Mosharraf Hossain (Jessore politician)

Politician

Mosharraf Hossain

মোশাররফ হোসেন
Member of Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh
In office
April 1971 – September 1972
Personal details
Born| (1925-03-07)7 March 1925
Died| 3 February 1974(1974-02-03) (aged 48)
Nationality| Bangladeshi
Political party| Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal
Other political
affiliations| Awami League
Alma mater| Jashore Zilla School
Michael Madhusudan College
University of Calcutta
Profession| Advocate

Mosharraf Hossain (Bengali: মোশাররফ হোসেন; 7 March 1925 – 3 February 1974) was a politician and lawyer from Jessore, Bangladesh. He was actively involved in the Bengali nationalist movement in East Pakistan and the Liberation War of Bangladesh in 1971.[1][2][3]

He was elected as a member of the Provincial Assembly of East Pakistan in the 1970 election,[4][5][6] and was a member of the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh from April 1971[7] to September 1972.[8] In 1972, he resigned from the Constituent Assembly,[6][8][9] left the ruling party Awami League, and joined the left-wing opposition party Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (abbr. JSD or JASAD or 'জাসদ') as one of its founding vice presidents.[6][10][11][12] Mosharraf was assasignated in 1974.[13][14]

## Early life

[edit]

Born in the Sabhaipur village of Bangaon (which was then a Mahakuma of the greater Jessore district), Mosharraf studied in Jessore Zilla School and Michael Madhusudan College (known at that time as Jessore College[15]) of today's Jessore. He received B.A, LL.B degree from Ripon College under the University of Calcutta.[1]

## Political career

[edit]

### Post British India

[edit]

After completing his education, Mosharraf made a brief foray into the state politics of West Bengal. In the Legislative Assembly Election of West Bengal in 1951/52, he contested in the Bangaon constituency as an independent candidate against Jibon Ratan Dhar of the Indian National Congress and Ajit Kumar Ganguly of the Communist Party of India.[1][16] In 1953, due to his continued opposition to the ruling party, Congress, the Indian government accused him of treason and issued him a 24-hour ultimatum to leave the country.[17]

### East Pakistan

[edit]

In 1969, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is being welcomed at a meeting organized in Jessore in support of the Six-point demand. Mosharraf Hossain is on the left, with the microphone, conducting the program.

Afterwards, Hossain returned to Jessore city and continued developing his political career in East Pakistan with Awami League.[1][9] His elder brother lawyer Habibur Rahman already lived in Jessore and was the first president of Jessore district Awami League.[18][19] Mosharraf was the secretary of the central relief committee that was formed in Jessore to help the refugees fleeing into Pakistan during the 1964 Calcutta riots.[20]

In 1967, when Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was in jail, the Awami League split into two groups due to disagreements over the Six-point demand.[21] Many of Mosharraf's political compatriots, including Mashiur Rahman and Raushan Ali of Jessore, joined the pro-PDM faction of the Awami League that opposed the Six-point.[22][23] However, Mosharraf remained in the mainstream Awami League, with the Six-pointers. In January 1968, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, accused in the Agartala Conspiracy Case and imprisoned in Dhaka Jail, was arrested from the jail gate and taken to Dhaka Cantonment. His whereabouts were kept secret by the Pakistani government. Advocate Mosharraf Hossain made a statement in February demanding the release of information regarding the physical condition and location of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. In the statement, he also demanded that Sheikh Mujib be allowed to communicate with his family members and lawyers.[24]

The pro-PDM leaders eventually returned to the mainstream Awami League during the anti-Ayub movement. An avid political supporter of both the Six-point movement and the 1969 East Pakistan mass uprising,[1][9] Advocate Mosharraf won in the 1970 Pakistani provincial election from Jessore.[4][25][26] On 18 March 1971, in a joint press statement, Mosharraf Hossain, along with Mashiur Rahman and Raushan Ali, alleged that the local military was trying to create panic among the people and demanded punishment for those involved.[27]

1970 East Pakistan Provincial Assembly election result for Jessore IX (PE 86) constituency[26][28] Name of the contestant  | Political party  | Votes received

|
|

Mosharraf Hossain  | Awami League  | 39,641
Mohammad Hossain  | Jamaat-e-Islami  | 6,332
Shamsul Huda  | PML (Conv.)  | 4,342
Aysha Sardar  | Independent  | 2,458
Others  | Various*  | 1,918
Total votes polled: 54,691
*Others were from PML (Qay.), PDP, NAP & 2 independents

### Bangladesh Liberation War

[edit]

