Morrissey

British singer (born 1959)

This article is about the singer. For other uses, see Morrissey (disambiguation).

"Steven Morrissey" redirects here. For the footballer, see Steven Morrissey (footballer).

Morrissey

Morrissey in 2005

Background information
Birth name| Steven Patrick Morrissey
Born|  (1959-05-22) 22 May 1959 (age 66)
Old Trafford, Lancashire, England
Genres|

* Alternative rock[1]
* indie pop[2]
* indie rock[3]
* jangle pop[4]

Occupations|

* Singer
* songwriter

Years active| 1976–present
Labels|

* His Master's Voice
* EMI
* Parlophone
* Sire
* RCA
* Reprise
* Mercury
* Island
* Attack
* Sanctuary
* Decca
* Lost Highway
* Major Minor
* Liberty
* Harvest
* BMG
* Capitol

Formerly of| The Smiths
Website| morrisseycentral.com

Musical artist

Steven Patrick Morrissey (/ˈmɒrɪsi/ MORR-iss-ee; born 22 May 1959), known mononymously as Morrissey, is an English singer and songwriter. He came to prominence as the frontman and lyricist of rock band the Smiths, who were active from 1982 to 1987. Since then, he has pursued a successful solo career. Morrissey's music is characterised by his baritone voice and distinctive lyrics with recurring themes of emotional isolation, sexual longing, self-deprecating and dark humour, and anti-establishment stances.

Morrissey was born to working-class Irish immigrants in Old Trafford, Lancashire, England;[5] the family lived in Queen's Court near the Loreto convent in Hulme and his mother worked nearby at the Hulme Hippodrome bingo hall. They moved due to the 1960s demolitions of almost all the Victorian-era houses in Hulme, known as 'slum clearance', and he grew up in nearby Stretford.[6] As a child, he developed a love of literature, kitchen sink realism, and 1960s pop music. In the late 1970s, he fronted the punk rock band the Nosebleeds with little success before beginning a career in music journalism and writing several books on music and film in the early 1980s. (Morrissey later said, in 2024, that he "did not ever join" the Nosebleeds.[7]) He formed the Smiths with Johnny Marr in 1982 and the band soon attracted national recognition for their eponymous debut album. As the band's frontman, Morrissey attracted attention for his trademark quiff and witty and sardonic lyrics. Deliberately avoiding rock machismo, he cultivated the image of a sexually ambiguous social outsider who embraced celibacy. The Smiths released three further studio albums—Meat Is Murder, The Queen Is Dead, and Strangeways, Here We Come—and had a string of hit singles. The band were critically acclaimed and attracted a cult following. Personal differences between Morrissey and Marr resulted in the separation of the Smiths in 1987.

In 1988, Morrissey launched his solo career with Viva Hate. This album and its follow-ups—Kill Uncle (1991), Your Arsenal (1992), and Vauxhall and I (1994)—all did well on the UK Albums Chart and spawned multiple hit singles. He took on Alain Whyte and Boz Boorer as his main co-writers to replace Marr. During this time his image began to shift into that of a more robust figure who toyed with patriotic imagery and working-class masculinity. In the mid to late 1990s, his albums Southpaw Grammar (1995) and Maladjusted (1997) also charted but were less well received. Relocating to Los Angeles, he took a musical hiatus from 1998 to 2003 before releasing a successful comeback album, You Are the Quarry, in 2004. Ensuing years saw the release of albums Ringleader of the Tormentors (2006), Years of Refusal (2009), World Peace Is None of Your Business (2014), Low in High School (2017), California Son (2019), and I Am Not a Dog on a Chain (2020), as well as his autobiography (2013) and his debut novel, List of the Lost (2015).

Highly influential, Morrissey has been credited as a seminal figure in the emergence of indie pop, indie rock, and Britpop. In a 2006 poll for the BBC's Culture Show, Morrissey was voted the second-greatest living British cultural icon.[8] His work has been the subject of academic study.[9][10] He has been a controversial figure throughout his music career due to his forthright opinions and outspoken nature, endorsing vegetarianism and animal rights and criticising royalty and prominent politicians. He has also supported far-right activism with regard to British heritage, and defended a particular vision of national identity while critiquing the effects of immigration on the UK.[11]

## Early life

[edit]

### 1959–1976: Childhood

[edit]

Morrissey's family home (second from left) in Queens Square, Hulme, which was demolished in the 1960s. His aunt lived beside them in the end property.

Steven Patrick Morrissey was born on 22 May 1959[12] in Old Trafford, Lancashire.[13] His parents, Elizabeth (née Dwyer) and Peter Morrissey,[13] were Irish Catholics[14] who had emigrated to Manchester from Dublin with his only sibling, elder sister Jacqueline, a year before his birth.[13] Morrissey claims he was named after American actor Steve Cochran,[15] although he may instead have been named in honour of his father's brother who died in infancy, Patrick Steven Morrissey.[16] His earliest home was a council house at 17 Harper Street in the Queen's Square area of Hulme, inner Manchester, since demolished.[17][18][6] Living in that area as a child, he was deeply affected by the Moors murders, in which a number of local children were killed; the crimes had a lasting impression on him and would inspire the lyrics of the Smiths song "Suffer Little Children".[19] He also became aware of the anti-Irish sentiment in British society against Irish immigrants to Britain.[20] In 1970, after the "slum clearances" of Victorian-era houses in Hulme, the family moved to another council house at 384 King's Road in Stretford.[21]

#### Education

[edit]

Following a primary education at St Wilfred's Primary School,[21] Morrissey failed his 11-plus exam[22] and proceeded to St Mary's Secondary Modern School, an experience he found unpleasant.[23] He excelled at athletics,[24] though he was an unpopular loner at the school.[25] He left school in 1975, having received no formal qualifications.[26] He continued his education at Stretford Technical College,[26] where he gained three O-Levels in English literature, sociology, and the General Paper.[27]

In 1985, he gave a tour of Manchester for the Oxford Road Show and spoke fondly of St Wilfred's, including meeting his former teachers and going through a photo album. Later in the tour, he arrived at St Mary's and described it in highly negative terms, wryly closing with "Not to be recommended."[28] He has been critical of his formal education, later stating, "The education I received was so basically evil and brutal. All I learnt was to have no self-esteem and to feel ashamed without knowing why."[24] He has also discussed being subjected to corporal punishment as a student,[29] which is the subject of the Smiths' 1985 song "The Headmaster Ritual". Education is a recurring theme in his lyrics, such as "The Teachers Are Afraid of the Pupils" from Southpaw Grammar (1995) and the Years of Refusal bonus track "Because of My Poor Education" (2009). The working title for his first solo album Viva Hate was Education in Reverse and it was initially released in Australia under that title, though this was later rectified.[30]

#### Family life and influences

[edit]

> I lost myself in music at a very early age, and I remained there . . . I did fall in love with the voices I heard, whether they were male or female. I loved those people. I really, really did love those people. For what it was worth, I gave them my life . . . my youth. Beyond the perimeter of pop music there was a drop at the end of the world.

— Morrissey, 1991.[31]

In 1975, he travelled to the U.S. to visit an aunt who lived in Staten Island.[6] The relationship between his parents was strained, and they ultimately separated in December 1976, with his father moving out of the family home.[32]

Morrissey's librarian mother encouraged her son's interest in reading.[33] He took an interest in feminist literature,[34] citing examples such as Marjorie Rosen, Molly Haskell and Susan Brownmiller in an 1983 interview with NME.[35] He particularly liked the Irish author Oscar Wilde, whom he came to idolise.[36] The young Morrissey was a fan of the television soap opera Coronation Street, which focused on working-class communities in Manchester; he sent proposed scripts and storylines to the show's production company, Granada Television, although all were rejected.[37] He was also a fan of Shelagh Delaney's A Taste of Honey and its 1961 film adaptation, which was a drama focusing on working-class life in Salford.[38] Many of his later songs directly quoted A Taste of Honey.[39]

Of his youth, Morrissey has said, "Pop music was all I ever had, and it was completely entwined with the image of the pop star. I remember feeling the person singing was actually with me and understood me and my predicament."[40] He later revealed that the first record he purchased was Marianne Faithfull's 1965 single "Come and Stay With Me".[41] He became a glam rock fan in the 1970s,[42] enjoying the work of English artists like T. Rex, David Bowie and Roxy Music.[43] He was also a fan of American glam rock artists such as Sparks, Jobriath and the New York Dolls.[44] He formed a British fan club for the latter, attracting members through small adverts in the back pages of music magazines.[45] It was through the New York Dolls' interest in female pop singers from the 1960s that Morrissey too developed a fascination for such artists,[46] including Sandie Shaw, Twinkle, and Dusty Springfield.[47]

### 1977–1981: Early bands and published books

[edit]

Morrissey idolised American film actor James Dean and published a book about him.

Having left formal education, Morrissey proceeded through a series of jobs, as a clerk for the civil service and then the Inland Revenue,[48] as a salesperson in a record store, and as a hospital porter, before abandoning employment and claiming unemployment benefits.[49] He used much of the money from these jobs to purchase tickets for gigs, attending performances by Talking Heads, the Ramones, and Blondie.[50] He regularly attended concerts, having a particular interest in the alternative and post-punk music scene.[51] Having met the guitarist Billy Duffy in November 1977, Morrissey agreed to become the vocalist for Duffy's punk band the Nosebleeds,[52] though Morrissey later said, in 2024, that he "did not ever join" the band.[7] Morrissey co-wrote a number of songs with the band[53]—"Peppermint Heaven", "I Get Nervous" and "I Think I'm Ready for the Electric Chair"[52]—and performed with them in support slots for Jilted John and then Magazine.[46] The band soon disbanded.[54]

He came to be known as a minor figure within Manchester's punk community.[55] By 1981, he had become a close friend of Linder Sterling, the frontwoman of punk-jazz ensemble Ludus; her lyrics and style of singing both influenced him.[56] Through Sterling, he came to know Howard Devoto and Richard Boon.[55] At the time, Morrissey's best male friend was James Maker; he would visit Maker in London or they would meet in Manchester, where they visited the city's gay bars and gay clubs, in one case having to escape from a gang of gay bashers.[57]

Wanting to become a professional writer,[58] Morrissey considered a career in music journalism. He frequently wrote letters to the music press and was eventually hired by the weekly music review publication Record Mirror.[51] He wrote several short books for local publishing company Babylon Books: in 1981 it released a 24-page booklet he had written on the New York Dolls, which sold 3000 copies.[59] This was followed by James Dean is Not Dead, about the late American film star James Dean.[51] Morrissey had developed a love of Dean and had covered his bedroom with pictures of the dead film star.[60]

## The Smiths

[edit]

### 1982–1984: Establishing the Smiths

[edit]

Main article: The Smiths

In August 1978, Morrissey was briefly introduced to the 14-year-old Johnny Marr by mutual acquaintances at a Patti Smith gig held at Manchester's Apollo Theatre.[53] Several years later, in May 1982, Marr turned up on the doorstep of Morrissey's house, there to ask Morrissey if he was interested in co-founding a band.[61] Marr had been impressed that Morrissey had authored a book on the New York Dolls,[62] and was inspired to turn up on his doorstep following the example of Jerry Leiber, who had formed his working partnership with Mike Stoller after turning up at the latter's door.[63] According to Morrissey: "We got on absolutely famously. We were very similar in drive."[64] The next day, Morrissey phoned Marr to confirm that he would be interested in forming a band with him.[65] Steve Pomfret—who had served as the band's first bassist—soon abandoned the band, to be replaced by Dale Hibbert.[66] Around the time of the band's formation, Morrissey decided that he would be publicly known only by his surname,[67] with Marr referring to him as "Mozzer" or "Moz".[68] In 1983, he forbade those around him from using the name "Steven", which he despised.[68] Morrissey was also responsible for choosing the band name of "the Smiths",[69] later informing an interviewer that "it was the most ordinary name and I thought it was time that the ordinary folk of the world showed their faces".[70]

Alongside developing their own songs, they also developed a cover of the Cookies' "I Want a Boy for My Birthday", the latter reflecting their deliberate desire to transgress established norms of gender and sexuality in rock in a manner inspired by the New York Dolls.[71] In August 1982, they recorded their first demo at Manchester's Decibel Studios,[72] and Morrissey took the demo recording to Factory Records, but they weren't interested.[73] In late summer 1982, Mike Joyce was adopted as the band's drummer after a successful audition.[74] In October 1982, they then gave their first public performance, as a support act for Blue Rondo à la Turk at Manchester's The Ritz.[75] Hibbert however was unhappy with what he perceived as the band's gay aesthetic; in turn, Morrissey and Marr were unhappy with his bass playing, and so he was removed from the band and replaced by Marr's old school friend Andy Rourke.[76]

A typical shirt worn on stage by Morrissey in the 1980s, on display at the Barcelona Hard Rock Café

After the record company EMI turned them down,[77] Morrissey and Marr visited London to hand a cassette of their recordings to Geoff Travis of the independent record label Rough Trade Records.[78] Although not signing them to a contract straight away, he agreed to cut their song "Hand in Glove" as a single.[79] Morrissey chose a homoerotic cover design in the form of a Jim French photograph.[80] It was released in May 1983. The band soon generated controversy when Garry Bushell of tabloid newspaper The Sun alleged that their B-side "Handsome Devil" was an endorsement of paedophilia.[81] The band denied this, with Morrissey stating that the song "has nothing to do with children, and certainly nothing to do with child molesting".[82] In the wake of their single, the band performed their first significant London gig, gained radio airplay with a John Peel session, and obtained their first interviews in music magazines NME and Sounds.[83]

The follow-up singles "This Charming Man" and "What Difference Does It Make?" fared better when they reached numbers 25 and 12 respectively on the UK Singles Chart.[84] Aided by praise from the music press and a series of studio sessions for Peel and David Jensen at BBC Radio 1, the Smiths began to acquire a dedicated fan base. In February 1984 they released their debut album, The Smiths, which reached number 2 on the UK Albums Chart.[84]

As frontman of the Smiths, Morrissey—described as "lanky, soft-spoken, bequiffed and bespectacled"[85]—subverted many of the norms that were associated with pop and rock music.[86] The band's aesthetic simplicity was a reaction to the excess personified by the New Romantics,[87] and while Morrissey adopted an androgynous appearance like the New Romantics or earlier glam rockers, his was far more subtle and understated.[88] According to one commentator, "he was bookish; he wore NHS spectacles and a hearing aid on stage; he was celibate. Worst of all, he was sincere", with his music being "so intoxicatingly melancholic, so dangerously thoughtful, so seductively funny that it lured its listeners . . . into a relationship with him and his music instead of the world."[89] In an academic paper on the band, Julian Stringer characterised the Smiths as "one of Britain's most overtly political groups",[90] while in his study of their work, Andrew Warns termed them "this most anti-capitalist of bands".[91] Morrissey had been particularly vocal in his criticism of then-Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher; after the October 1984 Brighton hotel bombing, he commented that "the only sorrow" of it was "that Thatcher escaped unscathed".[92] In 1988, he stated that Section 28 "embodies Thatcher's very nature and her quite natural hatred".[92]

### 1984–1987: The Smiths' growing success

[edit]

> The Smiths brought realism to their romance, and tempered their angst with the lightest of touches. The times were personified in their frontman: rejecting all taints of rock n' roll machismo, he played up the social awkwardness of the misfit and the outsider, his gently haunting vocals whooping suddenly upward into a falsetto, clothed in outsize women's shirts, sporting National Health specs or a huge Johnny Ray-style hearing aid. This charming young man was, in the vernacular of the time, the very antithesis of a "rockist"—always knowingly closer to the gentle ironicist Alan Bennett, or self-lacerating diarist Kenneth Williams, than a licentious Mick Jagger or drugged-out Jim Morrison.

