Mountain Province

Province in Cordillera, Philippines

Province in Cordillera Administrative Region, Philippines

Mountain Province

Lalawigang Bulubundukin

Province

(from top: left to right) Maligcong Rice Terraces in Bontoc, Bontoc, Chico River, Sagada rice terraces, Sagada and Chico River in Bontoc.

Flag

Seal

Location in the Philippines

OpenStreetMap

Coordinates: 17°05′N 121°10′E﻿ / ﻿17.08°N 121.17°E﻿ / 17.08; 121.17
Country| Philippines
Region| Cordillera Administrative Region
Founded| August 18, 1908
Reorganized| June 18, 1966
Capital| Bontoc
Largest Municipality| Bauko
Government

• Type| Sangguniang Panlalawigan
• Governor| Bonifacio C. Lacwasan Jr. (PFP)
• Vice Governor| Francis O. Taulif
• Representative| Maximo Y. Dalug Jr. (NP)
• Legislature| Mountain Province Provincial Board
Area

[1]

• Total| 2,157.38 km2 (832.97 sq mi)
• Rank| 58th out of 81
Highest elevation

(Mount Amuyao)

| 2,702 m (8,865 ft)
Population

(2020 census)[2]

• Total| 158,200
• Rank| 76th out of 81
• Density| 73/km2 (190/sq mi)
• Rank| 75th out of 81
Divisions

• Independent cities| 0
• Component cities| 0
• Municipalities|

*     * Barlig
* Bauko
* Besao
* Bontoc
* Natonin
* Paracelis
* Sabangan
* Sadanga
* Sagada
* Tadian

• Barangays| 144
• Districts| Legislative district of Mountain Province
Time zone| UTC+8 (PHT)
ZIP code|

2616–2625

IDD : area code | +63 (0)74
ISO 3166 code| PH-MOU
Spoken languages|

* Bontoc
* Kankana-ey
* Balangao
* Ilocano
* Tagalog
* English

Website| mountainprovince.gov.ph

Mountain Province (Ilocano: Probinsia ti Bantay; Filipino: Lalawigang Bulubundukin[3]) is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is Bontoc while Bauko is the largest municipality. Mountain Province was formerly referred to as Mountain in some foreign references. The name is usually shortened by locals to Mt. Province.

The province was named so for being in the Cordillera Central mountain range found in the upper realms of Luzon island.

Mountain Province was also the name of the historical province that included most of the current Cordillera provinces. This old province was established by the Philippine Commission in 1908,[4][5][6] and was later split in 1966 into Mountain Province, Benguet, Kalinga-Apayao and Ifugao.[7][8][9]

The province is also known for its mummy caves, which contain naturally mummified bodies, and for its hanging coffins.[7]

## History

[edit]

### Spanish colonial era

[edit]

The area of the Cordillera mountains proved difficult to control by the Spaniards. During the long Spanish rule, not much was done to bring the province under control. From 1566 to 1665, they sent expeditions to conquer the land but the rugged terrain and hostile indigenous population at the time were major obstacles to complete subjugation.[10] The first serious effort to subjugate them was made in 1785 when soldiers were sent from Cagayan to put down a revolt of the Kalingas. A famous Spanish explorer, Guillermo Galvez, conducted more than 40 forays to the mountainous region.[11]

Formerly called La Montañosa by the Spanish colonizers due to its mountainous terrain,[7][12] the area was subdivided into 6 comandancias politico-militar.[13]

The 6 former Comandancias Politico-Militar of La Montañosa [13] Comandancia | Year established  | Comandancia | Year established

|
|
|

Benguet | 1846  | Amburayan | 1889
Lepanto  | 1852  | Kayapa  | 1891
Bontoc  | 1859  | Cabugaoan  | 1891

### American colonial era

[edit]

Mountain province in 1918

Bontoc sub-province in 1918, which roughly covers the territory of modern day Mountain province

On August 19, 1908, during the American rule, the Philippine Commission enacted Act No. 1876, which organized the entire area of the Cordilleras into one large province, named Mountain Province.[4][6][7][14]

The first governor was Samuel Kane, and the town of Bontoc was made the capital. It was originally composed of the sub-provinces of Amburayan, Apayao, Benguet, Lepanto-Bontoc, Ifugao and Kalinga.[6][12] Amburayan was later abolished in 1920 and its corresponding territories were transferred to the provinces of Ilocos Sur and La Union. Lepanto was also reduced in size and its towns were integrated into the sub-provinces of Bontoc and Benguet, and to the province of Ilocos Sur.[10][15] [16]

