Moroccan Army of Liberation

Organisation of militias fighting for Moroccan independence from France and Spain

Part of a series on the

History of Morocco

Prehistory

* Acheulean
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Classical to Late Antiquity
(8th century BC – 7th century AD)

* Carthaginian
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* Exarchate of Africa

Early Islamic
(8th–10th century AD)

* Muslim conquest
* Umayyad Caliphate
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* Emirate of Nekor
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* Barghwata confederacy
* Idrisid dynasty

Territorial fragmentation
(10th–11th century AD)

* Caliphate of Córdoba
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* Ifranids
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* Arab migrations to the Maghreb

Empire
(beginning 11th century AD)

* Almoravids
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other political entities

* Zawiya Dila'iya
* Principality of Debdou
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Decline
(beginning 19th century AD)

* Franco-Moroccan War
* Anglo-Moroccan Treaty of 1856
* Hispano-Moroccan War
* Protégé system
* Treaty of Wad Ras
* Treaty of Madrid
* Tangier Crisis
* Treaty of Algeciras
* Agadir Crisis
* Hafidiya
* Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)
* French conquest of Morocco

Protectorate
(1912–1956)

* Treaty of Fez
* French protectorate
* Spanish protectorate
* French Conquest
* Zaian War
* Rif War
* Tangier International Zone
* Emigration of Moroccan Jews
* Opposition to European control
* Revolution of the King and the People

Modern
(1956–present)

* Ifni War
* Sand War
* Moroccanization
* Coup d'état attempt in 1971 / in 1972
* Moulay Bouazza plot
* Years of lead
* Madrid Accords
* Green March
* Western Sahara War
* 2011–2012 protests
* Hirak Rif Movement
* Abraham Accords
* Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)

Related topics

* Morocco in the
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Part of a series on the

Western Sahara conflict
Background

* Spanish Sahara
* Greater Morocco
* Greater Mauritania
* Moroccan Army of Liberation
* Movement for the Liberation of
Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab

* Polisario Front
* Sahrawi National Union Party
* Madrid Accords
* Partition agreement

Regions

* Saguia el-Hamra
* Río de Oro
* Southern Provinces
* Tiris al-Gharbiyya
* Free Zone

Politics

* Annexation of Western Sahara
* Political status of Western Sahara
* Foreign relations of Morocco
* Makhzen
* Politics of the SADR
* Royal Advisory Council
for Saharan Affairs

Clashes

* Ifni War
* Zemla Intifada
* Western Sahara War
* First Intifada
* Independence Intifada
* Gdeim Izik
* Arab Spring protests
* 2020–present clashes
* Timeline

Issues

* Refugees
* camps
* Sahrawi nationality
* Green March
* Moroccan settlers
* Moroccan Wall
* Human rights

Peace process

* UN resolutions
* UN visiting mission
* UN referendum mission
* ICJ Advisory Opinion
* Settlement Plan
* Houston Agreement
* Baker Plan
* Manhasset negotiations
* Autonomy Proposal

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The Army of Liberation (Moroccan Arabic: جيش التحرير, romanized: Jish Etteḥrir; Berber languages: Aserdas Uslelli) was an organization of various loosely united militias fighting for the independence of Morocco from the French-Spanish protectorate.

It was founded in 1955 as an attempt to organise the various factions of rural Moroccan armed resistance after the assassination of the Tunisian labor unionist Farhat Hached and the forced exile of King Mohamed ben Youssef.[1]

## History

[edit]

### Founding

[edit]

It was founded in 1955 as an attempt to organise the various factions of rural Moroccan armed resistance that swept the country as a result of the assassination of Farhat Hached and the exile of king Mohamed ben Youssef.[1] Abdelkrim El Khattabi played an important role in the instigation of the army, through commanders such as Abbas Messaadi and Sellam Amezian.

Rural pre-Sahran Jews provided support to the Army of Liberation of the South.[2]

### Ifni War

[edit]

Main article: Ifni War

In 1956, units of the Army, which started to move its staff from North Spanish Morocco, began infiltrating Ifni and other enclaves of Spanish Morocco, as well as Spanish Sahara (today Western Sahara), to claim them as being part of Morocco. Initially, they received important backing from the Moroccan government. In the Spanish Sahara, the Army rallied Sahrawi tribes along the way, and triggered a large-scale rebellion. In early 1958, the Moroccan king reorganized the Army of Liberation units fighting in the Spanish Sahara as the "Saharan Liberation Army" [citation needed], also known as 'the Southern Liberation Army' (Armée de Libération du Sud), sometimes abbreviated as ALS. The ALS had prestigious leaders such as Abderrahmane Youssoufi[citation needed], Fqih Basri and Bensaid Aït Idder.