— Paul A. Woods, 2007.[93]

In 1984, the band released two non-album singles: "Heaven Knows I'm Miserable Now" (their first UK top-ten hit) and "William, It Was Really Nothing". The year ended with the compilation album Hatful of Hollow. This collected singles, B-sides and the versions of songs that had been recorded throughout the previous year for the Peel and Jensen shows. Early in 1985, the band released their second album, Meat Is Murder, which was their only studio album to top the UK charts. The single-only release "Shakespeare's Sister" reached number 26 on the UK Singles Chart, though the only single taken from the album, "That Joke Isn't Funny Anymore", was less successful, barely making the top 50.[84] "How Soon Is Now?" was originally a B-side of "William, It Was Really Nothing", and was subsequently featured on Hatful of Hollow and the American, Canadian, Australian and Warner UK editions of Meat Is Murder. Belatedly released as a single in the UK in 1985, "How Soon Is Now?" reached number 24 on the UK Singles Chart.

During 1985, the band undertook lengthy tours of the UK and the US while recording the next studio record, The Queen Is Dead. The album was released in June 1986, shortly after the single "Bigmouth Strikes Again". The record reached number 2 in the UK charts.[84] All was not well within the band. A legal dispute with Rough Trade had delayed the album by almost seven months (it had been completed in November 1985), and Marr was beginning to feel the stress of the band's exhausting touring and recording schedule.[94] Meanwhile, Rourke was fired in early 1986 for his use of heroin.[95] Rourke was temporarily replaced on bass guitar by Craig Gannon, but he was reinstated after only a fortnight. Gannon stayed in the band, switching to rhythm guitar. This five-piece recorded the singles "Panic" and "Ask" (with Kirsty MacColl on backing vocals) which reached numbers 11 and 14 respectively on the UK Singles Chart,[84] and toured the UK. After the tour ended in October 1986, Gannon left the band. The band had become frustrated with Rough Trade and sought a record deal with a major label, ultimately signing with EMI, which drew criticism from some of the band's fanbase.[94]

In early 1987, the single "Shoplifters of the World Unite" was released and reached number 12 on the UK Singles Chart.[84] It was followed by a second compilation album, The World Won't Listen, which reached number 2 in the charts[84]—and the single "Sheila Take a Bow", the band's second (and last during the band's lifetime) UK top-10 hit.[84] Despite their continued success, personal differences within the band—including the increasingly strained relationship between Morrissey and Marr—saw them on the verge of breaking up. In July 1987, Marr left the band and auditions to find a replacement proved fruitless.

By the time that the band's fourth album Strangeways, Here We Come was released in September, the band had broken up. Morrissey attributed the band's break-up to the lack of a managerial figure—in a 1989 interview with then-teenage fan Tim Samuels.[96] Strangeways peaked at number 2 in the UK, but was only a minor US hit,[84][97] though it was more successful there than the band's previous albums.

## Solo career

[edit]

### 1988–1991: Early solo work

[edit]

Several months before the Smiths dissolved, Morrissey enlisted Stephen Street as his personal producer and new songwriting partner, with whom he could begin his solo career.[98] By September 1987, he had begun work on his first solo album, Viva Hate, at Wool Hall Studios near Bath;[98] it was recorded with the musicians Vini Reilly and Andrew Paresi.[99] Rather than featuring pre-existing images of celebrities, as the Smiths' album and single covers had done, the cover sleeve of Viva Hate featured a photograph of Morrissey taken by Anton Corbijn.[100] In February 1988, EMI released the first single from this album, "Suedehead", which reached number 5 on the British singles chart, a higher position than any Smiths single had achieved.[101] The second single from the album, "Everyday Is Like Sunday", was released in June and reached number 9.[102] The album reached number 1 on the UK album charts.[100] The album's final song, "Margaret on the Guillotine", featured descriptions of Thatcher being executed; in response, the Conservative Member of Parliament Geoffrey Dickens accused Morrissey of being involved in a terrorist network and police Special Branch conducted a search of his Manchester home.[103]

Morrissey's first solo performance took place at Wolverhampton's Civic Hall in December 1988.[104] The event attracted huge crowds, with NME journalist James Brown observing that "the excitement and atmosphere inside the hall was like nothing I have ever experienced at any public event".[105] Following Viva Hate, Morrissey put out two new singles; "The Last of the Famous International Playboys" was about the Kray twins, gangsters who operated in London's East End, and reached number 6 on the UK singles chart.[106] This was followed by "Interesting Drug", which reached number 9.[107] After his songwriting partnership with Street ended and was replaced by Alan Winstanley and Clive Langer,[108] he recorded "Ouija Board, Ouija Board", released as a single in November 1989; it reached number 18.[108] Christian spokespeople and tabloid newspapers condemned the song, claiming that it promoted occultism, to which Morrissey responded that "the only contact I ever made with the dead was when I spoke to a journalist from The Sun."[109]

In the 1990s Morrissey sold out The Forum in Los Angeles in fifteen minutes

With Winstanley and Langer he began work on his first compilation album, Bona Drag, although only recorded six new songs for it, the rest of the album comprising his recent singles and B-sides.[110] The album reached number 9 on the UK album chart.[111] Two of the newly recorded Bona Drag tracks were released as singles: "November Spawned a Monster", a song about a woman who is a wheelchair user, reached number 12 in the charts but received criticism from some who believed that it mocked disabled people.[112] The second, "Piccadilly Palare", referenced London rent boys and featured terms from the polari gay slang. Released in November 1990, it reached number 19 in the charts.[113] The song attracted some criticism from the British gay press, who were of the opinion that it was wrong for Morrissey to use polari when he was not openly gay;[114] in an interview the previous year he had nevertheless acknowledged his attraction to both men and women.[115]

Adopting Mark E. Nevin as his new songwriting partner,[116] Morrissey created his second solo album, Kill Uncle; released in March 1991, it peaked at number 8 on the album chart.[116] The two singles released in promotion of the album, "Our Frank" and "Sing Your Life", failed to break the Top 20 on the singles charts, reaching number 26 and 33 respectively.[116][117] Another of the album's tracks, "Found, Found, Found", alluded to Morrissey's friendship with Michael Stipe, the lead singer of American indie rock band REM.[118] Planning his first solo tour, Morrissey assembled several musicians with a background in rockabilly for his new backing group, including the guitarist Boz Boorer, Alain Whyte and Spencer Cobrin.[119] Morrissey began the Kill Uncle tour in Europe; he brought Phranc as his support act and decorated the stage of each performance with a large image of Edith Sitwell.[120] On the US leg of his tour, he sold out Los Angeles' 18,000 seat The Forum in fifteen minutes, faster than Michael Jackson or Madonna had done.[121] During the performance, David Bowie joined him onstage for a rendition of T. Rex's "Cosmic Dancer".[121] In the US, he sold out 25 of his 26 other performances;[121] one Texan appearance was filmed by Tim Broad for release as the VHS Live in Dallas.[122] He proceeded to Japan—where he was frustrated by the authorities' tough stance toward fans—and then Australasia, where he cancelled several dates due to acute sinusitis.[123]

The early 1990s were described by biographer David Bret as the "black phase" in Morrissey's relationship with the British music press, which was increasingly hostile and critical of him.[124] In some cases, this involved the press spreading misinformation, such as the claim that he and Phranc were recording a cover of "Don't Go Breaking My Heart";[125] others, such as those of Barbara Ellen in NME, were closer to personal attack than musical review.[126] NME claimed that his cancelled performances reflected a disrespect towards his fans.[127] He became increasingly reticent in talking to British music journalists,[128] expressing frustration at how they constantly compared his solo work with that of the Smiths; "my past is almost denying me a future".[129] He told one interviewer that the band he was then working with were technically better musicians than the Smiths had ever been.[129]

### 1992–1995: Changing image

[edit]

In July 1992, Morrissey released the album Your Arsenal, which peaked at number 2 in the album chart.[130] It was the final release from producer Mick Ronson; Morrissey related that working with Ronson had been "the greatest privilege of my life".[131] Your Arsenal reflected Morrissey's lament for what he regarded as the decline of British culture in the face of increasing Americanisation.[132] He told one interviewer that "everything is informed by American culture—everyone under fifty speaks American—and that's sad. We once had a strong identity and now that's gone completely".[132] A number of the tracks on the album, most notably "Certain People I Know" and "The National Front Disco", dealt with the lives and experiences of tough, working-class youths.[133] Your Arsenal was critically well received,[134] and often described as his best album since Viva Hate.[130] The first single, "We Hate It When Our Friends Become Successful", had been released in April 1992 and peaked at number 17;[135] this was followed by "You're the One for Me, Fatty", which reached number 19 and "Certain People I Know", which reached number 34.[136] From September to December, Morrissey embarked on a 53-date Your Arsenal tour in which he varyingly decorated the stage with backdrops of skinhead girls,[137] Diana Dors, Elvis Presley, and Charlie Richardson.[138] One of the performances was recorded and released as Beethoven Was Deaf (1993).[139]

By the release of Your Arsenal, Morrissey's image had changed; according to Simpson, the singer had converted "from the aesthete interested in rough lads into a rough lad interested in aestheticism (and rough lads)".[140] According to Woods, Morrissey developed an air of "quietly assured masculinity", representing "a more robust, burlier, beefier version of himself",[141] while the poet and Morrissey fan Simon Armitage described the transition as being one from that of "stick-thin, knock-me-over-with-a-feather campness" to that of a "mobster and bare-knuckle boxer image".[142] This new image was reflected in the cover art for Your Arsenal; a photograph taken by Sterling, it featured Morrissey onstage with his shirt open, displaying a muscular torso beneath.[140]

The York Hall boxing venue, which Morrissey frequented in the mid-1990s

In mid-1993, Morrissey co-wrote his fifth album, Vauxhall and I, with Whyte and Boorer; it was produced by Steve Lillywhite.[143] Morrissey described the album as "the best I've ever made",[144] and at the time believed it would be either his final or penultimate work.[145] It was both a critical and commercial success,[146] topping the UK album chart in March 1994.[147] The album had been named after Vauxhall, a district of South West London famous for the Royal Vauxhall Tavern gay pub.[144] One of the album's songs, "The More You Ignore Me, the Closer I Get", was released as a single at the time and reached number 8 in the UK.[144] The single's sleeve featured images of Jake Walters, a skinhead in his twenties, who was living with Morrissey at the time.[148] Walters had introduced Morrissey to York Hall, a boxing venue in Bethnal Green, part of London's East End, with the singer spending an increasing amount of time there.[149]

That year, he also released a non-album single, "Interlude", a duet with Siouxsie Sioux: the track was a cover of a Timi Yuro song. The record was published under the banner "Morrissey & Siouxsie"; due to record company issues, "Interlude" was only available on import outside Europe.[150]

In the autumn of 1994, Morrissey recorded five songs at South London's Olympic Studios.[151] In January 1995 the single "Boxers" was released, reaching number 23 on the singles chart.[152] In February 1995, he embarked on the Boxers tour, supported by the band Marion and featuring a backdrop depiction of the boxer Cornelius Carr.[153] One of these performances was filmed by James O'Brien and released as the VHS Introducing Morrissey.[154] In December 1995, the song "Sunny" was released as a single; a lament for Morrissey's terminated relationship with Walters, the song was the first of Morrissey's singles not to chart.[151] In 1995 the compilation album World of Morrissey was released, containing largely B-sides.[155]

### 1995–2003: Move to Los Angeles

[edit]

After his contract with EMI expired, Morrissey signed to RCA.[156] On this label he recorded his next album, Southpaw Grammar, at the Miraval Studios in southern France before releasing it in August 1995.[157] Its cover art featured an image of the boxer Kenny Lane.[158] It reached number 4 in the UK album charts,[158] but made little impact compared to its two predecessors.[159] In September 1995, Morrissey served as the support act for the British leg of Bowie's Outside Tour.[160] Backstage at the Aberdeen gig, Morrissey was taken ill and taken to hospital; he did not return for the rest of the tour.[161] Later referring to the tour critically, he said that when you become involved with Bowie, "you have to worship at the Temple of David".[162]

In December 1996, a legal case against Morrissey and Marr brought by Smiths' drummer Mike Joyce arrived at the High Court. Joyce alleged that he had not received his fair share of recording and performance royalties from his time with the band, calling for at least £1 million in damages and 25% of all future Smiths album sales. After a seven-day hearing, the judge ruled in favour of Joyce.[163][164] In summing up the case, Judge Justice Weeks referred to Morrissey as "devious, truculent and unreliable when his own interests were at stake", with the words "devious" and "truculent" being widely used in press coverage of the ruling.[165] Marr paid the money legally owed to Joyce but Morrissey launched an appeal against the ruling.[166] He said that the judge had been biased against him from the start of the proceedings because of his public criticisms of Thatcher and her government.[167] Morrissey lost his appeal in July 1998, although he launched another soon after;[167] this too was unsuccessful.[168] In a November 2005 statement, Morrissey said that Joyce had cost him £600,000 in legal fees alone and approximately £1,515,000 in total.[169]

Morrissey returned on Island Records in 1997, releasing the single "Alma Matters" in July,[citation needed] followed by his next album Maladjusted in August.[170] The album peaked at number 8 in the UK album charts. Its further two singles, "Roy's Keen" and "Satan Rejected My Soul", both peaked outside the top 30 on the UK singles chart.[117] Having been unhappy with the cover design for Southpaw Grammar, Morrissey left control of cover art of Maladjusted to his record company, but again was unsatisfied with the result.[171]

Uncut reported in 1998 that Morrissey no longer had a record deal.[172] The following year, he embarked on the Oye Esteban Tour, and was one of the headliners of the Coachella Festival in California.[173]

> The England that I have loved, and I have sung about, and whose death I have sung about, I felt had finally slipped away. And so I was no longer saying, "England is dying." I was beginning to say, "Well, yes, it has died and here's the carcass"—so why hang around?

