Music of Georgia (country)

This article is about the music of the country Georgia (in Georgian "Sakartvelo"). For music in the US state, see Music of Georgia (U.S. state).

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Georgians
ქართველები

The
Kartvelian
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Georgia
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History of Georgia

* v
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Georgia has rich and still vibrant traditional music, primarily known for arguably the earliest polyphonic tradition of the Christian world. Situated on the border of Europe and Asia, Georgia is also the home of a variety of urban singing styles with a mixture of native polyphony, Middle Eastern monophony and late European harmonic languages. Georgian performers are well represented in the world's leading opera troupes and concert stages.

## Folk music

[edit]

Adila da Ali-phasha

A sample from Georgian Voices' Adila da Ali-phasha

* * *

Problems playing this file? See media help.

The folk music of Georgia consists of at least fifteen regional styles, known in Georgian musicology and ethnomusicology as "musical dialects". According to Edisher Garaqanidze, there are sixteen regional styles in Georgia.[1] These sixteen regions are traditionally grouped into two, eastern and western Georgian groups.

The Eastern Georgian group of musical dialects consists of the two biggest regions of Georgia, Kartli and Kakheti (Garakanidze united them as "Kartli-Kakheti"); several smaller north-east Georgian mountain regions, Khevsureti, Pshavi, Tusheti, Khevi, Mtiuleti, Gudamakari; and a southern Georgian region, Meskheti. Table songs from Kakheti in eastern Georgia usually feature a long drone bass with two soloists singing the top two parts. Perhaps the best-known example of music in Kakhetian style is the patriotic "Chakrulo", which was chosen to accompany the Voyager spacecraft in 1977. Known performers from the north-eastern region Khevsureti are the singers Dato Kenchiashvili and Teona Qumsiashvili (-2012).

The Western Georgian group of musical dialects consists of the central region of western Georgia, Imereti; three mountainous regions, Svaneti, Racha and Lechkhumi; and three Black Sea coastal regions, Samegrelo, Guria, and Achara. Georgian regional styles of music are sometimes also grouped into mountain and plain groups. Different scholars (Arakishvili, Chkhikvadze, Maisuradze) distinguish musical dialects differently, for example, some do not distinguish Gudamakari and Lechkhumi as separate dialects, and some consider Kartli and Kakheti to be separate dialects. Two more regions, Saingilo (in the territory of Azerbaijan) and Lazeti (in the territory of Turkey) are sometimes also included in the characteristics of Georgian traditional music.[2]

### Traditional vocal polyphony

[edit]

Georgian folk music is predominantly vocal and is widely known for its rich traditions of vocal polyphony. It is widely accepted in contemporary musicology that polyphony in Georgian music predates the introduction of Christianity in Georgia (beginning of the 4th century AD).[3] All regional styles of Georgian music have traditions of vocal a cappella polyphony, although in the most southern regions (Meskheti and Lazeti) only historical sources provide the information about the presence of vocal polyphony before the 20th century.[4]

Vocal polyphony based on ostinato formulas and rhythmic drone are widely distributed in all Georgian regional styles.[5] Apart from these common techniques, there are also other, more complex forms of polyphony: pedal drone polyphony in Eastern Georgia, particularly in Kartli and Kakheti table songs (two highly embellished melodic lines develop rhythmically free on the background of pedal drone), and contrapuntal polyphony in Achara, Imereti, Samegrelo, and particularly in Guria (three and four part polyphony with highly individualized melodic lines in each part and the use of several polyphonic techniques). Western Georgian contrapuntal polyphony features the local variety of the yodel, known as krimanchuli.[6]

Both east and west Georgian polyphony is based on wide use of sharp dissonant harmonies (seconds, fourths, sevenths, ninths). Because of the wide use of the specific chord consisting of the fourth and a second on top of the fourth (C-F-G), the founder of Georgian ethnomusicology, Dimitri Arakishvili called this chord the "Georgian Triad".[7] Georgian music is also known for colorful modulations and unusual key changes.