During the Liberation War of Bangladesh in 1971, Pakistan's military government brought several charges against Mosharraf for his activities against the state. The charges included - opposing the state of Pakistan, arms procurement, arms distribution, and arms training.[4] Witness reports from Jessore published in Indian sources mention that the Pakistan army tried fanatically to apprehend Mosharraf Hossain.[29] A reward was announced for the capture of him, dead or alive.[1][5][29] Though he evaded capture during Operation Searchlight,[5] his house in Jessore city was raided on 25 March and later seized by the Pakistan army to be used as a camp.[3] At the very early stage of the war, when the Indian government was hesitant to get involved, he met Indian leaders like Jayaprakash Narayan, Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, and others, requesting equipment and initiating support for the refugees.[23][30][31]

Mosharraf became a member of the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh in April.[7][8] The Provisional Government of Bangladesh appointed him as the head of the Bangaon regugee camp, where food and shelter were provided to incoming refugees from the east.[32][33] Arms training was also arranged there in a nearby school field.[31] His activities during the war was not confined to administrative duties in the camp. In May 1971, amid heavy artillery fire from the Pakistan army, he accompanied prime minister Tajuddin Ahmed in inspecting the field operation of the Bangladesh army inside Jessore.[34] In November 1971, Bangladesh Awami League, operating the Provisional Government of Bangladesh in exile, tasked him with setting up local administration in the Jessore district and restoring Awami League's organizational capabilities in the area.[35]

### Independent Bangladesh

[edit]

Though Mosharraf was a central committee member of Awami League, his political differences with the party leadership grew over time.[1][9] During the April 1972 conference of the Awami League, Mosharraf was dismissed from the central committee and succeeded by Raushan Ali from Jessore.[36] Raushan, a former pro-PDM leader, had previously opposed Mujib's Six-point demand and faced a three-year expulsion from the Awami League in 1967.[22][37] In 1972, a division within the student wing of the Awami League resulted in Mosharraf's elder daughter, Sathi, aligning with Serajul Alam Khan's faction, which espoused the philosophy of Scientific Socialism and opposed Mujibism. [38] Furthermore, in August of the same year, Mosharraf resigned from the vice-president position of the Jessore district Awami League, objecting the inclusion of political opportunists and sympathizers of the Muslim League within the committee..[39][40]

On September 10, 1972, the Awami League temporarily suspended Mosharraf's primary membership, citing allegations of violating party orders, acting against the party's interest, and involvement in corruption. Subsequently, Mosharraf received a notice from the party ordering him to explain his conduct or face permanent expulsion.[41][42] In response, Mosharraf refuted all allegations of corruption, challenged the authority of the Awami League committee to issue such a notice, and expressed concerns about the party's ideological disintegrity, pervasive corruption, and nepotism. Furthermore, he characterized the Awami League's post-liberation politics as more menacing in terms of deceit and betrayal than that of conspirators like Ayub Khan and Abdul Monem. Simultaneously, he announced his resignation from the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh.[43][44] The acting speaker accepted his resignation on September 22, and the official cessation notice was published on September 26 of the same year.[8]

Following his departure from Awami League, Mosharraf assumed the role of founding vice-president of the newly established opposition party Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (JSD), which was founded on October 31, 1972. He also became the president of the Jessore district JSD.[10][12][6][45]

1973 Bangladesh General election result for Jessore IX constituency[46] Name of the contestant  | Political party  | Votes received

|
|

Raushan Ali | Awami League  | 57,212
Mosharraf Hossain  | JSD  | 7,374
Kazi Abdus Shahid Lal | NAP (M)  | 6,803
Alamgir Siddique | NAP (B)  | 6,052
Sabur Mandal  | Independent  | 845
Total votes polled: 78,286

Mosharraf Hossain went on to participate in the 1973 Bangladeshi general election as a JSD candidate in the (now defunct) Jessore 9 constituency but lost to Raushan Ali of Awami League.[47][48] In total, only three candidates from the opposition parties, JSD, NAP (M), and Jatiya League, were able to win across the country. The margin of Awami League's victory came as a surprise to many observers.[49]

Message of Condolence from prime minister Sheikh Mujibur Rahman after the death of Mosharraf Hossain.