— Morrissey, on his move to Los Angeles.[174]

Leaving Britain, Morrissey purchased a house in Lincoln Heights, Los Angeles. It had formerly been the residence of Carole Lombard and had been re-designed by William Haines.[175] Over the next few years he rarely returned to Britain.[175] In 2002, Morrissey returned with a world tour, culminating in two sold-out nights at the Royal Albert Hall, during which he played as-yet unreleased songs.[176] Outside the US and Europe, concerts also took place in Australia and Japan.[177] During this time, Channel 4 filmed The Importance of Being Morrissey, a documentary which aired in 2003; it was Morrissey's first major screen interview to appear on British television.[178][179] He told interviewers that he was working on an autobiography,[180] and expressed criticism of reality television music shows like Pop Idol which were then in their infancy.[181]

### 2004–2009: Comeback

[edit]

In 2003, Morrissey signed to Sanctuary Records, where he was given the defunct reggae label Attack Records to use for his next project.[182][183] Produced by Jerry Finn and recorded in both Los Angeles and Berkshire, Morrissey's seventh solo album was You Are the Quarry; it was released in May 2004.[184] The album's cover art featured an image of Morrissey carrying a Tommy gun.[185] It peaked at number 2 on the UK album chart and number 11 on the U.S. Billboard album chart.[117] The first single, "Irish Blood, English Heart", reached number 3 in the UK singles chart, the highest ranked single of his career.[186] Promoting the album, he made appearances on both Top of the Pops and Later with Jools Holland,[187] and gave his first television interview in 17 years on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross; Morrissey was visibly uncomfortable with Jonathan Ross' questions.[188] He also agreed to interviews with various press outlets, including the NME, stating that "the nasty old guard" who controlled the magazine in the 1990s were gone and that it was not "the smelly NME any more".[189]

Morrissey performing in 2006

To promote the album, Morrissey embarked on a world tour from April to November.[190] He marked his 45th birthday with a concert at the Manchester Arena, supported by Franz Ferdinand;[191] it was recorded for release as the DVD Who Put the M in Manchester?.[citation needed] Morrissey was also invited to curate that year's Meltdown festival at London's Southbank Centre. Among the acts he secured were Sparks, Loudon Wainwright III, Ennio Marchetto, Nancy Sinatra, the Cockney Rejects, Lypsinka, the Ordinary Boys, the Libertines, and playwright Alan Bennett.[192] He had unsuccessfully attempted to secure appearances from Brigitte Bardot and Maya Angelou.[193] That year he also performed at several UK music festivals, including Leeds, Reading, and Glastonbury.[194]

Morrissey's eighth studio album, Ringleader of the Tormentors, was recorded in Rome and released in April 2006. It debuted at number 1 in the UK album charts and number 27 in the US.[195][196] The album yielded four singles: "You Have Killed Me", "The Youngest Was the Most Loved", "In the Future When All's Well", and "I Just Want to See the Boy Happy".[citation needed] The album was produced by Tony Visconti; Morrissey called the album "the most beautiful—perhaps the most gentle—so far". Billboard described the album as showcasing "a thicker, more rock-driven sound".[197]

Morrissey at SXSW in 2006

In December 2007, Morrissey signed a new deal with Decca Records, which included a Greatest Hits album and a new studio album.[198] Greatest Hits charted at number 5 in the UK album chart.[195] "That's How People Grow Up" was the first single from Greatest Hits, reaching number 14 in the UK charts.[195] A second single from the album, "All You Need Is Me", followed.

His ninth studio album, Years of Refusal, originally due in September, was postponed until February 2009, as a result of the death of producer Jerry Finn,[199] and the lack of an American label to distribute the album.[200] When released by the Universal Music Group, it reached number 3 in the UK Albums Chart[201] and 11 in the US Billboard 200.[202] The record was widely acclaimed by critics,[203] with comparisons made to Your Arsenal[204] and Vauxhall and I.[205] A review from Pitchfork Media noted that with Years of Refusal, Morrissey "has rediscovered himself, finding new potency in his familiar arsenal. Morrissey's rejuvenation is most obvious in the renewed strength of his vocals" and called it his "most venomous, score-settling album, and in a perverse way that makes it his most engaging".[205] "I'm Throwing My Arms Around Paris" and "Something Is Squeezing My Skull" were released as the record's singles. The song "Black Cloud" features the guitar playing of Jeff Beck. Throughout 2009, Morrissey toured to promote the album. As part of the extensive Tour of Refusal, Morrissey followed a lengthy US tour with concerts booked in Ireland, the UK, and Russia.[206]

In October 2009, Swords, a B-sides collection of material released between 2004 and 2009, was released.[207] It peaked at 55 on the UK albums chart, and Morrissey later called it "a meek disaster".[208] On the second date of the UK tour to promote Swords, Morrissey collapsed onstage in Swindon,[209] and was briefly hospitalised.[210] Following the Swords tour, Morrissey had fulfilled his contractual obligation to Universal Records and was without a record company.[211]

### 2010–2019: Further studio albums and literary work

[edit]

In April 2011, EMI issued a new compilation, Very Best of Morrissey, for which the singer had chosen the track list and artwork.[212] In March 2011, Morrissey took Ron Laffitte as his manager.[213] In June and July 2011, Morrissey played a UK tour;[214] during his 2011 performance at Glastonbury Festival, Morrissey criticised UK Prime Minister David Cameron for attempting to prevent a ban on wild animals performing in circuses, calling him a "silly twit".[215] This was followed by several dates elsewhere in Europe.[216] Morrissey's 2012 tour started in South America and continued through Asia and North America. Morrissey played concerts in Belgium, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Israel, Portugal, England, and Scotland. In late September, while visiting Strand Bookstore in Manhattan, he saved an elderly lady who had fainted beside him.[217] Between January and March 2013, Morrissey toured 32 North American cities, beginning in Greenvale, New York and ending in Portland, Oregon.[218] Patti Smith and her band were special guests at the Staples Center concert in Los Angeles, and Kristeen Young opened on all nights.[219]

Morrissey during his performance at the Hop Farm Festival 2011

In January 2013, Morrissey was diagnosed with a bleeding ulcer and several engagements were rescheduled.[220] On 7 March, Morrissey was hospitalised again, this time with pneumonia in both lungs.[221] One week later, the rest of the tour was cancelled.[222] During his rehabilitation he spent time in Ireland, where he watched the country's football team play a match against Austria in the company of his cousin Robbie Keane.[223][224]

In April, EMI reissued the single "The Last of the Famous International Playboys", backed by three new songs: "People Are the Same Everywhere", "Action Is My Middle Name", and "The Kid's a Looker", all recorded live in 2011.[225] Starting in June, Morrissey performed in Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Peru and Chile.[226] In August, Morrissey's concert at Hollywood High School on 2 March 2013, had a worldwide cinema release.[clarification needed] Morrissey: 25 Live marks Morrissey's 25th year as a solo artist, and was the first authorised live Morrissey DVD in nine years.[227] In July, Morrissey cancelled the South American leg of his tour due to a "lack of funding", saying it was "the last of many final straws".[228]

In October 2013, Morrissey's autobiography, titled Autobiography, was released after a "content dispute" had delayed it from the initial release date of 16 September 2013.[229] The book's release caused controversy as it was published as a "contemporary classic" under the Penguin Classics label at Morrissey's request, which some critics felt devalued the Penguin Classics label.[230][231] Morrissey had completed the 660-page book in 2011,[232] before shopping it to publishers such as Penguin Books[233] and Faber and Faber.[234] The book received divergent reviews: The Daily Telegraph giving it a five-star review that described it as "the best written musical autobiography since Bob Dylan's Chronicles", while The Independent criticised the book's "droning narcissism" as well as its status as a Penguin Classic.[235] The book entered the UK book charts at number 1, nearly 35,000 copies being sold in its first week.[236] In December, a 2011 live cover version of Lou Reed's "Satellite of Love", was released as a single.[237]

In January 2014, Morrissey signed a two-record deal with Capitol Music.[238] His tenth studio album, World Peace Is None of Your Business, was released in July.[239] Prior to its release, he embarked on a US tour in May,[240] but was hospitalised in Boston in early June, cancelling the remaining nine tour dates.[241] After finishing a six date tour in the UK, he did a US tour during June and July, including a concert in New York with special guest Blondie at Madison Square Garden.[242] In July 2015, he publicly claimed that an airport security guard had groped him at San Francisco International Airport. He filed a sexual assault complaint; the Transportation Security Administration found no supporting evidence to act on the allegation.[243] In August, Capitol Music and Harvest Records ended their contracts with Morrissey.[244] In October, he disclosed he had received treatment for Barrett's oesophageal cancer.[245][243]

Morrissey performing at the Royal Albert Hall in March 2018

In September 2015, Penguin Books published Morrissey's first novel, List of the Lost.[246][247]

In November 2017, his eleventh studio album, Low in High School, was released through BMG and Morrissey's own Etienne record label.[248] That same month, Morrissey attracted press attention and criticism for comments made in an interview with Der Spiegel: he stated that it was "quite sad" that distinct national identities in Europe were being undermined by politicians trying "to introduce a multicultural aspect to everything",[249][250][251] and that some individuals claiming victimhood as part of the Me Too movement were not genuine victims of sexual assault but were "simply disappointed".[249][252] Morrissey accused Der Spiegel of misquoting him and said it would be his last print interview.[253][254] He played two shows at Los Angeles' Hollywood Bowl in November.[255] Morrissey's first UK tour since 2015 began in Aberdeen and concluded in London.[256]

In November 2018, Morrissey released a cover of the Pretenders' "Back on the Chain Gang",[257] performing it on The Late Late Show with James Corden.[258] In May 2019, Morrissey played a seven-night residency at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre on Broadway,[259] prior to the release of his twelfth studio album, a covers album titled  California Son.

### 2020–present: I Am Not a Dog on a Chain, unreleased album and Without Music the World Dies

[edit]

Morrissey performing in 2023

Morrissey released an 11-track album I Am Not a Dog on a Chain in late March 2020. The lead single, "Bobby, Don't You Think They Know?" featuring Motown soul singer Thelma Houston, was also made available on streaming sites.[260]

In November 2020, Morrissey's deal with BMG expired and was not renewed.[261] Morrissey completed a Las Vegas residency in July 2022 titled "Viva Moz Vegas" for the second year in a row.[262] He completed tour dates in the UK and Ireland.[263][264]

The initial plan to release his fourteenth solo album Bonfire of Teenagers in 2023 on Capitol Records in the US, although he did not sign with a label for a UK release, was scrapped.[265] The album has eleven songs produced by Andrew Watt and features Red Hot Chili Peppers members Chad Smith and Flea alongside their former bandmate Josh Klinghoffer. Guests also included singers Miley Cyrus and Iggy Pop who contributed backing vocals.[266] In addition, Capitol planned to re-issue several of Morrissey's albums released between 1995 and 2014, with the exception of Maladjusted.[267] On 15 November, it was announced that Bonfire of Teenagers was no longer scheduled to release in February, with Morrissey saying that the fate of the album was exclusively in the hands of the label.[268]

On 25 November 2022, the album's lead single, "Rebels Without Applause", was released by Capitol Records worldwide.[269] On 23 and 24 December, Morrissey announced that he had voluntarily parted ways with his current management companies, Maverick and Quest, withdrew any association with Capitol Records, and revealed that Cyrus requested to have her vocals removed from the album, which still remains under the control of Capitol and would no longer be releasing it.[270][271][272][273] He later confirmed in February 2023 that Capitol, while still maintaining control of the album, will not release Bonfire of Teenagers; he also suggested that the album had been "sabotaged" by Capitol.[274]

On 8 December 2022, Morrissey announced that in January and February 2023, he would record a new album, titled Without Music the World Dies.[275] On 20 February 2023, he announced the album had been completed and unveiled its tracklist, before offering the album to any record labels or private investors who would be willing to distribute it.[276]

In 2024, "Interlude", Morrissey's duet with Siouxsie, was re-released on 12-inch gold vinyl for Record Store Day on 20 April 2024; it was available in the UK and other parts of Europe only.[277]

In August 2024, Morrissey said in a post on his website that he and Marr had received a "lucrative offer" to tour as the Smiths in 2025.[278] The singer said he accepted the invitation, but Marr did not respond. Marr did not publicly comment, but had then-recently posted a picture of Reform UK leader Nigel Farage to dismiss calls to reunite in the aftermath of Oasis's reunion. Marr previously said in 2016 that Morrissey's politics aligned with Farage's, joking that any potential Smiths reunion would feature the politician as their replacement guitarist.[279]

Marr's statement also clarified other claims made by Morrissey's team on Morrissey's website such as that Marr had filed for 100% ownership of the Smiths' intellectual property and trademark rights without having consulted with Morrissey despite the fact that "Morrissey alone created the musical unit name 'The Smiths' in May 1982".[280] In Marr's statement, it was clarified that Marr discovered that the band did not own the trademark, and in an effort to protect the trademark from a third party attempt made in 2018 to use the band's name, Marr registered the trademark solely under his name after a failure to receive a response from Morrissey and his representatives. In January 2024, Marr signed an agreement to share ownership of the name with Morrissey, an agreement Morrissey has yet to follow up on. Marr further clarified that the efforts to take the trademark were not to tour under the Smiths' name with a singer of Marr's choice (contrary to the claims made by Morrissey's team), but rather simply to protect the band's name and use of the name.[281]

In February 2025, Morrissey announced tour dates in the UK and Ireland, later followed by dates across Europe throughout the year.[282][283] Shows in Dublin and Manchester were opened by Brigitte Calls Me Baby.[282]

In March 2025 he instructed his law firm, Levy & McRae to pursue legal action against a UK-based individual for "distressing, harmful and libellous content" about him as reported by Music Business Worldwide.[284] The Times newspaper in April 2025 also concurred with his actions arguing it wasn't parody but stalking.[285]

## Artistry

[edit]

### Lyrics

[edit]

Mark Simpson characterised Morrissey as "the anti-pop idol", representing "the last, greatest and most gravely worrying product of an era when pop music was all there was".[286] Music journalist and biographer Johnny Rogan stated that Morrissey's œuvre seems based on "endlessly re-examining a lost, painful past".[287] Morrissey's lyrics have been described as "dramatic, bleak, funny vignettes about doomed relationships, lonely nightclubs, the burden of the past and the prison of the home".[288] According to Mark Simpson, there is a common feeling that his music's emphasis on the sadness of life is depressing.[289]

Morrissey Live at SXSW Austin in March 2006

His lyrics are characterised by their usage of black humour, self-deprecation, and the pop vernacular.[290] Many of his lyrics avoid mentioning the gender of the narrator, and thus provide both male and female listeners with multiple points of identification.[291] Simpson felt that his lyrics often highlighted "the essential absurdity of gender".[292] Discussing the Smiths' lyrics in 1992, Stringer highlighted that they placed great emphasis on the concept of Englishness, but added that unlike the contemporary Two-Tone and acid house movements, they focused on white England rather than exploring its multi-cultural counterpart.[293] Although noting that during the 1980s emphasising white identity was a trait closely linked with right-wing politics, Stringer expressed the view that the Smiths represented "the only sustained response that white, English pop/rock music was able to make" against the Thatcher government's "appropriation of white, English national identity".[293]

His lyrics have expressed disdain for many elements of British society, including the government, church, education system, royal family, meat-eating, money, gender, discos, fame, and relationships.[294] In his lyrics for the Smiths, Morrissey avoided explicit descriptions of the consummation of sex; rather, he sings about the anticipation, frustration, aversion, or final disappointment with sex.[295] Stringer suggested that this deliberate avoidance of sex was a reflection of the band's 'Englishness' because it invoked English cultures' "lack of emotional expression, the way in which feelings, and especially sexual feelings, cannot be expressed directly through casual touch, body contact and so on".[296] Male homoerotic elements can be found in many of the Smiths' lyrics,[297] but these also included sexualised descriptions featuring women.[298]

Morrissey has described having "a macabre fascination" with violence.[299] Simpson opined that Morrissey's lyrics "bleed and throb with violent imagery", citing the references to bus crashes and suicide pacts in "There is a Light that Never Goes Out", smashed teeth in "Bigmouth Strikes Again", and nuclear apocalypse in both "Ask" and "Everyday is Like Sunday".[300] More broadly, Morrissey had a longstanding interest in thuggery, whether that be murderers, gangsters, rough trade, or skinheads.[158]

### Performance style

[edit]

As a solo performer, Morrissey typically featured older imagery as his stage backdrop, as seen here at a 2011 performance in Berlin