Historical sub-provinces of Mountain Province under Act No. 1876[4][6][13][16] Sub-province  | Abolished?  | Notes

|
|

Amburayan | Yes, in 1920  | Territories annexed to Ilocos Sur, La Union, and Benguet[6][16]
Apayao | No  |
Benguet | No  | Eastern towns annexed to Ilocos Sur and La Union in 1920[16]
Ifugao | No  |
Kalinga | No  |
Lepanto-Bontoc | Yes, in 1920  | Territories annexed to Ilocos Sur, La Union, Bontoc, and Benguet[6][16]

### Philippine independence

[edit]

Effective on April 7, 1967, Republic Act No. 4695 abolished the old Mountain Province, converting its sub-provinces into 4 independent provinces: Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga-Apayao and Mountain Province (corresponding to the former Bontoc sub-province).[7] Bontoc became the capital of the new Mountain Province.[9][12]

Mountain Province would have been significantly affected by the Chico River Dam Project during the Marcos administration, as the Marcos regime's project would have flooded the municipalities of Sabangan, Sagada, Sadanga, Bontoc, Bauko, and parts of Barlig.[17] However, the indigenous peoples of Kalinga Province and Mountain Province resisted the project and when hostilities resulted in the murder of Macli-ing Dulag, the project became unpopular and was abandoned before Marcos was ousted by the 1986 People Power Revolution.[18]

On June 15, 1987, the Cordillera Administrative Region was established upon the issuance of Executive Order 220 by then-President Corazon Aquino, and Mountain Province was made one of its provinces.[10][19][20]

### Indigenous People's Day

[edit]

Through Presidential Proclamation 682, October 4, 2024 was declared a special non-working day to commemorate the Provincial Indigenous People’s Day.[21]

## Geography

[edit]

Mountain Province covers a total area of 2,157.38 square kilometers (832.97 sq mi)[22] occupying the central section of the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. The province is bordered on the north by Kalinga, east by  Isabela, south by Ifugao, southwest by Benguet, west by Ilocos Sur, and northwest by Abra.

Situated within the Cordillera Central, Mountain Province is 83% mountainous while 17% make up hills and levels. The province has many rivers, waterfalls, mountains, and caves. The central and western areas of the province are characterized by rugged mountains and steep cliffs, while the eastern portion has generally sloping terrain.[7][12]

### Administrative divisions

[edit]

Mountain Province comprises ten municipalities, all encompassed by a lone legislative district.[22]

Political divisions

|  | Municipality [i] | Population  | ±% p.a. | Area[22] | Density (2020) | Barangay

|
|
|
|
|
|

| (2020)[2] | (2015)[23] |  | km2 | sq mi | /km2 | /sq mi |
17°02′29″N 121°05′57″E﻿ / ﻿17.0415°N 121.0993°E﻿ / 17.0415; 121.0993﻿ (Barlig) | Barlig | 3.0% | 4,796  | 4,819  | −0.09% | 228.64  | 88.28  | 21  | 54  | 11
16°59′20″N 120°52′04″E﻿ / ﻿16.9888°N 120.8679°E﻿ / 16.9888; 120.8679﻿ (Bauko) | Bauko | 20.2% | 32,021  | 31,065  | +0.58% | 170.37  | 65.78  | 190  | 490  | 22
17°05′43″N 120°51′22″E﻿ / ﻿17.0952°N 120.8560°E﻿ / 17.0952; 120.8560﻿ (Besao) | Besao | 4.3% | 6,873  | 7,040  | −0.46% | 173.62  | 67.04  | 40  | 100  | 14
17°05′21″N 120°58′38″E﻿ / ﻿17.0891°N 120.9773°E﻿ / 17.0891; 120.9773﻿ (Bontoc) | Bontoc | †  | 15.2% | 24,104  | 24,643  | −0.42% | 396.10  | 152.94  | 61  | 160  | 16
17°06′33″N 121°16′43″E﻿ / ﻿17.1092°N 121.2785°E﻿ / 17.1092; 121.2785﻿ (Natonin) | Natonin | 6.5% | 10,339  | 10,272  | +0.12% | 252.00  | 97.30  | 41  | 110  | 11
17°10′52″N 121°24′13″E﻿ / ﻿17.1812°N 121.4036°E﻿ / 17.1812; 121.4036﻿ (Paracelis) | Paracelis | 19.7% | 31,168  | 28,121  | +1.98% | 570.16  | 220.14  | 55  | 140  | 9
17°00′19″N 120°55′22″E﻿ / ﻿17.0052°N 120.9228°E﻿ / 17.0052; 120.9228﻿ (Sabangan) | Sabangan | 6.1% | 9,621  | 9,315  | +0.62% | 72.04  | 27.81  | 130  | 340  | 15
17°10′07″N 121°01′34″E﻿ / ﻿17.1685°N 121.0262°E﻿ / 17.1685; 121.0262﻿ (Sadanga) | Sadanga | 5.3% | 8,427  | 8,799  | −0.82% | 259.79  | 100.31  | 32  | 83  | 8
17°05′04″N 120°54′02″E﻿ / ﻿17.0844°N 120.9006°E﻿ / 17.0844; 120.9006﻿ (Sagada) | Sagada | 7.3% | 11,510  | 11,127  | +0.65% | 109.71  | 42.36  | 100  | 260  | 19
16°59′45″N 120°49′18″E﻿ / ﻿16.9957°N 120.8218°E﻿ / 16.9957; 120.8218﻿ (Tadian) | Tadian | 12.2% | 19,341  | 19,389  | −0.05% | 157.00  | 60.62  | 120  | 310  | 19
| Total  | 158,200  | 154,590  | +0.44% | 2,157.38  | 922.56  | 66  | 170  | 144
|  † Provincial capital  |  Municipality

