 September 2012). "AMLO sale del PRD y apuesta por Morena". Excélsior (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 16 October 2024.
80. ^ Lara Paz, Ana Paola. "AMLO indicó que se salió del PRD porque los dirigentes de ese partido se fueron con EPN y traicionaron al pueblo". MVS Noticias. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
81. ^ "Zambrano no descarta alianzas entre PRD y PAN". El Informador :: Noticias de Jalisco, México, Deportes & Entretenimiento (in Mexican Spanish). 9 December 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
82. ^ Octavio Rodríguez Araujo (6 de octubre de 2011). «¿Por qué Morena?». La Jornada. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2016.
83. ^ «Concluye Congreso Nacional de Morena». www.cronica.com.mx. 20 November 2012. Archived 25 September 2017. Accessed 13 December 2018.
84. ^ "Sólo 21% a favor que Morena sea partido político: Parametría". Animal Politico. 22 November 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
85. ^ "La Separación de López Obrador Del PRD Fue un "Divorcio Por Conveniencia"". Expansion. 13 September 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
86. ^ a b Chouza, Paula (10 July 2014). "Mexico's López Obrador registers new leftist party to run in 2015 election". El Pais. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
87. ^ "Solicita Morena al IFE su registro como partido político". Aristegui Noticias. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
88. ^ Zepeda, Aurora (10 July 2014). "Aprueban tres nuevos partidos; a partir de agosto recibirán dinero público". Excelsior. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
89. ^ "López Obrador cierra la puerta a una alianza con el PRD para 2018; solo iría con el PT". Animal Politico. 12 June 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
90. ^ García, Carina (23 October 2017). "PT va con MORENA y reelige a Alberto Anaya en liderazgo". El Universal. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
91. ^ "No negociaremos con el PRI; vamos solos o con Morena: PES". Excélsior. 7 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
92. ^ Redacción (13 December 2017). "Morena, PT y Encuentro Social firman coalición rumbo a elección de 2018". El Financiero. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
93. ^ Zavala, Misael (13 December 2017). "Firman acuerdo Morena, PES y PT para ir en coalición". El Universal. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
94. ^ «Morena gana la Presidencia y la mayoría en el Congreso». El Economista. 2 July 2018. Accessed 28 July 2018.
95. ^ "Renuncian militantes ex fundadoras del PRD". El Universal (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 October 2024.
96. ^ C.V, DEMOS, Desarrollo de Medios, S. A. de (3 September 2017). "La Jornada: Padierna y Bejarano dejan el PRD para apoyar a AMLO". www.jornada.com.mx (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 16 October 2024.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
97. ^ González, Jimena (29 August 2018). "Ifigenia Martínez, la política veterana que llega a la 64 Legislatura". ADNPolítico (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 October 2024.
98. ^ Huerta, David (20 February 2019). "Ruptura del PRD da a Morena mayoría calificada en San Lázaro". Expansion Politica. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
99. ^ Karol Suarez, Rafael Romo, and Joshua Berlinger. "Mexico's President loses grip on power in midterm elections marred by violence". CNN.`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
100. ^ "Morena se opondrá al neoliberalismo en gabinete: Polevnsky". El Siglo de Torreón. 17 August 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
101. ^ "MORENA proyecto alternativo al neoliberalismo: AMLO". Regeneración. 7 March 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
102. ^ Vergara, Rosalía (19 June 2018). "Morena, en 'alerta roja' ante eventual privatización de Pemex". Proceso. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
103. ^ González Casanova, Pablo (2001). "Los zapatistas del siglo XXI" (PDF). Observatorio Social de América Latina: 6 - via CLACSO.
104. ^ "Programa de Morena" (PDF). Retrieved 16 September 2018.
105. ^ "La Cuarta Transformación es y será feminista, incluyente y revolucionaria: Ignacio Mier". Grupo Parlamentario Morena. 6 March 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
106. ^ "Morena se compromete a impulsar políticas a favor de comunidad LGBTTTI+". La Jornada. 17 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
107. ^ "Morena va por aborto seguro en todo el país, dice la senadora Martha Mícher". Expansión. 20 September 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
108. ^ "Esto fue lo que dijo López Obrador tras su victoria electoral (discursos completos)". Animal Político. 2 July 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
109. ^ "Presidente López Obrador decreta Día Nacional contra Homofobia, Lesbofobia, Transfobia y Bifobia". Gobierno de México. 17 May 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
110. ^ "México no debe pelear una guerra contra el narcotráfico: Blanca Piña". Grupo Parlamentario Morena. 13 December 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
111. ^ Gómez Romero, Luis (8 February 2019). "López Obrador Takes on Corruption And Poverty in Mexico Through Austerity". Pacific Standard. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
112. ^ López Montiel, Gustavo (July 2018). "El futuro de los partidos después de la elección". Forbes Mexico. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
113. ^ a b Elizabeth Melimopoulos (15 September 2024). "play". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 16 June 2025.
114. ^ La Jornada (10 September 2024). "La Jornada - Niega AMLO que se pretenda "dinamitar"; "limpiar de corrupción beneficiará a empresas"". jornada.com.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 June 2025.
115. ^ "Who's Afraid of Mexican Democracy?". jacobin.com. 18 August 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2025.
116. ^ "Mexico's 2024 Judicial Reform: The Politicization of Justice | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org. 20 March 2025. Retrieved 9 May 2025.
117. ^ Brewer, Stephanie (20 August 2024). "Judicial Reform in Mexico: A Setback for Human Rights". WOLA. Archived from the original on 10 September 2024. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
118. ^ "Inicia resistencia del Poder Judicial". www.reforma.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 May 2025.
119. ^ "AMLO's Judicial Reform Overlooks the Key Weakness of Mexican Justice | Human Rights Watch". hrw.org (in Arabic). 8 August 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2025.
120. ^ "Mexico punishes US, Canada for slamming judicial overhaul plan". POLITICO. Associated Press. 27 August 2024. Retrieved 9 May 2025.
121. ^ ""AMLO busca el cambio que México requiere" [Cambio] \- 08/06/2010 | Periódico Zócalo". 19 March 2018. Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2025.
122. ^ "Morena: El nuevo movimiento de López Obrador". Animal Politico. 29 January 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2025.

## External links

[edit]

* Official website (López Obrador) (in Spanish)

* v
* t
* e

Political parties in Mexico

National|

* National Action Party
* Institutional Revolutionary Party
* Ecologist Green Party of Mexico
* Labor Party
* Citizens' Movement
* Morena

State|

* Party of the Democratic Revolution
* New Alliance Party
* Solidarity Encounter Party

Defunct|

* Humanist Party
* Social Democratic Party
* Social Encounter Party
* México Posible
* Progressive Social Networks
* Force for Mexico

* Portal:Politics
* List of political parties
* Politics of Mexico

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[lit.]: literal translation