Morrissey's vocals have been cited as having a particularly distinctive quality.[301] Simpson believed that Morrissey's work embodied and personified that of the "Northern Women", speaking in styles of vernacular language that would be common to many women living in northern England.[302] In this he was strongly influenced by the Northern singer Cilla Black, who had a successful career as a pop music singer in the 1960s,[303] as well as Viv Nicholson, who similarly earned fame during that decade.[303] Other female singers from that decade who have been cited as an influence on Morrissey have been the Scottish Lulu,[303] and the Essexer Sandie Shaw.[304] However, Stringer noted that rather than expressly singing in a Mancunian working-class accent, Morrissey adopted a "very clipped, precise enunciation" and sang in "clear English diction".[305] He is also noted for his unusual baritone vocal style (though he sometimes uses falsetto).[306]

When performing onstage, he often whips his microphone cord about, particularly during his up-tempo tracks.[307] Simpson believed that Morrissey often gave "slyly aggressive gestures" while onstage; he cited two instances from Top of the Pops, one in which Morrissey used hand gestures to pretend shooting at the audience during "Shoplifters of the World Unite" and another in which he turned his microphone cord into a hangman's noose while repeating the lyrics "Hang the DJ, hang the DJ" in the song "Panic".[308] Rogan claimed that Morrissey exhibited "a power onstage which I have seldom seen from any other artiste of his generation", and that while performing he "oozes charisma, offering that peculiar combination of gauche vulnerability and athleticism".[287]

On various occasions, Morrissey has expressed anger when he believes that bouncers and the security teams at his concerts have treated the audience poorly. For instance, at his San Antonio concert as part of the Your Arsenal tour he stopped his performance to rebuke bouncers for hitting fans.[309]

On 12 November 2022, while playing a live show in Los Angeles at the Greek Theater, he finished the set just after 9 songs and left without notice, upsetting many fans.[310] The bandmates hung around for over 10 minutes before realising he was not coming back and it was announced that the show was being cancelled for "unforseen circumstances". It was speculated by some fans that the weather may have been too cold for him.[311]

## Personal life

[edit]

Throughout his career, Morrissey has retained an intensely private personal life.[312] A longtime resident of Los Angeles in the US, he also has homes in Italy, Switzerland, and the UK.[313] In 2017, Los Angeles declared 10 November "Morrissey Day".[314] Friends refer to him as "Morrissey",[315] and he dislikes the nickname "Moz", telling one interviewer that "it's like something you'd squirt on the kitchen floor".[315] His mother, Elizabeth Anne Dwyer, died in August 2020 at the age of 82 from gallbladder cancer.[316] In 2023 at a live gig in New York, he revealed that he has never owned a mobile phone.[317]

Morrissey has described himself a lapsed Catholic[318] and has criticised the Catholic Church.[319] In 1991, he said that he believed in an afterlife.[109] Morrissey is a cousin of Irish footballer Robbie Keane and once said, "To watch [Keane] on the pitch—pacing like a lion, as weightless as an astronaut, is pure therapy."[320] He is also a fan of boxing.[321] Morrissey has described having clinical depression, for which he has pursued professional help.[322]

### Public image

[edit]

Julian Stringer has characterised Morrissey as a man with various contradictory traits, being "an ordinary, working-class 'anti-star' who nevertheless loves to hog the spotlight, a nice man who says the nastiest things about other people, a shy man who is also an outrageous narcissist".[90] He further suggested that part of Morrissey's appeal was that he conveyed the image of a "cultivated English gentleman, being every inch the typically English 'gent' he is perfectly representative of that type's loathing for cant and hypocrisy, and his fragile, quasi-gay sexuality".[323] Similarly, Morrissey biographer David Bret described him as being "quintessentially English",[312] while Mark Simpson termed him a Little Englander.[324] Morrissey is known for his criticism of the British music press, royalty, politicians and people who eat meat.[325] According to Bret, his "withering attacks" on those he disliked are typically delivered in a "laid-back" manner.[178]

During the 1980s, interviewer Paul Morley stated that Morrissey "sets out to be a decent man and he succeeds because that is what he is".[326] Eddie Sanderson, who interviewed Morrissey for The Mail on Sunday in 1992, said that "underneath all the rock star flim-flam, Morrissey is actually a very nice chap, excellent company, perfectly willing and able to talk about any subject one cared to throw at him".[327] Having photographed him in 2004, Mischa Richter described Morrissey as "genuinely lovely".[328]

### Animal rights advocacy

[edit]

A vocal advocate of animal welfare and animal rights issues,[318] Morrissey has been a vegetarian since the age of 11.[329] He has explained his vegetarianism by saying that "if you love animals, obviously it doesn't make sense to hurt them".[330] Morrissey announced in 2015 that he is a vegan. He spoke of difficulties transitioning from vegetarianism to veganism.[331] In a 2018 interview, Morrissey stated that he "refuse[s] to eat anything that had a mother" but has always had difficulties with food, stating that he only eats bread, potatoes, pasta and nuts despite the increasing availability of more varied vegan food.[332]

Morrissey is a supporter of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). In recognition of his support, PETA honoured him with the Linda McCartney Memorial Award at their 25th Anniversary Gala on 10 September 2005.[333] He appeared in a PETA advert in 2012, encouraging people to have their dogs and cats neutered to help reduce the number of homeless pets.[334] In 2014, PETA worked with animator Anna Saunders to create a cartoon called Someday in honour of Morrissey's 55th birthday. It features his song "I Know It's Gonna Happen Someday" and highlights the journey of a young chick.[335]

In January 2006, Morrissey attracted criticism when he stated that he accepts the motives behind the militant tactics of the Animal Rights Militia, saying, "I understand why fur-farmers and so-called laboratory scientists are repaid with violence—it is because they deal in violence themselves and it's the only language they understand."[336] He has criticised people who are involved in the promotion of eating meat, including Jamie Oliver[337] and Clarissa Dickson Wright.[338] The latter had already been targeted by some animal rights activists for her stance on fox hunting. In response, Dickson Wright stated, "Morrissey is encouraging people to commit acts of violence and I am constantly aware that something might very well happen to me."[339] Conservative MP David Davis criticised Morrissey's comments, saying that "any incitement to violence is obviously wrong in a civilised society and should be investigated by the police".[340] Morrissey has also criticised the British royal family for their involvement in fox hunting.[325]

In 2006, Morrissey refused to include Canada in his world tour that year and supported a boycott of Canadian goods in protest against the country's annual seal hunt, which he described as a "barbaric and cruel slaughter".[341] In 2018, he changed his approach, feeling that his previous "stance was ultimately of no use and helped no one", and pledged to donate to animal protection groups in the cities where he would perform. He also invited those groups to set up stalls at his concerts.[342]

During an interview with Simon Armitage in 2010, Morrissey said that "you can't help but feel that the Chinese are a subspecies" due to their "horrific" treatment of animals.[343] Armitage said: "He must have known it would make waves, he's not daft. But clearly, when it comes to animal rights and animal welfare, he's absolutely unshakable in his beliefs. In his view, if you treat an animal badly, you are less than human."[344]

At a concert in Warsaw on 24 July 2011, Morrissey stated, "We all live in a murderous world, as the events in Norway have shown, with 97 [sic] dead. Though that is nothing compared to what happens in McDonald's and Kentucky Fried Shit every day."[345] His comments, referencing the 2011 Norway attacks that resulted in the killing of 77 people, were described as crude and insensitive by NME.[346] He later elaborated on his statement, saying, "If you quite rightly feel horrified at the Norway killings, then it surely naturally follows that you feel horror at the murder of ANY innocent being. You cannot ignore animal suffering simply because animals 'are not us'."[347]

In February 2013, after much speculation,[348] it was reported that the Staples Center had agreed for the first time to make every vendor in the arena completely vegetarian for Morrissey's performance on 1 March, contractually having all McDonald's vendors close down. In a press release, Morrissey stated, "I don't look upon it as a victory for me, but a victory for the animals." The request was previously denied to Paul McCartney.[349][350] Despite these reports, the Staples Center retained some meat vendors while closing down McDonald's.[351] Later in February, Morrissey cancelled an appearance on Jimmy Kimmel Live! after learning that the guests for that night also included the cast of Duck Dynasty, a reality show about a family who create duck calls for use in hunting. Morrissey referred to them as "animal serial killers".[352]

In 2014, Morrissey stated that he believed there is "no difference between eating animals and paedophilia. They are both rape, violence, murder."[353] In September 2015, he expressed his revulsion at the "Piggate" scandal, saying that if Prime Minister David Cameron had really inserted "a private part of his anatomy" into the mouth of a dead pig's severed head while at university, then it showed "a callousness and complete lack of empathy entirely unbefitting a man in his position, and he should resign".[354][355] Also in September, he called Australian politician Greg Hunt's campaign to cull 2 million invasive cats "idiocy", describing the cats as smaller versions of Cecil the lion.[356]

Morrissey came under controversy in 2019 when he banned all meat products from a venue he was performing at in Houston. Several musicians called out Morrissey and criticised the ban, cancelling their show in protest.[357][358]

### Sexuality

[edit]

Morrissey with his band after a 2018 performance at the London Palladium

Morrissey's sexuality has been the subject of much speculation and coverage in the British press during his career,[312] with claims varyingly being made that he was celibate, a frustrated heterosexual, or bisexual.[318] In a 1980 letter he described both himself and his "girlfriend" as bisexual.[359] The Encyclopædia Britannica states that he created a "compellingly conflicted persona (loudly proclaimed celibacy offset by coy hints of closeted homosexuality)" that has "made him a peculiar heartthrob".[360] Speculation was further fuelled by the frequent references to gay subculture and slang in his lyrics. In 2006, Liz Hoggard from The Independent said: "Only 15 years after homosexuality had been decriminalised, his lyrics flirted with every kind of gay subculture."[361]

During his years with the Smiths, Morrissey professed to being celibate, which stood out at a time when much of pop music was dominated by visible sexuality.[362] Marr said in a 1984 interview that Morrissey "doesn't participate in sex at the moment and hasn't done so for a while".[363] Repeatedly, interviewers asked Morrissey if he was gay, which he denied.[364] In response to one such inquiry in 1985, he stated that "I don't recognise such terms as heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, and I think it's important that there's someone in pop music who's like that. These words do great damage, they confuse people and they make people feel unhappy, so I want to do away with them."[364] As his career developed, there was increased pressure placed on him to come out of the closet,[365] although he presented himself as a non-practising bisexual.[366] In a 1989 interview, he said that he was "always attracted to men and women who were never attracted to me" and thus he did not have "relationships at all".[115] In 2013, he released a statement that said, "Unfortunately, I am not homosexual. In technical fact, I am humasexual. I am attracted to humans. But, of course ... not many."[367]

In 1997, Morrissey said that he had abandoned celibacy and that he had a relationship with a Cockney boxer.[368] That person was revealed in his autobiography to be Jake Walters. Their relationship began in 1994, and they lived together until 1996.[369] In a March 2013 interview, Walters said, "Morrissey and I have been friends for a long time, probably around 20 years."[370] Morrissey was later attached to Tina Dehghani. He discussed having a child with Dehghani, with whom he described having an "uncluttered commitment".[369][371] In his autobiography Morrissey also mentions a relationship with a younger Italian man, known only as "Gelato", with whom he sought to buy a house in around 2006.[372][373]

In a 2015 interview, Morrissey stated: "I don't fit into any sexual category at all so I don't feel people see it as being sexual, but as being intimate."[374]

### Political opinions

[edit]

#### British politics

[edit]

In an academic paper on the Smiths, Julian Stringer characterised the band as "one of Britain's most overtly political groups",[90] while Andrew Warns termed them the "most anti-capitalist of bands".[91] Simon Goddard described Morrissey as being "pro-working class, anti-elite and anti-institution. That includes all political parties, parliament itself, all public schools, Oxbridge, the Catholic church, the monarchy, the EU, the BBC, the broadsheet press and the music press. Because his comments are not consistent with any one political agenda it confuses people, especially on the left. If anything, he's a professional Refusenik."[375]

Morrissey has exhibited enduring anti-royalist views from his teenage years and has fiercely criticised the British monarchy.[376] In a 1985 interview with Simon Garfield, he stated that he had always "despised royalty" and that royalist sentiment is a "false devotion".[377] In a 2011 interview, he publicly identified as a republican, stating that he regarded the British royal family as "benefit scroungers and nothing else".[378] In a 2012 interview with Stephen Colbert, he spoke out against the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II, stating: "It was a celebration of what? 60 years of dictatorship. She's not [my Queen]. I'm not a subject."[379]

Morrissey's first solo album, Viva Hate, included a track entitled "Margaret on the Guillotine", a jab at Margaret Thatcher. The London Metropolitan Police investigated Morrissey as a result of the song's lyrics.[380] Following her death in 2013, Morrissey called her "a terror without an atom of humanity" and said "every move she made was charged by negativity".[381] He described Thatcher's successor, John Major, as "no one's idea of a Prime Minister... a terrible human mistake".[382] His seventh studio album, You Are the Quarry includes the track "Irish Blood, English Heart", described as "the most unambiguously political of his career to date",[383] with lyrics denouncing the Tories, the Labour party, royalism, and the prominent historical British politician Oliver Cromwell.[384][385] During the Iraq War, he described George W. Bush and Tony Blair as "insufferable, egotistical insane despots".[178] In February 2006, Morrissey stated he had been interviewed by the FBI and by British intelligence after speaking out against the American and British governments. He said: "They were trying to determine if I was a threat to the government . . . it didn't take them long to realise that I'm not".[386] In 2010, he endorsed Marr's statement that Prime Minister David Cameron was forbidden to like the Smiths, criticising the Prime Minister's hobby of stag hunting.[387] In response to the Manchester Arena bombing in May 2017, Morrissey criticised Prime Minister Theresa May, Mayor of London Sadiq Khan, Mayor of Greater Manchester Andy Burnham, and Elizabeth II for their statements regarding the bombing.[388][389]

#### European Union

[edit]

In 2013, Morrissey said that he "nearly voted" for the UK Independence Party, expressing his admiration for party leader Nigel Farage and endorsing Farage's Euroscepticism regarding UK membership of the European Union.[390][391] In 2019, Morrissey said: "It's obvious that he [Farage] would make a good prime minister—if any of us can actually remember what a good prime minister is."[392]

In October 2016, he praised the UK's referendum on EU membership as "magnificent" and said the BBC had "persistently denigrated" supporters of the Leave campaign.[393] In 2019, he argued that the result of the EU referendum should be respected, stating "My view has always been that the result of the referendum must be carried through. If the vote had been remain there would be absolutely no question that we would remain. In the interest of true democracy, you cannot argue against the wish of the people" and added that he found "absolutely nothing attractive about the EU."[392]

#### Race and support for Anne Marie Waters

[edit]

Morrissey has faced ongoing accusations of racism since the early 1990s from media and commentators around the globe,[11][394][395] which were prompted by his comments, actions, and recorded material. He has constantly rejected accusations of racism, and won a libel action forcing an apology from NME, a British music magazine, saying: "We do not believe [Morrissey] is a racist."[396]

> The ones who listen to the entire song, the way I sing it, and my vocal expression know only too well that I'm no racist and glorifier of xenophobia. The phrase "England for the English" [used in the song] is in quotes, so those who call the song racist are not listening. The song tells of the sadness and regret that I feel for anyone joining such a movement [as the far-right National Front].