1. ^ The globe icon marks the town center.

### Barangays

[edit]

Mountain Province has 144 barangays comprising its 10 municipalities.[24]

As of 2010, the most populous barangay in the province is Poblacion in the municipality of Paracelis, with a total of 5,687 inhabitants. Balintaugan in the municipality of Bauko has the least population with only 144.[24]

Further information: List of barangays in Mountain Province

## Demographics

[edit]

Further information: Kankanaey people, Bontoc people, Balangao people, Igorot people, and Ilocano people

The population of Mountain Province in the 2020 census was 158,200 people,[2] with a density of 73 inhabitants per square kilometre or 190 inhabitants per square mile.

Population census of Mountain Province| Year| Pop.| ±% p.a.

|
|

1903 | 23,441| —
1918 | 49,055| +5.05%
1939 | 59,138| +0.89%
1948 | 62,003| +0.53%
1960 | 85,866| +2.75%
1970 | 93,112| +0.81%
1975 | 94,096| +0.21%
1980 | 103,052| +1.83%
| Year| Pop.| ±% p.a.

|
|

1990 | 116,535| +1.24%
1995 | 130,755| +2.18%
2000 | 140,439| +1.54%
2007 | 148,661| +0.79%
2010 | 154,187| +1.34%
2015 | 154,590| +0.05%
2020 | 158,200| +0.45%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[23][24][25]

| Population by ethnicity (2000)[26]

Ethnicity |  |  | Number
Kankanaey |

|  72,694 (51.80%)
Balangao / Baliwon |

|  18,886 (13.46%)
Bontoc |

|  17,234 (12.28%)
Ilocano |

|  6,968 (4.97%)
Applai |

|  2,947 (2.10%)
Binontok |

|  2,510 (1.79%)
Kalinga |

|  2,468 (1.76%)

* * *

Other local ethnicity |

|  16,197 (11.54%)
Other foreign ethnicity |

|  22 (0.02%)
Not Reported |

|  413 (0.29%)

Based on the 2000 census survey, Kankana-ey comprised 51.8% (72,694) of the total provincial population of 140,339. Balangao/Baliwon came in second at 13.46% (18,886), and Bontoc at 12.28% (17,234). Other ethnicities were the Ilocano at 4.97% (6,968), Applai at 2.1% (2,947), Binontok at 1.79% (2,510), and Kalinga at 1.76% (2,468).[26]

### Religion

[edit]

Main article: Religion in the Philippines

#### Catholicism

[edit]

An Anglican church in Sagada

Anglicanism predominates in the province with approximately 60% adherence to other religions such as Roman Catholicism.[citation needed]

#### Others

[edit]

Other groups include  Members Church of God International (MCGI), Seventh-Day Adventist Church, Iglesia Filipina Indepiendente, Iglesia ni Cristo has 3% of the Listing Members in the province and Free Believers in Christ Fellowship. Mountain Province is the only predominantly Protestant province in the Philippines.