The revolt in the Spanish Sahara was put down in 1958 by a joint French and Spanish offensive. Upon their retreat, the guerrilla fighters were, surprisingly, hindered by the regular Moroccan Army, which allowed Spanish and French forces to neutralize them.[3][4] The King of Morocco then signed an agreement with the Spanish, where Spain returned the province of Tarfaya (until that agreement, part of Spanish Sahara) to Morocco. Part of the Army of Liberation was absorbed into the Moroccan armed forces.

Morocco sees the Army of Liberation battles in Western Sahara, and the fighting under Moroccan flag of Sahrawis as a proof of Western Sahara's loyalty to the Moroccan crown, whereas sympathizers to the Polisario Front view it only as an anti-colonial war directed against the Spanish. Sahrawi veterans of the Army of Liberation today exist on both sides of the Western Sahara conflict, and both the Kingdom of Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic celebrate it as part of their political history. Some parents of founder members of Polisario were members of the Army of Liberation [citation needed], most notably the father of Mohammed Abdelaziz the president of Polisario and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, who is living in Morocco and is a member of CORCAS.[citation needed].

## See also

[edit]

* Ifni War
* Military history of Morocco
* El Hamouti Mohand Elkhadir – Moroccan anti-colonial activist (1936–1964)

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Ahmed Boukhari (2005). Raisons d'états: Tout sur l'affaire Ben Barka et d'autres crimes politiques au Maroc.
2. ^ Boum, Aomar (1 March 2010). "From 'Little Jerusalems' to the Promised Land: Zionism, Moroccan nationalism, and rural Jewish emigration". The Journal of North African Studies. doi:10.1080/13629380902745876. ISSN 1362-9387.
3. ^ Abraham Serfaty
4. ^ Le Journal Hebdo

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Military of Morocco

Leadership|

| Civilian|

* King of Morocco (Supreme Commander and Chief-of-Staff)
* Abdellatif Loudiyi (Minister-Delegate for the Administration of National Defense)

|

Military|

* Major-General Mohammed Berrid (Inspector General of the Royal Armed Forces)

Branches|

|  Royal Moroccan Army|

Commander: Major-General Mohammed Berrid

|

Royal Moroccan Navy|

Commander: Captain Major Mohamed Tahin

Royal Moroccan Air Force|

Commander: Major-General El Abed Bouhamid Alaoui

Royal Moroccan Gendarmerie|

Commander: Major-General Mohamed Haramou

Auxiliary Forces|

Commanders:
Colonel-Major Mustapha Hdioud (southern division), Brigadier General Khaled Jabrane (northern division)

Moroccan Royal Guard|

Commander: Brigade General Abdelaziz Chatar

Military Intelligence|

* Abdelfattah Louarak (Commander of the Third Bureau)
* General Mohamed Maïche (Commander of the Fifth Bureau)

Former commanders|

* Mimoun Mansouri
* Hamidou Laanigri
* Belkhir El Farouk
* Abdelfattah Louarak
* Bouchaib Arroub
* Abdelaziz Bennani
* Abdelhak El Kadiri
* Mohamed Achahbar
* Ahmed Dlimi
* Mohamed Oufkir
* Mohamed Bachir El Bouhali
* Driss Ben Omar
* Benhammou Kettani

Operations and history|

* History
* Moroccan Army of Liberation
* Moroccan Goumier
* Black Guard
* Guich
* Jaysh al-Rifi
* Wars involving Morocco
* Battles involving Morocco
* Morocco in World War II
* Marche Verte

Equipment|

| Land|

* List of equipment of the Royal Moroccan Army

|

Sea|

* List of ships of the Royal Moroccan Navy
* Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah
* Abou El Barakat Al Barbari
* Lieutenant Colonel Errhamani
* Tariq ibn Ziyad
* Commandant Al Khattabi