— Morrissey, on "The National Front Disco" (quoted in 2004).[397]

Various sources accused Morrissey of racism for making reference to the National Front, a far-right political party, in his 1992 song "The National Front Disco"; it has been argued that this criticism ignored the ironic context of the song, which pitied rather than glorified the party's supporters.[398] According to Bret, these and other allegations of racism typically entailed decontextualising lyrics from Morrissey songs such as "Bengali in Platforms" and "Asian Rut".[399] NME also accused Morrissey of racism on the basis of the imagery he employed during his 1992 performance at the Madstock festival at Finsbury Park in north London for the reunion of Madness; Morrissey included images of skinhead girls as a backdrop, and wrapped himself in a Union flag.[400] Conversely, these actions resulted in Morrissey being booed off stage by a group of neo-Nazi skinheads in the audience, who believed that he was appropriating skinhead culture.[401] Members of Madness themselves expressed dismay for his performance, with lead singer Suggs saying, "I was disappointed that he knew how inflammatory that would be to a Madness audience. For us, all that symbolism represents a really bad time in our career, and part of the reason for us packing it all in." Lee Thompson even said that Morrissey should've never supported them to begin with.[402]

Morrissey sued NME for libel over a 2007 article that criticised Morrissey after he allegedly told a reporter that British identity had disappeared because of immigration.[403] He was quoted as saying: "It's very difficult [to return to England] because, although I don't have anything against people from other countries, the higher the influx into England the more the British identity disappears. ... the gates of England are flooded. The country's been thrown away."[404][396] His manager described the article as a "character assassination".[403][405] In 2008, The Word apologised in court for a piece written by David Quantick, which commented on the 2007 NME article and suggested Morrissey was a racist. Morrissey accepted The Word's apology.[406] The legal suit against NME began in October 2011 after Morrissey won a pre-trial hearing.[407] Morrissey's case against NME editor Conor McNicholas and publisher IPC was due to have been heard in July 2012.[408] The parties settled the dispute in June 2012, with NME issuing a public apology. Morrissey's lawyer said that "no money was sought as part of a settlement. ... The NME apology in itself is settlement enough and it closes the case."[396]

Morrissey's 2010 statement in which he described the Chinese as a "subspecies" in reference to their treatment of animals was widely condemned as racist by many sources.[409][410]

In October 2017, he expressed the view that the 2017 UKIP leadership election had been rigged against anti-Islam activist Anne Marie Waters.[411] In April 2018 he endorsed Waters' new far-right party, For Britain,[412] subsequently wearing a party badge during several performances in New York City in 2019.[413] Morrissey's apparent support for the For Britain party saw adverts of his album California Son withdrawn from Merseyrail stations,[414][415] and several record stores refusing to stock the album.[416][417] In June 2018, Morrissey reaffirmed his support for Waters and For Britain, stating "she believes in British heritage, freedom of speech, and she wants everyone in the UK to live under the same law. I find this compelling." At the same time, Morrissey also expressed comments criticising the treatment of anti-Islam activist Tommy Robinson, and said: "It's very obvious that Labour or the Tories do not believe in free speech ... I mean, look at the shocking treatment of Tommy Robinson."[418][419]

In June 2019, Morrissey rejected further accusations of racism against him, saying, "The word is meaningless now. Everyone ultimately prefers their own race—does this make everyone racist?"[420] In response to his recent political comments, fellow singer-songwriter Billy Bragg accused Morrissey of dragging the legacy of Johnny Marr and the Smiths "through the dirt".[421] Nick Cave wrote an open letter defending Morrissey's right to freedom of speech to voice his beliefs, as well as arguing that his musical legacy should be kept separate from his political opinions.[422]

In January 2023, in response to rumours that Miley Cyrus had decided to pull her vocals from the song "I Am Veronica" from his album Bonfire of Teenagers over his political views, Morrissey published a statement on his website rejecting claims that he was far-right, and further clarified his political stance;[423][424]

> My politics are straightforward: I recognize realities. Some realities horrify me, and some do not, but I accept that I was not created so that others might gratify me and delight me with all that they think and do – what a turgid life that would be. I've been offended all of my life, and it has strengthened me, and I am glad. I wouldn't have the journey any other way. Only by hearing the opinions of others can we form truly rational views, and therefore we must never accept a beehive society that refuses to reflect a variety of views.

#### American politics

[edit]

At a Dublin concert in June 2004, Morrissey commented on the death of Ronald Reagan, saying that he would have preferred if George W. Bush had died instead.[425] Morrissey openly criticised the war on terror and condemned Bush as "the world's most famous active terrorist, as he bizarrely bombs the innocent people of Iraq out of existence in the name of freedom and democracy" in his autobiography.[426]

During a January 2008 concert, Morrissey remarked "God Bless Barack Obama" and criticised Hillary Clinton, naming her "Billary Clinton".[427] In 2015, he accused Obama of not doing enough to tackle police brutality, stating he could not "see him doing anything at all for the black community except warning them that they must respect the security forces."[428] He endorsed Clinton in the 2016 United States presidential election,[243] although he later criticised her as "the face and voice of pooled money" and praised Bernie Sanders as "sane and intelligent", accusing the US media of paying insufficient attention to his campaign. Morrissey called Donald Trump "Donald Thump" and accused him of not having any sympathy for the victims of the Pulse nightclub shooting in Orlando, Florida.[429] When asked in a 2017 interview if he would push a button that would kill Trump if given the opportunity, he responded that he "would, for the safety of the human race."[249][430][250] He later said the United States Secret Service questioned him over his comments on Trump.[431]

## Impact and legacy

[edit]

Biographer David Bret has characterised him as an artist who divides opinion among those who love him and those who loathe him, with little space for compromise between the two.[312] The press termed him the "Pope of Mope".[312]

### Fandom

[edit]

Morrissey in 2006

Simpson stated that Morrissey had a global fan following that was unrivalled in its devotion to the singer, characterising this as "the kind of devotion that only dead stars command" normally.[432] Morrissey's fans have been described as being among the most dedicated of pop and rock fans.[433] Music magazine NME considers Morrissey to be "one of the most influential artists ever", while The Independent says, "Most pop stars have to be dead before they reach the iconic status he has reached in his lifetime."[434] According to Bret, Morrissey's fanbase "religiously followed his every pitfall and triumph".[312] Simpson highlighted an example during the US leg of Morrissey's 1996 Maladjusted tour in which young men asked the singer to autograph their necks, which they subsequently had permanently tattooed into their skin.[435] Rogan compared Morrissey to Wilde's character Dorian Gray "in reverse; while he slowly ages, his audience remains young".[287] Rogan also noted that while onstage, Morrissey "revels in the messianic adoration" of his fans.[287]

Soon after achieving national fame, Morrissey became a gay icon,[436][437] with Bret noting that by the start of his solo career, Morrissey already had a "massive gay following".[92] This development was influenced by the speculation around his own sexual orientation, his lyrics that dealt with such subjects as age-gap sex and rent boys, as well as the Smiths' heavy use of gay and camp imagery on their record covers.[438] Morrissey's gay following was not restricted to Western countries, for he remained popular within the Japanese gay community as well.[439]

Morrissey also has a significant Hispanic fanbase, particularly in Mexico and among Mexican Americans (Chicanos) in the western United States.[440] His music has resonated with these communities because of its similarities to the traditional Mexican music genre of ranchera, which revolves around romance, morose metaphors and slow ballads.[441] Morrissey's popularity among Hispanics became widespread knowledge after he toured Latin America for the first time in 2000.[442] Chuck Klosterman, in a 2002 profile for Spin that analysed Morrissey's relationship with the Latino community, theorised that Morrissey's rockabilly influences were seen as a nod to the greaser culture popular among Latinos and that his status as the son of Irish immigrants in England resonated with immigrant families in Los Angeles.[443]

On numerous occasions, Morrissey has acknowledged his Mexican fanbase. During a 1999 concert in California, he said, "I wish I was born Mexican, but it's too late for that now." He released the song "Mexico" in 2004, which contained lyrics that condemned white privilege.[444] The film 25 Live evidences a particularly strong following among the singer's Latino/Chicano fans.[445] A tribute band named Mexrrissey performs Morrissey covers live translated into Spanish.[446] The 2018 Marvel film Ant-Man and the Wasp contains a scene in which the character Luis discusses how his grandmother owned a jukebox that "only played Morrissey" because of Latinos' love for his music. Director Peyton Reed noted that it was a "funny, really specific true-to-life detail".[447]

Several Morrissey fansites exist. In the early 2000s Morrissey issued a "cease and desist" notification against the fan website Morrissey-Solo for publishing claims, never proven, that Morrissey had failed to pay members of his touring personnel.[448] In 2011, he issued a lifetime concert ban against the site owner who, it was claimed, had caused "intentional distress to Morrissey and Morrissey's band" over many years.[449] Another fansite, True-To-You, enjoys a close relationship with Morrissey and functioned as his official website for statements until May 2017.[450] In April 2018, Morrissey launched his own website, Morrissey Central.[451]

### Influence

[edit]

> Bookish, reclusive-but-pugnacious—avowedly celibate—with an almost Puritan disdain for cheap glamour and armed with a deeply unhealthy interest in language, wit and ideas Morrissey succeeded in perverting pop music for a while and making it that most absurd of things, literary. Some were moved to talk of how much Morrissey owed that blousy Anglo-Irish nineteenth-century torch-singer and stand-up comedian Oscar Wilde, the "first pop star". Arguably, poor Oscar was merely an early failed and somewhat overweight prototype for Morrissey.

— Mark Simpson, 2004.[432]

Morrissey is routinely referred to as an influential artist, both in his solo career and with the Smiths. The BBC has referred to him as "one of the most influential figures in the history of British pop",[452] and NME named the Smiths the "most influential artist ever" in a 2002 poll, even topping the Beatles.[453] Rolling Stone, naming him one of the greatest singers of all time in a 2014 poll, noted that his "rejection of convention" in his vocal style and lyrics is the reason "why he redefined the sound of British rock for the past quarter-century".[306] Morrissey's enduring influence has been ascribed to his wit, the "infinite capacity for interpretation" in his lyrics,[288] and his appeal to the "constant navel gazing, reflection, solipsism" of generations of "disenfranchised youth", offering unusually intimate "companionship" to broad demographics.[454] Paul A. Woods described Morrissey as "Britain's unlikeliest rock 'n' roll star in several decades", noting that at the same time he was also "its most essential".[93] Bret described him as "probably the most intellectually gifted and imaginative lyricist of his generation",[455] listing him alongside Leonard Cohen, Bob Dylan, and Jacques Brel as being one of "the monstres sacrés".[456]

Journalist Mark Simpson calls Morrissey "one of the greatest pop lyricists—and probably the greatest-ever lyricist of desire—that has ever moaned" and observes that "he is fully present in his songs as few other artists are, in a way that fans of most other performers . . . wouldn't tolerate for a moment."[457] Simpson also argues that "After Morrissey there could be no more pop stars. His was an impossible act to follow . . . [his] unrivalled knowledge of the pop canon, his unequaled imagination of what it might mean to be a pop star, and his breathtakingly perverse ambition to turn it into great art, could only exhaust the form forever".[458]

In 2006, Morrissey was voted the second greatest living British icon in a poll held by the BBC's Culture Show.[459] The All Music Guide to Rock asserts that Morrissey's "lyrical preoccupations", particularly themes dealing with English identity, proved extremely influential on subsequent artists.[460] Journalist Philip Collins also described him as a major influence on modern music and "the best British lyricist in living memory".[461] In 1998, he received an Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Contribution to British Music from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors.[462] In 2002, NME, by this point a critic of Morrissey, nevertheless considered him to be the "most influential artist ever".[463] In 2004, Q gave him its best songwriter award.[464]

Morrissey performing in 2011

In November 2008, Rolling Stone magazine ranked Morrissey as 92nd of "The 100 Greatest Singers of All Time". The list was compiled from ballots cast by a panel of 179 "music experts", such as Bruce Springsteen, Alicia Keys and Bono, who were asked to name their 20 favourite vocalists.[306]

Other scholars have responded favourably to Morrissey's work, including academic symposia at various universities including University of Limerick[465] and Manchester Metropolitan University.[466] Gavin Hopps, a research fellow and literary scholar at the University of St Andrews, wrote a full-length academic study of Morrissey's work, calling him comparable to Oscar Wilde, John Betjeman, and Philip Larkin, and noting similarities between Morrissey and Samuel Beckett.[467]

The British Food Journal featured an article in 2008 that applied Morrissey's lyrics to building positive business relationships.[468] A book of academic essays edited by Eoin Devereux, Aileen Dillane and Martin Power, Morrissey: Fandom, Representations and Identities, which focuses on Morrissey's solo career, was published in 2011.[469]

He is regarded as an important innovator in the indie music scene;[454] while in 2004, Pitchfork Media called him "one of the most singular figures in Western popular culture from the last 20 years."[470] A Los Angeles Times critic wrote that Morrissey "patented the template for modern indie rock" and that many bands playing at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival "would not be there—or at least, would not sound the same—were it not for him".[471] Similarly, the critic Steven Wells called Morrissey "the man who more or less invented indie" and an artist "who more than anybody else personifies" indie culture.[472] Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic writes that the Smiths and Morrissey "inspired every band of note" in the Britpop era, including Suede, Blur, Oasis, and Pulp.[473] Other major artists including Jeff Buckley[474] and Thom Yorke[306] have also been influenced by Morrissey.