## Economy

[edit]

Poverty incidence of Mountain Province

2006
44.07

2009
52.16

2012
37.63

2015
44.70

2018
24.58

2021
15.30

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]

## Tourism

[edit]

The province has several rice terraces in seven of its different towns:[12]

* Ambasing Rice Terraces — Sagada
* Bangaan Rice Terraces — Sagada
* Bangen Rice Terraces — Bauko
* Barlig Rice Terraces — Barlig
* Bayyo Rice Terraces — Bontoc
* Besao Rice Terraces — Besao
* Bontoc Poblacion Rice Terraces — Bontoc
* Bucas Rice Terraces — Besao
* Bulongan Rice Terraces — Sagada
* Dalican Rice Terraces — Bontoc
* Fidelisan Rice Terraces — Sagada
* Focong Rice Terraces — Sadanga
* Kapayawan Rice Terraces — Bauko
* Kiltepan Rice Terraces — Sagada
* Maligcong Rice Terraces — Bontoc
* Natonin Rice Terraces — Natonin
* Sadanga Rice Terraces — Sadanga
* Suyo Rice Terraces — Sagada
* Tanulong Rice Terraces — Sagada

The mountainous province also offers excellent mountain climbing experiences with two of its mountains among the top 10 highest points in the Philippines:

* Mount Kalawitan, 2,714+msl - Sabangan
* Mount Amuyao or Mount Finaroy, 2,702+msl - Barlig

Rice terraces in Barlig

## Government

[edit]

See also: Mountain Province Provincial Board

### List of recent governors

[edit]

Further information: Governor of Mountain Province

* 2001–2004 — Sario M. Malinias
* 2004–2010 — Maximo B. Dalog
* 2010–2016 — Leonard G. Mayaen
* 2016–present — Bonifacio C. Lacwasan Jr.

## Notable people

[edit]

* Jeyrick Sigmaton \- actor and model[35]
* Marky Cielo \- actor
* Francisco Claver \- Roman Catholic bishop, Jesuit, and human rights activist
* Eduardo Masferré \- Filipino-Catalan photographer regarded as the Father of Philippine photography.[36]
* William Henry Scott \- Historian and Episcopalian missionary best known for numerous books on the Cordilleran peoples and on Precolonial Philippines.[37]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "List of Provinces". PSGC Interactive. Makati, Philippines: National Statistical Coordination Board. Retrieved December 23, 2013.
2. ^ a b c Census of Population (2020). Table B - Population and Annual Growth Rates by Province, City, and Municipality - By Region. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
3. ^ Tamanio-Yraola, Marialita (1979). "Ang Musika Ng Mga Bontok Igorot Sa Sadanga, Lalawigang Bulubundukin: Unang Bahagi". Musika Jornal (in Filipino) (3): 109–111. Retrieved June 29, 2024.
4. ^ a b c Worcester, Dean C.; Philippine Commission (1908). Seventh Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior to the Philippine Commission for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1908 (Digitized by Google on 23 Nov 2005 (Original file from the University of Michigan)). Manila: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 17–19. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
5. ^ Keesing, Felix Maxwell; Keesing, Marie Margaret; Keesing, Marie Martin; Institute of Pacific Relations (contributor); International Research Committee (contributor) (1934). Taming Philippine Headhunters: A Study of Government and of Cultural Change in Northern Luzon. Stanford University Press. p. 69\. ISBN 9780804721103. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
6. ^ a b c d e f Ingles, Raul Rafael (2008). 1908 :The Way it Really was : Historical Journal for the UP Centennial, 1908-2008. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. p. 339\. ISBN 9789715425803. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
7. ^ a b c d e f Lancion, Conrado M. Jr.; de Guzman, Rey (cartography) (1995). "The Provinces". Fast Facts about Philippine Provinces (The 2000 Millenium ed.). Makati, Metro Manila: Tahanan Books. pp. 108–109. ISBN 971-630-037-9. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
8. ^ "Natural Attractions found in Atok". Province of Benguet. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
9. ^ a b "Republic Act No. 4695: An Act Creating the Provinces of Benguet, Mountain Province, Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao". Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
10. ^ a b c "Mt. Province". VisitMyPhilippines.com The Ultimate Travel Guide for Tourists. Department of Tourism. Retrieved December 23, 2013.
11. ^ "Area of Coverage: The Region". ati.da.gov.ph. August 10, 2017. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
12. ^ a b c d e "Facts & Figures: Mountain Province". Philippine Statistics Authority - National Statistical Coordination Board - Cordillera Administrative Region. Archived from the original on September 1, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
13. ^ a b c "Benguet History". Province of Benguet (official website). Archived from the original on October 19, 2014. Retrieved October 22, 2014. "Benguet was once part of Mountain Province."
14. ^ "Act No. 1876". PhilippineLaw.info. August 18, 1908. Archived from the original on October 15, 2014. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
15. ^ Philippines. Census Office; Buencamino, Felipe; Villamor, Ignacio (1920). Census of the Philippine Islands Taken Under the Direction of the Philippine Legislature in the Year 1918, Volume 1. Bureau of printing. p. 68.
16. ^ a b c d e "Cordillera Administrative Region History". Cordillera Connection (Blogspot). August 14, 2009. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
17. ^ "Valley of Sorrow". Asiaweek. September 5, 1980.
18. ^ Doyo, Ma. Ceres P. (2015). Macli-ing Dulag: Kalinga Chief, Defender of the Cordillera. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. ISBN 978971542772-2.
19. ^ "Regional Profile: Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)". CountrySTAT Philippines. Archived from the original on October 22, 2014. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
20. ^ "The Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)". Department of Agriculture. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
21. ^ Gita Carlos, Ruth Abbey (September 14, 2024). "PBBM declares special non-working days in 7 towns". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved September 14, 2024.
22. ^ a b c "Province: Mountain Province". PSGC Interactive. Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
23. ^ a b Census of Population (2015). Highlights of the Philippine Population 2015 Census of Population. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
24. ^ a b c Census of Population and Housing (2010). Population and Annual Growth Rates for The Philippines and Its Regions, Provinces, and Highly Urbanized Cities (PDF). National Statistics Office. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
25. ^ Census of Population and Housing (2010). "Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)" (PDF). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. National Statistics Office. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
26. ^ a b "Mountain Province – Home of the Kankanais; Table 4. Household Population by Ethnicity and Sex: Mountain Province, 2000". Philippine Statistics Authority. February 6, 2002. Archived from the original on June 15, 2002. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
27. ^ "Poverty incidence (PI):". Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
28. ^ "Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. November 29, 2005.
29. ^ "2009 Official Poverty Statistics of the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. February 8, 2011.
30. ^ "Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. August 27, 2016.
31. ^ "Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. August 27, 2016.
32. ^ "Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. August 27, 2016.
33. ^ "Updated Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population with Measures of Precision, by Region and Province: 2015 and 2018". Philippine Statistics Authority. June 4, 2020.
34. ^ "2021 Full Year Official Poverty Statistics of the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. August 15, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
35. ^ "IN PHOTOS: Jeyrick Sigmaton looks like a top Asian model in latest shoot".
36. ^ de Villa, Gill Gale (July 2, 1995). "Beyond the Mountains". Philippine Star. Retrieved April 14, 2012.
37. ^ Peralta, Jesus T.; Scott, William Henry; Conklin, Harold C. (2001). "William Henry Scott: A Biographical Note and Bibliography". Reflections on Philippine culture and society: festschrift in honor of William Henry Scott. Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 978-971-550-368-6.