Following the election, Mosharraf's personal safety became precarious amid an increasingly violent political struggle between Awami League and JSD, plus other left-wing insurgents. Soon he was arrested by the Rakkhi Bahini, a paramilitary force formed by the Bangladesh government to curb the insurgency. He was released on bail after two months.[50][51]

## Assassination

[edit]

Mosharraf Hossain was assassinated by a gang of unknown armed operatives on 3 February 1974.[52][53][13] He was gunned down to death at his residence by masked assailants while talking with his political associates.[45][54] At that time, Mosharraf was the vice president of Bangladesh JSD. The party organized a general strike in Jessore, demonstrations in Dhaka, and nationwide protests decrying the brutal killing.[14][54]

Political leaders, including Prime Minister "Bangabandhu" Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, expressed their shock and condolences. In a message to the deceased's family, the Mujib wrote - "His contribution to our liberation struggle will be remembered by everyone."[55][56] However, JSD President Major Jalil alleged that Mosharraf’s assassination was orchestrated by those in power.[57] Jasad's member of the parliament, Abdus Sattar, called for an 'adjournment motion' in the National Parliament regarding Musharraf's murder, but his request was denied by acting Home Minister Mansur Ali and Speaker Abdul Malek Ukil.[58]

The Intercontinental Press, the official publication of the international Trotskyist political organization Fourth International, cited the assassination as a striking example of Mujib's oppression of political opposition.[13] Other international news outlets, including the Pulitzer-winning St. Louis Post-Dispatch and the Cincinnati Post, also reported on the news, describing it as the death of a socialist leader.[14][52]