Colin Meloy of the Decemberists, who recorded a 2005 EP of Morrissey covers titled Colin Meloy Sings Morrissey, acknowledged Morrissey's influence on his songwriting: "You could either bask in that glow of fatalistic narcissism, or you could think it was funny. I always thought that was an interesting dynamic in his songwriting, and I can only aspire to have that kind of dynamic in my songs".[475] Brandon Flowers of the American rock band the Killers has revealed his admiration for Morrissey on several occasions and admits that his interest for writing songs about murder such as "Jenny Was a Friend of Mine" and "Midnight Show" traces back to Morrissey singing about loving "the romance of crime" in the song "Sister I'm a Poet". Flowers was quoted as saying, "I studied that line a lot. And it's kind of embedded in me".[476] Noel Gallagher called Morrissey "the best lyricist I've ever heard".[477]

A 2017 biopic of Morrissey's early years, titled England Is Mine, was written and directed by Mark Gill and stars Jack Lowden.[478][479] The film, which co-stars Jessica Brown Findlay, premiered at the closing gala of the Edinburgh Film Festival on 2 July 2017, and went into wide release in the UK and US in August 2017.[480]

In an April 2021 episode of The Simpsons titled "Panic on the Streets of Springfield", Morrissey inspired the parody character of Quilloughby. Voiced by Benedict Cumberbatch, Quilloughby is portrayed as a romantic figment of Lisa Simpson's imagination. She has her dream shattered when she finds out that he has aged into a grey, meat-eating overweight frontman with anti-immigrant views. The episode was criticised by Morrissey as based on "complete ignorance".[481][482]

## Awards and nominations

[edit]

Brit Awards

Year  | Nominee / work  | Award  | Result

|
|
|

1995 | Himself  | Best British Male  | Nominated
2005 | Nominated

GAFFA Awards

Year  | Nominee / work  | Award  | Result

|
|
|

2005  | Himself  | Årets Udenlandske Sanger  | Won
2007  | Nominated

Grammy Awards

Year  | Nominee / work  | Award  | Result

|
|
|

1993 | Your Arsenal | Best Alternative Music Album  | Nominated

Ivor Novello Awards

Year  | Nominee / work  | Award  | Result

|
|
|

1998  | Himself  | Outstanding Contribution to British Music  | Won

Lunas del Auditorio

Year  | Nominee / work  | Award  | Result

|
|
|

2007  | Himself  | Best Foreign Rock Artist  | Nominated

MOJO Awards

Year  | Nominee / work  | Award  | Result

|
|
|

2004  | Himself  | Icon Award  | Won
2005  | Inspiration Award  | Nominated

Meteor Music Awards

Year  | Nominee / work  | Award  | Result

|
|
|

2005  | Himself  | Best International Male  | Won
2010  | Nominated

NME Awards

Year  | Nominee / work  | Award  | Result

|
|
|

1984  | Himself  | Best Songwriter  | Won
1985  | Won
Best Dressed  | Won
Best Haircut  | Won
Best Male Singer  | Won
1986  | Won
Most Wonderful Human Being  | Won
1987  | Won
Best Male Singer  | Won
Safe Sex  | Won
1988  | Favourite NME Cover Of 1988  | Won
Most Wonderful Human Being  | Won
Best Solo Artist  | Won
1989  | Won
1990  | Won
1991  | Won
1992  | Won
2005  | Nominated
Hero of the Year  | Nominated
Hottest Man  | Nominated
2006  | Morrissey: Who Put the M in Manchester | Best Music DVD  | Nominated

PLUG Awards

Year  | Nominee / work  | Award  | Result

|
|
|

2006  | Morrissey: Who Put the M in Manchester | Best Music DVD of the Year  | Nominated

Pollstar Concert Industry Awards

Year  | Nominee / work  | Award  | Result  | Ref.

|
|
|
|

1987  | The Smiths | Small Hall Tour of the Year  | Nominated  | [483]

Q Awards

Year  | Nominee / work  | Award  | Result

|
|
|

1994  | Himself  | Q Songwriter Award  | Won
2004  | "Irish Blood, English Heart"  | Best Track  | Nominated

Rober Awards Music Poll

Year  | Nominee / work  | Award  | Result

|
|
|

2013  | "Satellite of Love"  | Best Cover Version  | Nominated
2014  | Himself  | Comeback of the Year  | Won

## Personnel

[edit]

Main article: List of Morrissey band members

Current members

* Jesse Tobias – guitar (2004–present)
* Matt Walker – drums (2007–2020, 2024–present)
* Solomon Walker – bass (2007–2014, 2021, 2024–present)
* Camila Grey – keyboards (2023–present)
* Carmen Vandenberg – guitar (2023–present)

## Discography

[edit]

### The Smiths

[edit]

Main article: The Smiths discography

* The Smiths (1984)
* Meat Is Murder (1985)
* The Queen Is Dead (1986)
* Strangeways, Here We Come (1987)

### Solo

[edit]

Main article: Morrissey discography

* Viva Hate (1988)
* Kill Uncle (1991)
* Your Arsenal (1992)
* Vauxhall and I (1994)
* Southpaw Grammar (1995)
* Maladjusted (1997)
* You Are the Quarry (2004)
* Ringleader of the Tormentors (2006)
* Years of Refusal (2009)
* World Peace Is None of Your Business (2014)
* Low in High School (2017)
* California Son (2019)
* I Am Not a Dog on a Chain (2020)
* Bonfire of Teenagers (unreleased)
* You're Right, It's Time (unreleased)[484]

## Publications

[edit]

### Publications by Morrissey

[edit]

* The New York Dolls. by Steven Patrick Morrissey.
* Manchester: Babylon, 1981.
* Reprint. Manchester: Babylon, 1995. ISBN 978-0-907188-50-6.
* James Dean Is Not Dead, Manchester: Babylon, 1983. ISBN 978-0-907188-06-3. By Steven Patrick Morrissey.
* Exit Smiling, Manchester: Babylon, 1998. ISBN 978-0-907188-47-6. Edition of 1000 copies. By Steven Patrick Morrissey.
* Morrissey (2013). Autobiography. London: Penguin Classic. ISBN 978-0-14-139481-7.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: publisher location (link).
* List of the Lost. London: Penguin, 2015. ISBN 978-0-14-198296-0.

### Publications with contributions by Morrissey

[edit]

* Marc Bolan: Wilderness of the Mind. London: Xanadu, 1992. ISBN 978-1-85480-155-5. By John Willans and Caron Thomas. With an introduction by Morrissey. About Marc Bolan.
* Cockney Reject. John Black, 2005. ISBN 978-1-84454-881-1. By Jeff Turner and Gary Bushell. With a foreword by Morrissey. About Cockney Rejects.
* The Autobiography: Bowie, Bolan and the Brooklyn Boy. New York: HarperCollins, 2007. ISBN 978-0-00-722945-1. By Tony Visconti. With a foreword by Morrissey.

## See also

[edit]

* List of animal rights advocates

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ Huey, Steve. "Morrissey". AllMusic. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
2. ^ Hughes, Josiah (3 January 2014). "Morrissey Working on New Album and Novel". Exclaim!. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
3. ^ Timberg, Scott (14 April 2009). "Morrissey and The Smiths' influence is apparent". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
4. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Morrissey—Your Arsenal". AllMusic. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
5. ^ Bourne, Dianne (7 June 2025). "Morrissey halts Manchester homecoming show for surprise announcement". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
6. ^ a b c Morrissey (2013). Autobiography. New York. p. 117\. ISBN 978-0-399-17154-3. OCLC 862788301.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
7. ^ a b Peters, Daniel (2 December 2024). "Morrissey says he has 'no connection' with The Nosebleeds and Slaughter And The Dogs, despite claims on Wikipedia". NME. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
8. ^ "Morrissey is second most iconic Brit". Manchester Evening News. 15 February 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
9. ^ Benedictus, Leo (30 March 2005). "Morrissey: a suitable subject for academia". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
10. ^ "Morrissey's lyrics are up there with Wilde and Larkin, claims academic". The Scotsman. 21 May 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
11. ^ a b Jonze, Tim (30 May 2019). "Bigmouth strikes again and again: why Morrissey fans feel so betrayed". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
12. ^ Bret 2004, p. 6; Simpson 2004, p. 32.
13. ^ a b c Bret 2004, p. 6.
14. ^ Simpson 2004, p. 33.
15. ^ Bret 2004, p. 6; Goddard 2006, p. 21.
16. ^ Goddard, Simon (2010). Mozipedia : The encyclopedia of Morrissey and The Smiths. Plume. p. 418. ISBN 978-0-452-29667-1.
17. ^ Bret 2004, p. 7; Simpson 2004, p. 39.
18. ^ 1985: MORRISSEY on MANCHESTER | Oxford Road Show | Classic BBC Music | BBC Archive, September 2022, retrieved 21 February 2023
19. ^ Bret 2004, p. 7; Simpson 2004, pp. 43–44.
20. ^ Simpson 2004, p. 53.
21. ^ a b Bret 2004, p. 8.
22. ^ Simpson 2004, p. 37.
23. ^ Bret 2004, p. 8; Simpson 2004, pp. 37–38.
24. ^ a b Simpson 2004, p. 38.
25. ^ Bret 2004, p. 17; Simpson 2004, p. 38.
26. ^ a b Bret 2004, p. 18.
27. ^ Bret 2004, p. 18; Simpson 2004, p. 76.
28. ^ Morrissey (1 September 2022). 1985: MORRISSEY on MANCHESTER | BBC Archive. BBC Archive (video). Retrieved 28 January 2025.
29. ^ Ear Say, Channel 4 (7 July 1984)
30. ^ Education In Reverse at Discogs
31. ^ Bret 2004, p. 13; Simpson 2004, p. 35.
32. ^ Bret 2004, p. 20; Simpson 2004, pp. 37, 40; Goddard 2006, p. 10.
33. ^ Simpson 2004, pp. 39–40.
34. ^ Simpson 2004, p. 42.
35. ^ "Portrait of the Artist as a Consumer - NME (September 17, 1983)". Morrissey Solo. Retrieved 28 January 2025.
36. ^ Bret 2004, pp. 12–13; Simpson 2004, pp. 39–40.
37. ^ Bret 2004, p. 7; Simpson 2004, pp. 53–55.
38. ^ Simpson 2004, pp. 55–58.
39. ^ Simpson 2004, pp. 56–57.
40. ^ Holden, Stephen (17 July 1991). "The Pop Life: Out of the Mainstream". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 November 2008.
41. ^ Simpson 2004, p. 35; Goddard 2006, p. 10.
42. ^ Bret 2004, p. 15; Simpson 2004, p. 64; Goddard 2006, p. 10.
43. ^ Bret 2004, p. 15; Simpson 2004, p. 69; Goddard 2006, p. 10.
44. ^ Bret 2004, pp. 15–18; Goddard 2006, p. 10.
45. ^ Goddard 2006, pp. 10–11.
46. ^ a b Goddard 2006, p. 10.
47. ^ Bret 2004, pp. 13–14.
48. ^ Dunton, Jim (22 May 2019). "Heaven knows he was miserable then: Morrissey reflects on life as a civil servant". Civil Service World. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
49. ^ Bret 2004, pp. 20, 23, 24; Simpson 2004, p. 76.
50. ^ Bret 2004, p. 20.
51. ^ a b c Goddard 2006, p. 11.
52. ^ a b Bret 2004, p. 22.
53. ^ a b Goddard 2006, p. 9.
54. ^ Bret 2004, p. 23.
55. ^ a b Goddard 2006, p. 12.
56. ^ Bret 2004, p. 23; Goddard 2006, p. 12.
57. ^ Bret 2004, pp. 26–28.
58. ^ Simpson 2004, p. 77.
59. ^ Bret 2004, pp. 25–26; Goddard 2006, p. 11.
60. ^ Simpson 2004, pp. 82–85.
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360. ^ "The Smiths—Britannica Online Encyclopaedia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
361. ^ Hoggard, Liz (4 June 2006). "Morrissey: The Alan Bennett of pop". The Independent. London. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
362. ^ Simpson 2004, p. 114.
363. ^ "Record Mirror: 9 June 1984". Cemetrygates.com. 9 June 1984. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
364. ^ a b Simpson 2004, p. 117.
365. ^ Simpson 2004, p. 119.
366. ^ Bret 2004, p. 130.
367. ^ "Statement". True To You. 19 October 2013. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
368. ^ Simpson 2004, p. 121.
369. ^ a b "Morrissey opens up in autobiography". BBC News. 17 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
370. ^ "Fanny the Cat and Morrissey". Another Magazine. 27 March 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
371. ^ Wyatt, Daisy (17 October 2013). "Morrissey autobiography: Singer had first relationship at 35 with male photographer". The Independent. London. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
372. ^ Harris, John (17 October 2013). "Morrissey's Autobiography is nearly a triumph, but ends up mired in moaning". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
373. ^ Autobiography. Penguin Classics. 2013. ISBN 978-0-14-139481-7.
374. ^ "Morrissey Talks Sex, Stalkers And The Smiths In Classic NME Interview". NME. 20 July 2015.
375. ^ Dorian Lynskey (23 July 2017). "When did Charming become Cranky? Why a Middle-Ages Morrissey is so Hard to Love". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
376. ^ Bret 2004, p. 21.
377. ^ "No SEX No DRUGS No ROCK 'N' ROLL and Definitely No ROYALTY! (1985)". Foreverill.com. Archived from the original on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
378. ^ Murray, Robin (27 April 2011). "Morrissey Slates Royal Family". Clash. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
379. ^ "Morrissey 'Hates' British Royal Family, Calls Them 'Absolutely Horrible People'". Starpulse.com. 11 October 2012. Archived from the original on 19 July 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
380. ^ Rich, Bryn (9 June 2016). "The Smiths' The Queen Is Dead Turns 30". Consequence. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
381. ^ "Morrissey slams 'barbaric' Thatcher". 3 News NZ. 9 April 2013. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
382. ^ Bret 2004, p. 115.
383. ^ Goddard, Simon (28 September 2010). Mozipedia : The Encyclopedia of Morrissey and the Smiths. New York: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-452-29667-1.
384. ^ Future, Andrew (10 May 2004). "Irish Blood, English Heart". Drowned in Sound. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
385. ^ Canosa, Sandra. "Irish Blood, English Heart: Morrissey and the Marginalized". Highbrow Magazine. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
386. ^ "Interviewed by the FBI". Contactmusic.com. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
387. ^ Michaels, Sean (6 December 2010). "Morrissey supports Johnny Marr in David Cameron row". The Guardian. London, England. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
388. ^ Yoo, Noah (23 May 2017). "Morrissey Speaks Out on Manchester Attack, Condemns Theresa May, the Queen, Sadiq Khan". Pitchfork. New York City.
389. ^ Rawlinson, Kevin (23 May 2017). "Morrissey attacks politicians and the Queen over Manchester terrorism response". The Guardian. London, England. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
390. ^ Alice Philipson (10 January 2013). "I nearly voted for Ukip, says Morrissey". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
391. ^ Legge, James (10 January 2013). "Morrissey: I nearly voted for Ukip. I like Nigel Farage a great deal". The Independent. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
392. ^ a b "Morrissey says Nigel Farage 'would make a good prime minister'". 25 June 2019.
393. ^ Vincent, Alice (25 October 2016). "Morrissey: 'Brexit was magnificent'". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
394. ^ Roberts, Randall (24 October 2019). "Morrissey is anti-immigrant and backs a white nationalist political party. Why don't fans care?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
395. ^ "Rights group urges Morrissey boycott over 'racist' views". The Jakarta Post. 5 September 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
396. ^ a b c "NME apologises to singer Morrissey over article". BBC News. 13 June 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
397. ^ Bret 2004, p. 190; Simpson 2004, p. 147.
398. ^ Bret 2004, p. 176; Simpson 2004, p. 147.
399. ^ Bret 2004, pp. 185–186, 188.
400. ^ Bret 2004, pp. 184, 187; Simpson 2004, pp. 147–149.
401. ^ Simpson 2004, p. 189.
402. ^ "SEVEN RAGGED MEN | 30 years of Madstock". Retrieved 8 July 2025.
403. ^ a b "Morrissey to sue NME over story". BBC News. 29 November 2007. Retrieved 13 May 2010.
404. ^ Topping, Alexandra (12 June 2012). "Morrissey to receive apology from NME". The Guardian.
405. ^ Goddard, Simon (2009). Mozipedia: The Encyclopedia of Morrissey and The Smiths (Kindle ed.). Ebury Press. p. Kindle location 11049. ISBN 978-1-4070-2884-2.
406. ^ "Magazine says sorry to Morrissey". BBC News. 3 April 2008. Retrieved 13 May 2010.
407. ^ "Morrissey libel claim 'not genuine'". The Irish Times. 17 October 2011. Archived from the original on 20 October 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
408. ^ Pellyon, Jenn (18 May 2012). "Morrissey's Case Against NME Set for July". Pitchfork. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
409. ^ "Morrissey reignites racism row by calling Chinese a 'subspecies'". The Guardian. 3 September 2010. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
410. ^ "Morrissey calls the Chinese 'a subspecies'". The A.V. Club. 8 September 2010. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
411. ^ Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (2 October 2017). "Morrissey claims Ukip rigged leadership vote to stop anti-Islam activist". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
412. ^ "Morrissey tackles Brexit, Hitler and hard-to-find eggs in bizarre self-published interview". The Daily Telegraph. London, England. 17 April 2018. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
413. ^ O'Connor, Roisin (21 May 2019). "Morrissey praised by far-right party leader for 'support' after wearing badge at New York gig". The Independent. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
414. ^ Bona, Emilia (23 May 2019). "Commuter offended by Morrissey posters plastered across Merseyrail stations". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
415. ^ Kirkham, Jenny (24 May 2019). "This is how people reacted to Merseyrail's decision to remove Morrissey poster from train station". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
416. ^ Wilson, Caroline (14 January 2020). "Glasgow's Monorail Records bans new Morrissey album". WalesOnline. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
417. ^ Owens, David (22 May 2019). "Spillers Records bans Morrissey music over his support for the far right". Glasgow Times. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
418. ^ "Morrissey elaborates on support of For Britain party, says treatment of EDL founder Tommy Robinson is 'shocking'". NME. 6 June 2018.
419. ^ "Morrissey expresses sympathy for jailed EDL founder Tommy Robinson". The Guardian. 7 June 2018.
420. ^ O'Connor, Roisin (25 June 2019). "Morrissey reafirms support for far-right party and claims 'everyone prefers their own race'". The Independent. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
421. ^ O'Connor, Roisin (28 June 2019). "Billy Bragg says he's 'heartbroken' for fans of The Smiths after latest Morrissey outburst". The Independent. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
422. ^ Yoo, Noah (28 June 2019). "Nick Cave Questions Morrissey's Politics, Defends His Music and Free Speech in Open Letter". Pitchfork. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
423. ^ "When You Are the Quarry". morrisseycentral.com. 6 January 2023. Archived from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
424. ^ Hajjaji, Danya (7 January 2023). "Morrissey says Miley Cyrus album exit was nothing to do with his politics". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
425. ^ "Morrissey comments spark Bush fire". Manchesteronline.co.uk. 9 June 2004. Archived from the original on 13 October 2004. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
426. ^ Morrissey, Steven (2013). Autobiography. Penguin Classics. p. 357.
427. ^ Kitty Empire (27 January 2008). "Heaven knows he's flexible now". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
428. ^ "Morrissey: Obama is doing nothing for US black community". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 January 2018
429. ^ "Morrissey criticises Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton, praises Bernie Sanders". NME. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
430. ^ Blake, Andrew. "Morrissey supports killing Donald Trump 'for the safety of humanity'". The Washington Times. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
431. ^ Blake, Andrew (19 December 2017). "Morrissey says Secret Service questioned him following comment about killing Donald Trump". The Washington Times.
432. ^ a b Simpson 2004, p. 11.
433. ^ Chuck Klosterman (18 May 2008). "Wanna be in my gang? Meet the uber-fans". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
434. ^ Sturges, Fiona (18 February 2007). "This Charming Man: Making It As Morrissey". The Independent. London. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
435. ^ Simpson 2004, p. 137.
436. ^ Bret 2004, p. 35.
437. ^ "The ten gay icons". The Guardian. 12 November 2006.
438. ^ Bret 2004, pp. 35–36.
439. ^ Bret 2004, p. 162.
440. ^ "Why do Mexican Americans love Morrissey so much?". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
441. ^ "The love affair between Mexican Americans and Morrissey isn't that surprising". The World from PRX. 24 October 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
442. ^ Hood, Bryan (7 May 2015). "Mexico's Cult of Morrissey Comes to Brooklyn". Vulture. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
443. ^ Klosterman, Chuck (August 2002). "Viva Morrissey". Spin. pp. 88–92.
444. ^ "Morrissey and Mexico fit together like hand in glove. Is that really so strange? | Raf Noboa y Rivera". The Guardian. 7 March 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
445. ^ Deveruex, Eoin; Hidalgo, Melissa (November 2015). "'You're gonna need someone on your side': Morrissey's Latino/a and Chicano/a fans" (PDF). Participations. 12 (1): 197. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 June 2016.
446. ^ McKinney, Jorge Corona and Kelsey (12 May 2015). "Inside the Mexrrissey show with the Mexicans who love Morrissey". Splinter. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
447. ^ Patches, Matt (7 July 2018). "Ant-Man and the Wasp's director on half-size Paul Rudd & Morrissey references". Polygon. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
448. ^ Goddard, Simon (2012). Mozipedia: The Encyclopaedia of Morrissey and The Smiths. London: Ebury Press. p. 273.
449. ^ "Morrissey fansite owner refused entry to gig and banned for life". Metro News. 15 July 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
450. ^ "March 2012 statement from Morrissey". True To You. 23 March 2012. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
451. ^ Morgan Britton, Luke (3 April 2018). "Morrissey hits back at newspaper 'hate piece' and says he is "neither Loony Left nor Far Right"". NME.
452. ^ "The 'Pope of Mope' turns 50". BBC News. 22 May 2009. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
453. ^ "The Smiths: most influential artist ever—NME". Morrissey-Solo. 15 April 2002. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
454. ^ a b Anderman, Joan (3 October 2004). "This charming man". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
455. ^ Bret 2004, p. 3.
456. ^ Bret 2004, p. 286.
457. ^ Simpson 2004, p. 13.
458. ^ Simpson, Mark (5 November 1999). "The man who murdered pop". The Guardian.
459. ^ culture show. "BBC—Culture Show—Living Icons". BBC News. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
460. ^ Vladimir Bogdanov, Chris Woodstra, Stephen Thomas Erlewine, All Music Guide to Rock: The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul, via Google Books, pg. 1346.
461. ^ Collins, Philip (29 October 2009). "Pop music can't do politics any more". The Times. UK. Retrieved 29 October 2009.
462. ^ "The Ivors 1998". TheIvors.com. Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
463. ^ Simpson 2004, p. 12.
464. ^ Bret 2004, p. 223.
465. ^ "Morrissey symposium in Limerick, Ireland". Morrissey-solo. 4 March 2009. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
466. ^ Taylor, Paul (8 April 2005). "Morrissey under the microscope". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
467. ^ Wade, Mike (21 May 2009). "Morrissey: 50 today and a first-rank Romantic hero". The Times. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
468. ^ "Heaven knows I'm teaching now". MSN UK Entertainment. 29 April 2008. Archived from the original on 6 May 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
469. ^ "Intellect Ltd". Intellectbooks.co.uk. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
470. ^ DiCrescenzo, Brent (19 May 2004). "You Are the Quarry album review". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
471. ^ Timberg, Scott. "Coachella: Morrissey and The Smiths' influence is apparent". Los Angeles Times. 13 April 2009
472. ^ Wells, Steven (12 December 2007). "Big Mouth Strikes Again". Philadelphia Weekly. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
473. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "You Are the Quarry review". AllMusic. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
474. ^ "Jeff Buckley revealed as massive Smiths fan". NME. 25 May 2007. Archived from the original on 1 April 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
475. ^ Robinson, Tasha (31 March 2009). "The Decemberists' Colin Meloy". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on 16 January 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
476. ^ McLean, Craig. "Songs of praise". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
477. ^ Bret 2004, p. 261.
478. ^ "Unauthorized Morrissey Biopic Now Titled England Is Mine". Archived from the original on 16 June 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
479. ^ "England Is Mine". IMDb. 25 August 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
480. ^ Mumford, Gwilym; Pulver, Andrew; Bradshaw, Peter (15 June 2017). "Summer 2017's best movies: from Scarlett Johansson's hen night to Morrissey's teen years". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
481. ^ "Morrissey hits back at The Simpsons over parody: 'Complete ignorance'". The Guardian. 20 April 2021.
482. ^ "HELLO HELL – MESSAGES FROM MORRISSEY – MORRISSEY CENTRAL – HELLO HELL". MORRISSEY CENTRAL.
483. ^ "Pollstar Awards Archive - 1986". pollstarpro.com. Archived from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
484. ^ Krol, Charlotte (12 December 2022). "Morrissey announces recording of new album 'Without Music The World Dies'". NME. Retrieved 4 January 2023.