## External links

[edit]

Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as:

* KML
* GPX (all coordinates)
* GPX (primary coordinates)
* GPX (secondary coordinates)

* Media related to Mountain Province at Wikimedia Commons
* Geographic data related to Mountain Province at OpenStreetMap

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Places adjacent to Mountain Province

| Abra | Kalinga |

|
|

|  |
Ilocos Sur |

Mountain Province

| Isabela
|  |
Benguet | Ifugao |

* v
* t
* e

Mountain Province

Bontoc (capital)
Bauko (largest municipality)

Municipalities|

* Barlig
* Bauko
* Besao
* Bontoc
* Natonin
* Paracelis
* Sabangan
* Sadanga
* Sagada
* Tadian

Barangays|

See: List of barangays in Mountain Province

Articles related to Mountain Province

* v
* t
* e

Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)

Regional center|

* Baguio

Provinces|

* Abra
* Apayao
* Benguet
* Ifugao
* Kalinga
* Mountain Province

Highly urbanized city|

* Baguio

Component city|

* Tabuk

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* Bangued
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* Kabugao
* La Trinidad
* Lagawe
* Tabuk

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Economy|

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Society|

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Symbols|

* Anthem
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* Language
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* Tree

* Outline
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* Philippines portal
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Authority control databases

National|

* United States

Geographic|

* MusicBrainz area

*[±% p.a.]: Per annum growth rate. Executive Order 135 §6 states that for "census years" (years divisible by 10) the reference date would be May 1st, but for all other years, the reference date is to be the "middle of the year". This means that growth rates, although correct, are not necessarily simple year-on-year comparisons.
*[Barangay]: Total number of barangays
*[Pop.]: Population
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