Mosharraf Hossain's daughter Raoshan Jahan Sathi was a member of the 9th Parliament of Bangladesh.[5] His son-in-law Kazi Aref Ahmed was one of the organizers of the Bangladesh Liberation war.[59]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f g যশোর জেলা. www.jessore.gov.bd (in Bengali and English). Archived from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
2. ^ Sheikh Hasina, ed. (2022). Secret Documents of Intelligence Branch on Father of The Nation, Bangladesh: Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Volume XI (May - December 1966). London: Routledge. pp. 471, 472, 523. ISBN 978-1-003-03362-2. OCLC 1334607491.
3. ^ a b Harun-or, Rashid (2020). বাংলাদেশ মুক্তিযুদ্ধ জ্ঞানকোষ (Encyclopedia of Bangladesh War of Liberation) (in Bengali). Vol. 8\. Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. pp. 454, 458. ISBN 978-984-34-9260-9. OCLC 1342558684.
4. ^ a b c Rahman, Hasan Hafizur (2003). বাংলাদেশের স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধ দলিলপত্র: সপ্তম খণ্ড [Liberation War of Bangladesh Documents: Volume 7] (PDF) (in Bengali). Dhaka: Hakkani Publishers, On behalf of Ministry of Information, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. pp. 514–517.514-517&rft.pub=Hakkani+Publishers,+On+behalf+of+Ministry+of+Information,+Government+of+the+People's+Republic+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Hasan+Hafizur&rft_id=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%28%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%29.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mosharraf+Hossain+(Jessore+politician)" class="Z3988">
5. ^ a b c d মুক্তিযুদ্ধের সময় আটক হয়েছিলেন রওশন জাহান. Deutsche Welle (in Bengali). 25 March 2012. Archived from the original on 7 November 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
6. ^ a b c d জাসদ নেতা মোশাররফ হোসেনের ৪৭তম শাহাদত বার্ষিকী আজ. Daily Loksamaj. 3 February 2021. Archived from the original on 5 November 2022.
7. ^ a b Tushnet, Mark V. (2016). Unstable constitutionalism : law and politics in South Asia. Madhav Khosla. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 195\. ISBN 978-1-316-42138-3. OCLC 918147769.
8. ^ a b c d "The Bangladesh Gazette, Extraordinary, 26 September, 1972" (PDF). The Bangladesh Gazette, Extraordinary. The Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. 26 September 1972.
9. ^ a b c d মোশাররফ হত্যাকাণ্ড ও স্বাধীনতাবিরোধী অপশক্তির উত্থান. Samakal (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
10. ^ a b Ahmad, Mohiuddin (2014). জাসদের উত্থান পতন: অস্থির সময়ের রাজনীতি (The Rise and Fall of JASAD: Politics of turbulent times) (in Bengali). Dhaka: Prothoma. pp. 87, 102, 133. ISBN 978-984-90747-5-5. OCLC 898716995.
11. ^ বিএনপি বাংলাদেশের রাজনীতির জন্য বিপদ :ইনু. The Daily Ittefaq. 12 June 2018. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022.
12. ^ a b "JSD confce: 55-member national body formed". The Bangladesh Observer. 13 May 1973. p. 10.
13. ^ a b c "Rahman Gets New Laws Against Opposition" (PDF). Intercontinental Press. New York. 4 March 1974. pp. 237–238.237-238&rft.date=1974-03-04&rft_id=https://www.themilitant.com/Intercontinental_Press/1974/IP1208.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mosharraf+Hossain+(Jessore+politician)" class="Z3988">
14. ^ a b c "Socialist Leader Killed in Bangladesh". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Missouri, USA. 5 February 1974. p. 4A.
15. ^ "Michael Madhusudan College". Banglapedia. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
16. ^ Statistical report on the General Election 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 2018.
17. ^ মফস্বলে সন্ত্রাস. Bichitra (in Bengali). 2 August 1984.
18. ^ Rahman, Mujib (2012). The unfinished memoirs. Translated by Alam, Fakrul. Dhaka: The University Press Limited. p. 139\. ISBN 9789845061100.
19. ^ Alam, Fakhre (2018). যশোরের ভাষা আন্দোলন (Language Movement in Jashore) (in Bengali). Dhaka: Bidyaprokash. p. 30.
20. ^ "Pakistan Observer 1964.01.13 — South Asian Newspapers". gpa.eastview.com. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
21. ^ Rashiduzzaman, M. (1970). "The Awami League in the Political Development of Pakistan". Asian Survey. 10 (7): 574–587\. doi:10.2307/2642956. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2642956.574-587&rft.date=1970&rft.issn=0004-4687&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2642956#id-name=JSTOR&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307/2642956&rft.aulast=Rashiduzzaman&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2642956&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mosharraf+Hossain+(Jessore+politician)" class="Z3988">
22. ^ a b Ahmad, Mohiuddin (2016). আওয়ামীলীগ: উত্থানপর্ব ১৯৪৮-১৯৭০ (Awami League: The Ascent 1948–1970) (in Bengali). Dhaka: Prothoma. pp. 146–147\. ISBN 978-984-91766-6-4. OCLC 992173990.146-147&rft.pub=Prothoma&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info:oclcnum/992173990&rft.isbn=978-984-91766-6-4&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Mohiuddin&rft_id=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/992173990&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mosharraf+Hossain+(Jessore+politician)" class="Z3988">
23. ^ a b Oli, Ahad. জাতীয় রাজনীতি ১৯৪৫ থেকে ৭৫ [National Politics 1945 to 75] (in Bengali) (5th ed.). Dhaka: Bangladesh Co-Operative Book Society Ltd.