Georgian polyphonic singing was among the first on the list of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2001. Georgian polyphonic singing was relisted on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2008. It was inscribed on the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Georgia registry in 2011.[8][9]

### Scales and tuning system

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This section needs attention from an expert in music theory. The specific problem is: Need to clarify the relationship to Pythagorean tuning. See the talk page for details. WikiProject Music theory may be able to help recruit an expert. (June 2017)

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There are different, sometimes conflicting views on the nature of Georgian scales. The most prevalent is the view expressed by Vladimer Gogotishvili, who suggested distinguishing diatonic scales based on a system of perfect fourths and those based on a system of perfect fifths.[10] A system based on perfect fourths is mostly present in Eastern Georgia, but scales based on perfect fifths are spread wider, both in eastern and particularly western Georgia, as well as in Georgian Christian chants. In East Georgian table songs the scale system is based on a combination of the systems of fourth and fifth diatonic scales. In such songs the principle of the fourth diatonic scale is working above the pedal drone, and the system of the fifth diatonic is working under the pedal drone.[11] Because of the peculiarity of the scale system based on perfect fifths, there is often an augmented octave in Georgian songs and church-songs. As in many traditional musical systems, tuning of Georgian scales is not based on the Western classical equally tempered 12-tone tuning system. The fifth is usually perfect, but the second, third and fourth are different from Classical intervals, producing a slightly compressed (compared to most European music) major second, a neutral third, and a slightly stretched fourth. Likewise, between the fifth and the octave come two evenly spaced notes, producing a slightly compressed major sixth and a stretched minor seventh.[12]

Because of the strong influence of Western European music, present-day performers of Georgian folk music often employ Western tuning, bringing the seconds, fourths, sixths, and sevenths, and sometimes the thirds as well, closer to the standard equally tempered scale. This process started from the very first professional choir, organized in Georgia in 1886 (so called "Agniahsvili choro"). From the 1980s some ensembles (most notably the Georgian ensembles "Mtiebi" and "Anchiskhati", and the American ensemble Kavkasia) have tried to re-introduce the original non-tempered traditional tuning system. In some regions (most notably in Svaneti) some traditional singers still sing in the old, non-tempered tuning system.[13]

### Social setting

[edit]

Singing is mostly a community activity in Georgia, and during big celebrations (for example, weddings) all the community is expected to participate in singing.[14] Traditionally, top melodic parts are performed by individual singers, but the bass can have dozens or even hundreds of singers. There are also songs (usually more complex) that require a very small number of performers. Out of them the tradition of "trio" (three singers only) is very popular in western Georgia, particularly in Guria.

Georgian folk songs are often centered around banquet-like feasts called supra, where songs and toasts to God, peace, motherland, long life, love, friendship and other topics are proposed. Traditional feast songs include "Zamtari" ("Winter"), which is about the transient nature of life and is sung to commemorate ancestors, and a great number of "Mravalzhamier" songs. As many traditional activities greatly changed their nature (for example, working processes), the traditional feast became the harbor for many different genres of music. Work songs are widespread in all regions. The orovela, for example is a specific solo work song found in eastern Georgia only. The extremely complex three and four part working song naduri is characteristic of western Georgia. There are a great number of healing songs, funerary ritual songs, wedding songs, love songs, dance songs, lullabies, traveling songs. Many archaic songs are connected to round dances.

Contemporary Georgian stage choirs are generally male, though some female groups also exist; mixed-gender choirs are rare, but also exist. (An example of the latter is the Zedashe ensemble, based in Sighnaghi, Kakheti.) At the same time, in village ensembles mixed participation is more common, and according to Zakaria Paliashvili, in the most isolated region of Georgia, Upper Svaneti, mixed performance of folk songs were a common practice.[15]

### Performance practices

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Georgian vocal polyphony was maintained for millennia by village singers, mostly local farmers. From the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century a great number of gramophone recordings of Georgian village singers were made. Anzor Erkomaishvili was paramount in recovering these recordings and re-issuing them on a series of CDs. Despite the poor technical quality of the old recordings, they often serve as the model of high mastery of the performance of Georgian traditional songs for contemporary ensembles.

During the Soviet period (1921–1991), folk music was highly praised, and revered folk musicians were awarded with governmental prizes and were given salaries. At the same time some genres were forbidden (particularly Christian church-songs), and the tendency to create huge regional choirs with big groups singing each melodic part damaged the improvisatory nature of Georgian folk music. Also, singing and dancing, usually closely interconnected in rural life, were separated on a concert stage. From the 1950s and the 1960s new type of ensembles (Shvidkatsa, Gordela) brought back the tradition of smaller ensembles and improvisation.