Air|

* List of aircraft and armament of the Royal Moroccan Air Force

* Category
* Commons

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Spanish Empire

Timeline–immersed

* Catholic Monarchs
* Conquest of the Americas, Asia and the Pacific
* Treaty of Tordesillas
* Italian Wars
* Habsburgs
* Golden Age
* War of the League of Cognac
* Encomiendas
* New Laws in favour of the indigenous
* Expulsion of the Moriscos
* Ottoman–Habsburg wars
* French Wars of Religion
* Bruneian–Spanish conflict
* Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
* Piracy in the Caribbean
* Eighty Years' War
* Spanish–Moro conflict
* Thirty Years' War
* Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
* Portuguese Restoration War
* War of the Spanish Succession
* Queen Anne's War
* Bourbons
* Bourbon Reforms
* War of Jenkins' Ear
* Treaty of Madrid (1750)
* Seven Years' War
* Nootka Convention
* Napoleonic invasion
* Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
* Independence of Spanish continental Americas
* Adams–Onís Treaty
* Liberal constitution
* Carlist Wars
* Spanish–American War
* German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
* Spanish Civil War
* Independence of Morocco
* Independence of Equatorial Guinea
* Western Sahara conflict

Territories

| Europe|

* Spain
* Crown of Castille
* Crown of Aragon
* Union with Portugal
* Gibraltar
* Southern Italy (Kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia)
* Milan
* Union with Holy Roman Empire
* Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
* Franche-Comté
* Pyrénées-Orientales

|

Americas (Spanish America)|

| North America|

* New Spain (Coastal Alaska, Central United States (Spanish Louisiana), Western United States (Spanish Texas), Florida, Mexico, Central America (Captaincy General of Yucatan), Spanish Caribbean)

|

Central America|

* Captaincy General of Guatemala
* Spanish West Indies (Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico)
* Trinidad
* Jamaica
* Haiti
* Aruba
* Curazao
* Bonaire
* Belize

South America|

* New Granada (Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, part of Guyana, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
* Peru (Peru, Acre, Chile)
* Río de la Plata (Argentina, Paraguay, Charcas (Bolivia), Banda Oriental (Uruguay), Misiones Orientales, Malvinas)

Asia and Oceania (Spanish East Indies)|

* Philippines
* Micronesia (Caroline, Guam, Mariana, Micronesia, Palau)
* Northern Taiwan
* Tidore

Africa|

* Equatorial Guinea
* Northern Africa (Western Sahara, Spanish Morocco, Tripoli, Tunis, Peñón of Algiers, Oran, Béjaïa, Ifni and Cape Juby)

Antarctica|

* Terra Australis

Administration

| Organization|

* Ayuntamiento
* Cabildo
* Council of the Indies
* Germania
* Santa Hermandad

|

Law|

* Exequatur
* Laws of the Indies
* Papal bull
* Royal Decree of Graces
* School of Salamanca
* Trial of residence

Titles and positions|

* Alcalde
* Corregidor
* Municipal president
* Regidor
* Syndic
* Vecino

Administrative subdivisions

| Viceroyalties|

* Columbian
* New Spain
* New Granada
* Perú
* Río de la Plata

|

Captaincies General|

* Chile
* Cuba
* Guatemala
* Philippines
* Provincias Internas
* Puerto Rico
* Santo Domingo
* Venezuela
* Yucatán

Governorates|

* Castilla de Oro
* Cuba
* La Florida
* Louisiana
* New Andalusia (1501–1513)
* New Andalusia
* New Castile
* New Navarre
* New Spain
* Tierra Firme
* New Toledo
* New León
* Paraguay
* Río de la Plata
* Terra Australis

Audiencias|

* Bogotá
* Buenos Aires
* Caracas
* Charcas
* Concepción
* Cusco
* Guadalajara
* Guatemala
* Lima
* Manila
* Mexico
* Panamá
* Quito
* Santiago
* Santo Domingo

Economy

| Currencies|

* Dollar (Peso)
* Real
* Maravedí
* Escudo
* Columnario
* Doubloon

|

Trade|

* Manila galleon
* Spanish treasure fleet
* Casa de Contratación
* Spanish Road
* Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
* Barcelona Trading Company
* Consulate of the Sea
* Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
* Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires

Military

| Armies|

* Tercio
* Army of Flanders
* Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
* Indian auxiliaries
* Spanish Armada
* Ships of the line
* Royalists
* Legión
* Army of Africa

|

Strategists|

* Duke of Alba
* Antonio de Leyva
* Martín de Goiti
* Alfonso d'Avalos
* García de Toledo Osorio
* Duke of Savoy
* Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
* John of Austria
* Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
* Pedro de Zubiaur
* Ambrosio Spinola
* Blas de Lezo
* Bernardo de Gálvez

Mariners|

* Christopher Columbus
* Pinzón brothers
* Ferdinand Magellan
* Juan Sebastián Elcano
* Juan de la Cosa
* Juan Ponce de León
* Miguel López de Legazpi
* Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
* Sebastián de Ocampo
* Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
* Alonso de Ojeda
* Vasco Núñez de Balboa
* Alonso de Salazar
* Andrés de Urdaneta
* Antonio de Ulloa
* Ruy López de Villalobos
* Diego Columbus
* Alonso de Ercilla
* Nicolás de Ovando
* Juan de Ayala
* Sebastián Vizcaíno
* Juan Fernández
* Luis Fajardo
* Felipe González de Ahedo
* Francisco de Camargo
* Alonso de Camargo

Conquistadors|

* Hernán Cortés
* Francisco Pizarro
* Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
* Hernán Pérez de Quesada
* Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
* Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
* Pedro de Valdivia
* Gaspar de Portolà
* Pere Fages i Beleta
* Joan Orpí
* Pedro de Alvarado
* Martín de Ursúa
* Diego de Almagro
* Pánfilo de Narváez
* Diego de Mazariegos
* Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
* Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
* García López de Cárdenas

Notable battles|

| Old World|

| Won|

* Comuneros
* Bicocca
* Rome (1527)
* Landriano
* Pavia
* Tunis
* Mühlberg
* St. Quentin
* Gravelines
* Malta
* Lepanto
* Antwerp
* Azores
* Mons
* Gembloux
* Ostend
* English Armada
* Cape Celidonia
* White Mountain
* Breda
* Nördlingen
* Valenciennes
* Ceuta
* Bitonto
* Bailén
* Vitoria
* Tetouan
* Alhucemas

|

Lost|

* Capo d'Orso
* Vienna (1529)
* Preveza
* Siege of Castelnuovo
* Algiers
* Ceresole
* Balearic Islands (1558)
* Djerba
* Tunis
* Spanish Armada
* Leiden
* Rocroi
* Downs
* Montes Claros
* Passaro
* Manila Bay
* Trafalgar
* Somosierra
* Annual
* Mactan

New World|

| Won|

* Tenochtitlan
* Cajamarca
* Cusco
* Bogotá savanna
* Penco
* Mataquito
* Guadalupe Island
* Recife
* San Juan (1595)
* Bahia
* Colonia del Sacramento
* Comuneros (Paraguay)
* Cartagena de Indias
* Cuerno Verde
* Túpac Amaru II
* Túpac Katari
* Pensacola
* Newfoundland
* San Juan (1797)

|

Lost|

* La Noche Triste
* Iguape
* Tucapel
* Guiana
* Curalaba
* Comuneros (New Granada)
* Trinidad (1797)
* Chacabuco
* Boyacá
* Carabobo
* Pichincha
* Ayacucho
* Guam
* Santiago de Cuba
* Asomante

Spanish conquests

* Canary Islands
* The Americas
* Aztec
* Maya
* Chiapas
* Yucatán
* Guatemala
* Petén
* El Salvador
* Honduras
* Nicaragua
* Chibchan Nations
* Colombia
* Chile
* Inca
* Philippines

Other civil topics

* Spanish missions in the Americas
* Architecture
* Mesoamerican Codices
* Cusco painting tradition
* Indochristian painting in New Spain
* Quito painting tradition
* Africanist
* Tapada limeña
* Academia Antártica
* Colonial universities in Hispanic America
* Colonial universities in the Philippines
* General Archive of the Indies
* Colonial Spanish Horse
* Mustang
* Castas
* Criollos in the colonial society
* Old inquisition
* Slavery in Spanish Empire
* Asiento
* Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
* Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649

Cartography

| Cartographers|

* Juan de la Cruz Cano y Olmedilla
* Agustín Ibáñez y Bojons

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