### Sources

[edit]

* Bannister, Matthew (2006). "'Loaded': Indie Guitar Rock, Canonism, White Masculinities". Popular Music. 25 (1): 77–95\. doi:10.1017/s026114300500070x. ISSN 0261-1430. JSTOR 3877544. S2CID 192182923.
* Bret, David (2004). Morrissey: Scandal and Passion. London: Robson Books. ISBN 978-1-86105-787-7.
* Goddard, Simon (2006). The Smiths: Songs That Saved Your Life (revised ed.). London: Reynolds and Hearn. ISBN 978-1-905287-96-3.
* Rogan, Johnny (1992). Morrissey and Marr: The Severed Alliance. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-7119-1838-2.
* Simpson, Mark (2004). Saint Morrissey. London: SAF Publishing. ISBN 0-946719-65-9.
* Stringer, Julian (1992). "The Smiths: Repressed (But Remarkably Dressed)". Popular Music. 11 (1): 15–26\. doi:10.1017/s0261143000004815. JSTOR 853224. S2CID 194017413.
* Warnes, Andrew (2008). "Black, White and Blue: The Racial Antagonism of the Smiths' Record Sleeve". Popular Music. 27 (1): 135–149\. doi:10.1017/s0261143008001463. JSTOR 40212448. S2CID 161956592.
* Woods, Paul A. (2007). "Morrissey Needs No Introduction". Morrissey in Conversation: The Essential Interviews. Paul A. Woods (ed.). London: Plexus. pp. 5–8\. ISBN 978-0-85965-394-7.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Brown, Len, Meetings with Morrissey, Omnibus, 2008.
* Campbell, Sean and Coulter, Colin, eds., Why Pamper Life's Complexities? Essays on The Smiths, Manchester University Press, 2010.
* Devereux, Eoin; Dillane, Aileen; and Power, Martin J., eds., Morrissey: Fandom, Representations and Identities, Intellect Books, 2011.
* Goddard, Simon, Mozipedia: The Encyclopedia of Morrissey and The Smiths, Ebury Press, 2009.
* Greco, Nicholas P., Only If You Are Really Interested: Celebrity, Gender, Desire, and the World of MORRISSEY, McFarland and Co., 2011.
* Hingley, Martin; Leek, Sheena; Lindgreen, Adam, "Business relationships the Morrissey way", British Food Journal, Vol. 110, No. 1, pp. 128–143, 2008. doi:10.1108/00070700810844821.
* Hopps, Gavin, Morrissey: The Pageant of His Bleeding Heart, Continuum, 2009.
* Rogan, Johnny, Morrissey, self-published, 2007.
* Rogan, Johnny, Morrissey & Marr: The Severed Alliance, Omnibus, 1993.
* Sterling, Linder, "We Are Your Thoughts", Linda Works: 1976–2006, JRP Editions, 2006.
* Sørensen, Jesper, Alle dage er som søndag, Rosenkilde, 2009.
* Woronzoff, Elizabeth, "'Because the Music That They Constantly Play, It Says Nothing to Me About My Life:' An Analysis of Youth's Appropriation of Morrissey's Sexuality, Gender, and Identity", monograph, Simmons College of Arts and Sciences Graduate Studies, February 2009.

## External links

[edit]

Morrissey at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Media from Commons
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Data from Wikidata

* Official The Smiths website
* Morrissey on BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs
* Morrissey at IMDb

* v
* t
* e

Morrissey

* Jesse Tobias
* Matt Walker
* Solomon Walker
* Camila Grey
* Carmen Vandenberg

* Stephen Street
* Andrew Paresi
* Vini Reilly
* Andy Rourke
* Mike Joyce
* Craig Gannon
* Neil Taylor
* Matthew Seligman
* Kevin Armstrong
* Mark E. Nevin
* Mark Bedford
* Boz Boorer
* Alain Whyte
* Gary Day
* Roger Manning
* Michael Farrell
* Barrie Cadogan
* Matt Chamberlain

Studio albums|

* Viva Hate
* Kill Uncle
* Your Arsenal
* Vauxhall and I
* Southpaw Grammar
* Maladjusted
* You Are the Quarry
* Ringleader of the Tormentors
* Years of Refusal
* World Peace Is None of Your Business
* Low in High School
* California Son
* I Am Not a Dog on a Chain
* You're Right, It's Time

Live albums|

* Beethoven Was Deaf
* Live at Earls Court

Compilation albums|

* Bona Drag
* World of Morrissey
* Suedehead: The Best of Morrissey
* My Early Burglary Years
* The CD Singles '88–91'
* The Best of Morrissey
* Greatest Hits
* Swords
* Very Best of Morrissey

Unreleased albums|

* Bonfire of Teenagers

Extended plays|

* At KROQ

Singles|

* "Suedehead" / "Hairdresser on Fire"
* "Everyday Is Like Sunday" / "Sister I'm a Poet"
* "The Last of the Famous International Playboys"
* "Interesting Drug"
* "Ouija Board, Ouija Board"
* "November Spawned a Monster"
* "Piccadilly Palare"
* "Our Frank"
* "Sing Your Life"
* "Pregnant for the Last Time"
* "My Love Life"
* "We Hate It When Our Friends Become Successful"
* "You're the One for Me, Fatty"
* "Tomorrow"
* "Certain People I Know"
* "The More You Ignore Me, the Closer I Get"
* "Hold On to Your Friends"
* "Interlude"
* "Now My Heart Is Full"
* "Boxers"
* "Dagenham Dave"
* "The Boy Racer"
* "Sunny"
* "Alma Matters"
* "Roy's Keen"
* "Satan Rejected My Soul"
* "Irish Blood, English Heart"
* "First of the Gang to Die"
* "Let Me Kiss You"
* "I Have Forgiven Jesus"
* "Redondo Beach" / "There Is a Light That Never Goes Out"
* "You Have Killed Me"
* "The Youngest Was the Most Loved"
* "In the Future When All's Well"
* "I Just Want to See the Boy Happy"
* "That's How People Grow Up"
* "All You Need Is Me"
* "I'm Throwing My Arms Around Paris"
* "Something Is Squeezing My Skull"
* "Glamorous Glue"
* "Satellite of Love"
* "World Peace Is None of Your Business"
* "Istanbul"
* "Earth Is the Loneliest Planet"
* "The Bullfighter Dies"
* "Kiss Me a Lot"
* "Spent the Day in Bed"
* "Jacky's Only Happy When She's Up on the Stage"

Video albums|

* Hulmerist
* The Malady Lingers On
* Introducing Morrissey
* ¡Oye Esteban!
* Who Put the M in Manchester?
* Live at the Hollywood Bowl
* Morrissey: 25 Live

Books|

* Autobiography
* List of the Lost

Related articles|

* Discography
* Songs
* Personnel
* The Nosebleeds
* The Smiths
* England Is Mine
* "Panic on the Streets of Springfield"
* Mexrrissey

Category

* v
* t
* e

The Smiths

* Morrissey
* Johnny Marr
* Andy Rourke
* Mike Joyce
* Craig Gannon

Studio albums|

* The Smiths
* Meat Is Murder
* The Queen Is Dead
* Strangeways, Here We Come

Live albums|

* Rank

Compilation albums|

* Hatful of Hollow
* The World Won't Listen
* Louder Than Bombs
* Stop Me
* Best I
* Best II
* Singles
* The Very Best of The Smiths
* The Sound of The Smiths
* The Smiths Singles Box
* Complete