Since the 1970s, Georgian folk music has been introduced to a wider audience in different countries around the world. The ensembles Rustavi and later Georgian Voices[16] were particularly active in presenting rich polyphony of various regions of Georgia to western audiences.[17] Georgian Voices performed alongside Billy Joel, and the Rustavi Choir was featured on the soundtrack to Coen Brothers' 1998 film, The Big Lebowski.[18] During the end of the 1960s and 1970s an innovative pop-ensemble Orera [Wikidata] featured a mixture of traditional polyphony with jazz and other popular musical genres, becoming arguably the most popular ensemble of the Soviet Union in the 1970s.[19] This line of fusion of Georgian folk polyphony with other genres became popular in the 1990s, and the Stuttgart-based ensemble The Shin became a popular representative of this generation of Georgian musicians.[20]

By the mid-1980s, the first ensembles of Georgian music consisting of non-Georgian performers had started to appear outside of Georgia (first in USA and Canada, later in other European countries). This process became particularly active after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, when the Iron Curtain disappeared and travel to the Western countries became possible for Georgians. Today it is a common practice for Georgian ensembles and traditional singers to visit Western countries for performances and workshops.

See Performers of Georgian traditional music

### Study of Georgian folk music

[edit]

The 1861 article by Jambakur-Orbeliani and the 1864 article by Machabeli are considered as the first published works where some aspect of Georgian folk music were discussed. Earlier works (like the 18th century "Dictionary of Georgian Language" by Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani, and "Kalmasoba" by Ioane Bagrationi) discussed Georgian church singing traditions only.[3]

Dimitri Arakishvili and Zakaria Paliashvili are considered the most influential figures of study of Georgian folk music. Arakishvili published several standard books and articles on Georgian singing traditions, musical instruments, scales, and is widely considered as "founding father" of Georgian ethnomusicology.

Grigol Chkhikvadze and Shalva Aslanishvili, born during the last years of the 19th century, received professional education in Russia and became important figures of the study of Georgian traditional music. The historian Ivane Javakhishvili published an influential work on the history of Georgian music, which is still considered as the most comprehensive work on historical sources on Georgian music. Otar Chijavadze, Valerian Magradze, Kakhi Rosebashvili, Mindia Jordania, Kukuri Chokhonelidze were the first Georgian scholars that were educated in Georgia and contributed to the study of different aspect of Georgian folk music. From the end of the 20th century a new generation of Georgian ethnomusicologists appeared, among them Edisher Garakanidze, Joseph Jordania, Nato Zumbadze, Nino Tsitsishvili, Tamaz Gabisonia, Nino Makharadze, David Shugliashvili, Maka Khardziani.

Apart from Georgian scholars, non-Georgian musicians and scholars also contributed to the study of Georgian traditional music. Among them were German and Austrian scholars Adolf Dirr, Robert Lach, Georg Schunemann, and Siegfried Nadel, who were able to record and study traditional songs from Georgian war prisoners during the first World War. Siegfried Nadel published a monograph about Georgian music,[21] where he proposed that Georgian polyphony possibly contributed to the emergence of European professional polyphony (this idea was developed by Marius Schneider for several decades[22]). Russian musicians Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov and Nikolai Klenovsky also contributed to the early study of Georgian folk music. Russian scholar Steshenko-Kuftina contributed a highly revered monograph on Georgian panpipe. After the fall of the Soviet Union a number of Western Scholars started working on Georgian folk music, mostly on different aspects the traditional polyphony. Among them are Carl Linich, Stuart Gelzer, Susanne Ziegler, Simha Arom, Polo Vallejo, John A. Graham, Lauren Ninoshvili, Caroline Bithell, and Andrea Kuzmich.

In the 21st century Georgia has become one of the international centers of the study of the phenomenon of traditional polyphony. In 2003 the International Research Centre for Traditional Polyphony was established (director Rusudan Tsurtsumia). The tradition of biannual conferences and symposia started in Georgia in the 1980s. These symposia are drawing leading experts of traditional polyphony to Georgia.

## Urban music

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Urban music must have started as soon as the first cities appeared in Georgia. Tbilisi became the capital of Georgia in the fifth century, and was known as the cultural center of Caucasus. Tbilisi was on the important routes connecting the East with the West, as well as the North with the South. This strategic position was attracting various ethnic groups, and Tbilisi early became a cosmopolitan city with many languages and many musical styles mixed together. Out of different styles the Middle Eastern monophony with augmented seconds, sensual melodies and instrumental accompaniment were particularly popular. There are not very early historical sources about Georgian urban music, but at least Georgian kings of the 17th and 18th centuries had Middle-Eastern style professional musicians serving at their courts. One of them, the great Armenian musician Sayat Nova, served as a court musician of the King Erekle the Second, and was composing songs in Georgian, Armenian, and Azeri languages. The popularity of this style of music was particularly great by the end of the 19th century, when mostly agricultural Georgians were not attracted to the big cities, and businessmen from other countries (particularly Armenians) became the majority of the city population. At the same time, the polyphonic nature of Georgian music influenced monophonic melodies of the Armenian, Turkish and Iranian origin, and they became polyphonic (usually three-part with the original melody in the middle part).