24. ^ শেখ মুজিবুর রহমান সম্পর্কে প্রেসনোট প্রকাশের দাবী (Demand for release of press note about Sheikh Mujibur Rahman). The Azad. 26 February 1968. p. 5.
25. ^ "Pakistan Observer 1970.10.21 — South Asian Newspapers". gpa.eastview.com. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
26. ^ a b "East Pak results". The Pakistan Observer. 18 December 1970. p. 1.
27. ^ "Pakistan Observer 1971.03.19 — South Asian Newspapers". gpa.eastview.com. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
28. ^ "Eastern Examiner 1970.12.19 — South Asian Newspapers". gpa.eastview.com. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
29. ^ a b "Jugantar. Vol: 34; Issue: 190 (30 March 1971)". British Library (Endangered Archives Programme). Retrieved 25 January 2023.
30. ^ Azad, Salam (2006). Contribution of India in the war of liberation of Bangladesh. New Delhi: Bookwell. p. 220\. ISBN 81-89640-04-6. OCLC 224723365.
31. ^ a b Hossen Moni, Ali (10 December 2021). মা-বাবাকে না জানিয়েই রণাঙ্গনে যাত্রা করি (Left for the battelfield without telling my parents) (Interview). Dhaka Post - via YouTube.
32. ^ Arefin, A.S.M. Shamsul (1998). মুক্তিযুদ্ধের প্রেক্ষাপটে ব্যক্তির অবস্থান [Individuals in the Context of Bangladesh Liberation War] (in Bengali). Dhaka: The University Press Limited. p. 29.
33. ^ আমি যুদ্ধ দেখেছি [I Saw the War]. Kaler Kantho (in Bengali). 8 December 2018. Archived from the original on 12 December 2018.
34. ^ Ahmed, Major (Retd.) Hafizuddin (1997). রক্তেভেজা একাত্তর [Blood-soaked Seventy One] (in Bengali) (1st ed.). Dhaka: Shahitya Prakash. p. 57.
35. ^ Muhammadullah Kabir (28 November 1971). "Letter of certification". Letter to Mosharraf Hossain. India: Bangladesh Awami League.
36. ^ ""Mujib announces AL Organising Committee"". Bangladesh Observer. 18 April 1972. p. 1.
37. ^ "Pakistan Observer 1967.10.15 — South Asian Newspapers". gpa.eastview.com. p. 5. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
38. ^ "ছাত্রলীগের সম্মেলন সংক্রান্ত প্রস্তাবাবলী" [Proposals regarding the conference of the Chhatra League]. The Daily Ittefaq (in Bengali). 9 July 1972. p. 3.
39. ^ "এমসিএসহ ৪ জনের সাংগঠনিক কমিটি ত্যাগ". Gonokantho. 14 August 1972. p. 1.
40. ^ "যশোর আওয়ামী লীগ সাংগঠনিক কমিটি পাঁচ জনের পদত্যাগ" [Five resigns from Jessore Awami League organizational committee]. The Daily Ittefaq (in Bengali). 14 August 1972. p. 14.
41. ^ আওয়ামীলীগ হইতে সাময়িক ভাবে বরখাস্ত [Temporarily suspended from Awami League]. The Daily Ittefaq (in Bengali). 10 September 1972. p. 8.
42. ^ এমসিএ সাসপেন্ড [MCA Suspend]. Daily Banglar Bani (in Bengali). 10 September 1972. p. 1.
43. ^ আওয়ামীলীগের সাথে এমসিএ মোশাররফ হোসেনের সম্পর্কচ্ছেদ [MCA Mosharraf Hossain Cuts Ties with Awami League]. The Azad (in Bengali). Dhaka. 15 September 1972. p. 5.
44. ^ Press statement regarding the resignation of a member of the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh in 1972, 15 September 1972 [1972-09-13], retrieved 4 February 2023
45. ^ a b Chowdhury, Badrul Haider (1990). The Long Echoes. Dhaka: Naima Haider. p. 64.
46. ^ "Election Results". The Bangladesh Observer. 10 March 1973. p. 8.
47. ^ Report on the First General Election to Parliament in Bangladesh, 1973. Dhaka: Bangladesh Government Press. 1974.
48. ^ "List of 1st Parliament Members". Bangladesh Parliament. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
49. ^ Jahan, Rounaq (1974). "Bangladesh in 1973: Management of Factional Politics". Asian Survey. 14 (2): 125–135\. doi:10.2307/2643085. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2643085.125-135&rft.date=1974&rft.issn=0004-4687&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2643085#id-name=JSTOR&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307/2643085&rft.aulast=Jahan&rft.aufirst=Rounaq&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2643085&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mosharraf+Hossain+(Jessore+politician)" class="Z3988">
50. ^ জাসদের সহ-সভাপতি মোশাররফ হোসেন গ্রেফতার (JSD Vice-President Mosharraf Hossain Arrested). Gonokantho. 1 July 1973. p. 8.
51. ^ মোশাররফ হোসেন এল. এল. বি / Mosarraf Hossain L.L.B - Jessore, Jhenaidah, Magura, Narail. www.jessore.info. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
52. ^ a b "Bangladesh Socialist leader slain". The Cincinnati Post. Ohio, USA. 5 February 1974. p. 5.
53. ^ Ahmar, Moonis (2005). Violence and Terrorism in South Asia: Chronology and Profiles, 1971-2004. Karachi: Bureau of Composition, Compilation & Translation, University of Karachi. p. 6.
54. ^ a b জাসদের সহ-সভাপতিকে গুলি করে হত্যা. Daily Gonokantho (in Bengali). 4 February 1974. p. 1.
55. ^ বঙ্গবন্ধু মর্মাহত [Bangabandhu Shocked]. The Daily Ittefaq (in Bengali). 6 February 1974. p. 1.
56. ^ Sayeed, Abu; Benu, Shahjahan Mridha, eds. (2021). দিনলিপি : বঙ্গবন্ধুর শাসন সময় ১৯৭৪ (Chronicle: Bangabandhu's Rule 1974) (in Bengali). Dhaka: Anannya. p. 91\. ISBN 978-984-95183-7-2.
57. ^ "ঘাতকদের নির্মূল করার শপথ নিন" [Take an oath to eliminate the murderers]. Daily Gonokantho. 6 February 1974. p. 1.
58. ^ "সংসদে মোশাররফ হত্যা প্রসঙ্গ আলোচনা প্রস্তাব প্রত্যাখ্যান" [Parliament Rejects Proposal to Discuss Musharraf's Assassination]. Gonokantho। (in Bengali). 6 February 1974. p. 1.
59. ^ "Kazi Aref murder: 3 killers hanged". The Daily Star. 8 January 2016. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2022.