Extended plays|

* The Peel Sessions

Singles|

* "Hand in Glove"
* "This Charming Man"
* "What Difference Does It Make?"
* "Heaven Knows I'm Miserable Now"
* "William, It Was Really Nothing"
* "How Soon Is Now?"
* "Shakespeare's Sister"
* "Barbarism Begins at Home"
* "That Joke Isn't Funny Anymore"
* "The Boy with the Thorn in His Side"
* "Bigmouth Strikes Again"
* "Panic"
* "Ask"
* "Shoplifters of the World Unite"
* "Sheila Take a Bow"
* "Girlfriend in a Coma"
* "I Started Something I Couldn't Finish"
* "Last Night I Dreamt That Somebody Loved Me"
* "Stop Me If You Think You've Heard This One Before"
* "There Is a Light That Never Goes Out"
* "Sweet and Tender Hooligan"

Other songs|

* "Still Ill"
* "Suffer Little Children"
* "Please Please Please Let Me Get What I Want"
* "The Headmaster Ritual"
* "Asleep"
* "The Queen Is Dead"
* "Cemetry Gates"
* "I Know It's Over"
* "Some Girls Are Bigger Than Others"
* "A Rush and a Push and the Land Is Ours"

Related articles|

* Discography
* Songs
* Live performances
* The Smiths Is Dead
* Shoplifters of the World

* v
* t
* e

Animal rights

Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases)

| Overviews|

* Movement
* History (Ancient world)
* Timeline
* Europe
* United States
* By country or territory
* Argentina
* Australia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Brazil
* Canada
* China
* Denmark
* Ethiopia
* France
* Germany
* Hong Kong
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Israel
* Italy
* Japan
* Malaysia
* Mexico
* Netherlands
* Russia
* South Africa
* South Korea
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Anarchism
* Punk subculture
* Religion
* Christianity
* Indian religions
* Islam
* Women

|

Concepts|

* Abolitionism
* Ahimsa
* Animal cognition
* Animal consciousness
* Animal–industrial complex
* Animal law
* Animal machine
* Animal protectionism
* Animal trial
* Animal welfare
* Animal-free agriculture
* Anthropocentrism
* Argument from marginal cases
* Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness
* New York Declaration on Animal Consciousness
* Carnism
* Equal consideration of interests
* Emotion in animals
* Ethics of eating meat
* Ethics of uncertain sentience
* Holocaust analogy
* Insects in ethics
* Intrinsic value
* Meat paradox
* Mentophobia
* Moral circle expansion
* Nonviolence
* Nonkilling
* Open rescue
* Opposition to hunting
* Painism
* Personism
* Replaceability argument
* Sentientism
* Speciesism
* Total liberation
* Veganism
* Vegaphobia
* Vegetarianism

Issues|

| Animal agriculture|

* Animal product
* Animal farming
* Animal husbandry
* Battery cages
* Bile bears
* Chick culling
* Crocodiles
* CAFOs
* Feedback
* Fish
* Foam depopulation
* Fur
* Fur trade
* Insects
* Intensive
* Pigs
* Livestock
* Live export
* Poultry
* Wildlife
* Slaughter
* Slaughterhouse
* Ventilation shutdown
* Blood sports
* Badger-baiting
* Bear-baiting
* Boar-baiting
* Bull-baiting
* Donkey-baiting
* Duck-baiting
* Hog-baiting
* Human-baiting
* Hyena-baiting
* Lion-baiting
* Monkey-baiting
* Rat-baiting
* Wolf-baiting
* Cruelty
* Pest control (Varmint hunting)
* Sacrifice
* Working animals

|

Animal testing|

* History
* Alternatives
* Regulations
* Countries banning non-human ape experimentation
* Non-human primates
* Cosmetics
* Model organisms
* Vivisection (Anti-vivisection movement)
* Organizations
* Huntingdon Life Sciences
* Nafovanny
* Green Scare (Operation Backfire)

Animal welfare|

* Abandoned pets
* Captivity
* Euthanasia (insects)
* Farmed insects
* Killing of animals
* Live food
* Pain
* Amphibians
* Cephalopods
* Crustaceans
* Fish
* Invertebrates
* Laboratory animals
* Sports

Fishing|

* Bait
* Commercial
* Farming
* Recreational

Wild animals|

* Culling
* Farming
* Hunting
* Techniques
* Coursing
* Spotlighting
* Trail hunting
* Trapping
* Treeing
* Trophy hunting
* Upland hunting
* Animals
* Alligators
* Bats
* Bears
* Birds
* Bison
* Boar
* Raccoons
* Deer
* Dolphins
* Foxes
* Hares
* Jackals
* Lions
* Mink
* Petrels
* Quail
* Rabbit
* Rooks
* Seals
* Squirrels
* Tigers
* Turtles
* Waterfowl
* Wild birds
* Whales
* Wolves
* Management
* Predation problem
* Suffering
* Trade
* Primates
* Ivory
* Welfare

Cases|

* Brown Dog affair
* Cambridge University primates
* McLibel case
* Monkey selfie copyright dispute
* Pit of despair
* SHAC
* Silver Spring monkeys
* University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid
* Unnecessary Fuss
* War of the currents

Studies|

* Animal ethics
* Anthrozoology
* Critical animal studies
* Ethology
* Vegan studies

Methodologies|

* Direct Action Everywhere
* Hunt sabotage

Observances|

* World Animal Day
* World Day for Farmed Animals
* World Day for the End of Speciesism
* World Day for Laboratory Animals
* World Day for the End of Fishing
* World Vegan Day
* World Vegetarian Day

Advocates (academics, writers, activists)

| Academics
and writers|

| Contemporary|

* Carol J. Adams
* Aysha Akhtar
* Kristin Andrews
* Marc Bekoff
* Steven Best
* Paola Cavalieri
* Stephen R. L. Clark
* Alasdair Cochrane
* J. M. Coetzee
* Alice Crary
* David DeGrazia
* Daniel Dombrowski
* Sue Donaldson
* Josephine Donovan
* Joan Dunayer
* Mylan Engel
* Catia Faria
* Lawrence Finsen
* Michael W. Fox
* Gary L. Francione
* Robert Garner
* Valéry Giroux
* Lori Gruen
* John Hadley
* Oscar Horta
* Dale Jamieson
* Kyle Johannsen
* Melanie Joy
* Hilda Kean
* Will Kymlicka
* Renan Larue
* Thomas Lepeltier
* Andrew Linzey
* Clair Linzey
* Dan Lyons
* David Nibert
* Martha Nussbaum
* Clare Palmer
* Charles Patterson
* David Pearce
* Jessica Pierce
* Evelyn Pluhar
* Mark Rowlands
* Richard D. Ryder
* Steve F. Sapontzis
* Jeff Sebo
* Jérôme Segal
* Peter Singer
* Gary Steiner
* Cass Sunstein
* David Sztybel
* Michael Tye
* Tatjana Višak
* Paul Waldau
* Corey Lee Wrenn

|

Historical|

* Tom Beauchamp
* Jeremy Bentham
* David Renaud Boullier
* Stephen St. C. Bostock
* Brigid Brophy
* Peter Buchan
* Mona Caird
* Priscilla Cohn
* Henry Crowe
* Herman Daggett
* Richard Dean
* Wilhelm Dietler
* William Hamilton Drummond
* Edward Payson Evans
* T. Forster
* John Galsworthy
* Thomas G. Gentry
* V. A. Holmes-Gore
* Arthur Helps
* John Hildrop
* John Zephaniah Holwell
* Francis Hutcheson
* Soame Jenyns
* Marie Jungius
* Karl Christian Friedrich Krause
* John Lawrence
* Charles R. Magel
* Jean Meslier
* Mary Midgley
* J. Howard Moore
* José Ferrater Mora
* Robert Morris
* Leonard Nelson
* Edward Nicholson
* Siobhan O'Sullivan
* John Oswald
* Rod Preece
* Humphrey Primatt
* James Rachels
* Tom Regan
* Joseph Ritson
* Nathaniel Peabody Rogers
* Bernard Rollin
* Henry Stephens Salt
* Arthur Schopenhauer
* Laurids Smith
* John Styles
* Thomas Tryon
* Gary Varner
* Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann
* Mary Anne Warren
* Adam Gottlieb Weigen
* Johann Heinrich Winckler
* Steven M. Wise
* Jon Wynne-Tyson
* Voltaire
* Thomas Young

Activists|

| Contemporary|

* James Aspey
* Greg Avery
* Matt Ball
* Martin Balluch
* Carole Baskin
* Barbi Twins
* Brigitte Bardot
* Gene Baur
* Yves Bonnardel
* Joey Carbstrong
* Aymeric Caron
* Jake Conroy
* Rod Coronado
* Karen Dawn
* Chris DeRose
* John Feldmann
* Bruce Friedrich
* Juliet Gellatley
* Tal Gilboa
* Antoine Goetschel
* Mark Gold
* Brigitte Gothière
* Alex Hershaft
* Wayne Hsiung
* Charlotte Laws
* Ronnie Lee
* Howard Lyman
* Evanna Lynch
* Bill Maher
* Keith Mann
* Jim Mason
* Dan Mathews
* Joaquin Phoenix
* Jo-Anne McArthur
* Luísa Mell
* Virginia McKenna
* Morrissey
* Ingrid Newkirk
* Heather Nicholson
* Jack Norris
* Ric O'Barry
* David Olivier
* Alex Pacheco
* Craig Rosebraugh
* Jasmin Singer
* Kim Stallwood
* Lynda Stoner
* Marianne Thieme
* Darren Thurston
* Christine Townend
* Wendy Turner-Webster
* Jerry Vlasak
* Louise Wallis
* Ed Winters
* Gary Yourofsky
* That Vegan Teacher

|

Historical|

* Cleveland Amory
* Henry B. Amos
* Bob Barker
* Ernest Bell
* William Brown
* Edith Carrington
* Frances Power Cobbe
* Joan Court
* Karen Davis
* Royal Dixon
* Muriel Dowding
* Elizabeth Farians
* Emarel Freshel
* André Géraud
* Lewis Gompertz
* James Granger
* Barry Horne
* Marie Huot
* Lizzy Lind af Hageby
* Jessie Mackay
* Alfred Mansfield Mitchell
* J. Isaac Pengelly
* Norm Phelps
* Jill Phipps
* Maud Ingersoll Probasco
* Hans Ruesch
* Magnus Schwantje
* Nell Shipman
* Henry Spira
* Joseph Stratton
* Andrew Tyler
* Gretchen Wyler

Movement (groups, parties)

| Groups|

| Contemporary|

* American Anti-Vivisection Society
* Animal Aid
* Animal Ethics
* Animal Justice
* Animal Justice Project
* Animal Legal Defense Fund
* Animal Liberation
* Animal Liberation Front
* Animal Liberation Press Office
* Animal Liberation Victoria
* Animal Rights Militia
* Animal Rising
* AnimaNaturalis
* Anti-Vivisection Coalition
* Anonymous for the Voiceless
* Beauty Without Cruelty
* Born Free Foundation
* Centre for Animals and Social Justice
* Chinese Animal Protection Network
* Cruelty Free International
* Direct Action Everywhere
* Doctors Against Animal Experiments
* Equanimal
* Every Animal
* Farm Animal Rights Movement
* Faunalytics
* Great Ape Project
* Hunt Saboteurs Association
* In Defense of Animals
* Korea Animal Rights Advocates
* L214
* Last Chance for Animals
* Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition
* Mercy for Animals
* Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics
* People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
* Revolutionary Cells – Animal Liberation Brigade
* Rise for Animals
* Sentience Politics
* Uncaged Campaigns
* United Activists for Animal Rights
* United Poultry Concerns
* UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics
* Viva!
* Voice for Animals Humane Society
* Voiceless

|

Historical|

* Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society
* Humanitarian League (1891–1919)
* Millennium Guild
* Order of the Golden Age
* Oxford Group

Parties|

* Animal Justice Party (Australia)
* Animal Politics EU (Europe)
* Animal Protection Party of Canada (Canada)
* Animal Justice Party of Finland (Finland)
* Animals' Party (Sweden)
* Animalist Movement (Italy)
* Animalist Party with the Environment (Spain)
* DierAnimal (Belgium)
* Human Environment Animal Protection Party (Germany)
* Italian Animalist Party (Italy)
* Party for the Animals (Netherlands)
* People Animals Nature (Portugal)
* V-Partei³ (Germany)

Activism|

* Animal Rights National Conference

Media (books, films, periodicals, albums)

| Books|

* On Abstinence from Eating Animals (3rd century)
* A Reasonable Plea for the Animal Creation (1746)
* A System of Moral Philosophy, in Three Books (1755)
* The Cry of Nature (1791)
* An Essay on Humanity to Animals (1798)
* An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty (1802)
* Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes (1824)
* The Rights of Animals (1838)
* The Ethics of Diet (1883)
* A Plea for Vegetarianism and Other Essays (1886)
* Animals' Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress (1892)
* Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology (1897)
* Better-World Philosophy (1899)
* The Logic of Vegetarianism (1899)
* The Universal Kinship (1906)
* The New Ethics (1907)
* Animals, Men and Morals (1971)
* Animal Liberation (1975)
* The Case for Animal Rights (1983)
* Morals, Reason, and Animals (1987)
* Zoos and Animal Rights (1993)
* Animals, Property, and the Law (1995)
* The Lives of Animals (1999)
* Eternal Treblinka (2001)
* Do Animals Have Rights? (2005)
* Striking at the Roots (2008)
* An American Trilogy (2009)
* An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory (2010)
* Animal Rights Without Liberation (2012)
* Political Animals and Animal Politics (2014)
* Animal (De)liberation (2016)
* Sentientist Politics (2018)
* Wild Animal Ethics (2020)
* Animal Ethics in the Wild (2022)
* Making a Stand for Animals (2022)
* Animal Rights Law (2023)
* The Moral Circle (2025)

|

Films|

* The Animals Film (1981)
* A Cow at My Table (1998)
* Shores of Silence (2000)
* The Witness (2000)
* Meet Your Meat (2002)
* Legally Blonde 2 (2003)
* The Meatrix (2003)
* Peaceable Kingdom (2004)
* Earthlings (2005)
* Behind the Mask (2006)
* Your Mommy Kills Animals (2007)
* Food, Inc. (2009)
* The Cove (2009)
* Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home (2009)
* Forks Over Knives (2011)
* Vegucated (2011)
* An Apology to Elephants (2013)
* Speciesism: The Movie (2013)
* The Ghosts in Our Machine (2013)
* Unlocking the Cage (2016)
* Land of Hope and Glory (2017)
* Carnage (2017)
* Okja (2017)
* Dominion (2018)
* Seaspiracy (2021)

Periodicals|

| Journals|

* Animal Sentience
* Between the Species
* Cahiers antispécistes
* Etica & Animali
* Journal of Animal Ethics
* Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism
* The Animals' Defender

|

Magazines|

* Arkangel
* Bite Back
* Muutoksen kevät
* No Compromise
* Satya

Albums|

* Animal Liberation (1987)
* Tame Yourself (1991)
* Manifesto (2008)
* Salvation of Innocents (2014)
* Onward to Freedom (2014)

Fairs and exhibitions|

* Holocaust on your Plate (2003)

* Category ( 138 )

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
* Italy
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Croatia
* Greece
* Sweden
* Israel
* Finland
* Catalonia
* Belgium

Artists|

* MusicBrainz
* Grammy Awards

People|

* Trove
* 2
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* Yale LUX

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