From the second part of the 19th century a new popular musical style came to Georgia. This was European classical music, based on parallel thirds and triadic harmonies. Opening of the opera in 1850 had a profound influence on Georgian urban societies and soon a new style songs became very popular. The new European style of Georgian urban music consists of two genres: (1) a cappella choral singing in three vocal parts, and (2) solo (or three-part) singing with the accompaniment of musical instrument (usually a guitar, or a piano).[23]

## Professional music

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Professional music in Georgia existed at least from the 7-8th centuries, when Georgian composers started translating Greek orthodox Christian chants,[24] adding harmonies to the monophonic melodies,[25] and also were creating original chants.[26] It is widely accepted, that polyphony in Georgian church-singing came from the folk tradition. Georgian church-music has many parallels with Georgian traditional music, although some elements of folk musical style were never used in church-singing (for example, the very long drones of eastern Georgian table songs, or the yodel of Western Georgian counterpoint. In some regions Christian chants have clear elements of pre-Christian traditions as well.[27] Scholars usually distinguish two styles of Georgian church-singing: eastern Georgian and western Georgian. Both styles are based on similar principles, particularly the "simple mood" of singing, but in some western Georgian church-singing styles (particularly in so-called "Shemokmedi school") the polyphonic mastery and the use of sharp dissonances reaches its climax.[28] The study of church-singing was strictly forbidden in the Soviet Union, but after the fall of the Soviet Union this became one of the most actively researched spheres of Georgian musicology.

The so-called "new Georgian professional musical school" started in the second half of the 19th century. It was based on European classical musical language and classical musical forms (opera, symphony, etc.). The greatest representatives of this school of Georgian composers (Zakaria Paliashvili, Dimitri Arakishvili, Niko Sulkhanishvili) merged European musical language with the elements of Georgian traditional harmony and polyphony. Among the composers of the later period were Andria Balanchivadze (brother of George Balanchine), Aleksandre Machavariani, Shalva Mshvelidze, Otar Taktakishvili. The most prominent contemporary Georgian composer is Antwerp-based Giya Kancheli.

Georgia-born violinist Lisa Batiashvili enjoys an international reputation.

### Traditional musical instruments

[edit]

A wide variety of musical instruments are known from Georgia. Among the most popular instruments are: wind instruments such as the soinari, known in Samegrelo as larchemi (Georgian panpipe), stviri (flute), gudastviri (bagpipe), the Georgian accordion, string instruments like the changi (harp), chonguri (four stringed unfretted long neck lute), panduri (three stringed fretted long neck lute), bowed chuniri, known also as chianuri, plus a variety of drums and percussive instruments. Georgian musical instruments are traditionally overshadowed by the rich vocal traditions of Georgia, and subsequently received much less attention from Georgian (and Western) scholars. Dimitri Arakishvili and particularly Manana Shilakadze contributed to the study of musical instrument in Georgia[29]

Panduri, a Georgian traditional instrument. Soviet postage stamp depicting traditional musical instruments of Georgia.

#### Chuniri-chianuri

[edit]

Only the mountain inhabitants of Georgia preserve the bowed Chuniri in its original form. This instrument is considered to be a national instrument of Svaneti and is thought to have spread in the other regions of Georgia from there. Chuniri has different names in different regions: in Khevsureti, Tusheti (Eastern mountainous parts) its name is Chuniri, and in Racha, Guria (western parts of Georgia) "Chianuri". Chuniri is used for accompaniment. It is often played in an ensemble with Changi (harp) and Salamuri (flute). Both men and women played it. Accompaniment of solo songs, national heroic poems and dance melodies were performed on it in Svaneti. Chuniri and Changi are often played together in an ensemble when performing polyphonic songs. More than one Chianuri at a time is not used. The Chianuri is traditionally kept in a warm place.

Often, especially in rainy days it was warmed in the sun or near fireplace before using, in order to emit more harmonious sounds. This fact is acknowledged in all regions where the fiddlestick instruments were spread. That is done generally because dampness and wind make a certain effect on the instrument's resonant body and the leather that covers it. In Svaneti and Racha people even could make a weather forecast according to the sound produced by Chianuri. Weak and unclear sounds were the signs of a rainy weather.

The instrument's side strings i.e. first and third strings are tuned in fourth, but the middle (second) string is tuned in third with the lowest string and second with the top string. It was a tradition to play Chuniri late in the evening the day before a funeral. For instance, one of the relatives (man) of a dead person would sit down in open air by the bonfire and play a sad melody. In his song (sang in a low voice) he would remember the life of the deceased person and the lives of ancestors of the family. Most of the songs performed on Chianuri are connected with sad occasions. There is an expression in Svaneti that "Chuniri is for sorrow". However, it can be used at parties as well.

The Abkharza is a two-string musical instrument which is played by a bow. It is thought to have spread through Georgia from the region of Abkhazia. Mostly the Abkharza is used as an accompaniment instrument. There are performed one, two or three part songs and national heroic poems on it. Abkharza is cut out of a whole wood piece and has a shape of a boat. Its overall length is 480mm. its upper board is glued back to the main part. On the end it has two tuners.

## See also

[edit]

* Iavnana
* Polyphony
* Choral singing
* Caucasus
* Georgia in the Eurovision Song Contest
* Suliko
* International Research Centre for Traditional Polyphony
* Tbilisi State Conservatory
* Rustavi Ensemble
* Tsintskaro
* Chakrulo

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Edisher Garakanidze. 1991. Musical dialects of Georgian traditional music. PhD, Tbilisi Theatrical Institute
2. ^ See, for example, Gadakanidze, 1991
3. ^ a b Ivane Javakhishvili. 2010. The views and theories of Georgian authors. In: Rusudan Tsurtsumua and Joseph Jordania (editors), Echoes from Georgia: Seventeen Arguments on Georgian Polyphony (collection of essays). New York: Nova Science, pg 19-34
4. ^ Valerian Magradze. 2010. On the problem of Polyphony in Meskhetian Songs In: Rusudan Tsurtsumua and Joseph Jordania (editors), Echoes from Georgia: Seventeen Arguments on Georgian Polyphony (collection of essays). New York: Nova Science, pp.125-134
5. ^ Tamaz Gabisonia. 2010. Criteria for Determining the Types of Polyphony of Georgian Folk Songs. In: Rusudan Tsurtsumua and Joseph Jordania (editors), Echoes from Georgia: Seventeen Arguments on Georgian Polyphony (collection of essays). New York: Nova Science, pp.177-194
6. ^ Dimitri Arakishvili. 1908. West Georgian folk songs. Moscow Commission of Music and Ethnography. 2. Moscow: G. Lissner and D. Sobko. (In Russian)
7. ^ Dimitri Arakishvili. 1905. Short review of development of Georgian (Kartlian and Kakhetian) folk songs. Moscow Commission of Music and Ethnography. Vol. 1, Moscow: K. Menshov. (In Russian)
8. ^ "არამატერიალური კულტურული მემკვიდრეობა" [Intangible Cultural Heritage] (PDF) (in Georgian). National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
9. ^ "UNESCO Culture for development indicators for Georgia (Analytical and Technical Report)" (PDF). EU-Eastern Partnership Culture & Creativity Programme. October 2017. pp. 82–88. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
10. ^ Vladimer Gogotishvili. 2010. On Authentic and Plagal Typesof Monotonic (non-octave) Scales in Georgian Traditional vocal polyphony. In: Rusudan Tsurtsumua and Joseph Jordania (editors), Echoes from Georgia: Seventeen Arguments on Georgian Polyphony (collection of essays). New York: Nova Science, pp.147-156
11. ^ Vladimer Gogotishvili. 2003. On Some Characteristics of Mode-Intonational Scales in Kartli-Kakhetian Long Table Songs. In: Materials of the First International Symposium on Traditional Polyphony, edited by Rusudan Tsurtsumia and Joseph Jordania. pp.312-323 Archived 2011-10-07 at the Wayback Machine
12. ^ Kavkasia website about Georgian tuning
13. ^ Dimitri Arakishvili. 2010 (1950) Svan Folk Song. In: Rusudan Tsurtsumua and Joseph Jordania (editors), Echoes from Georgia: Seventeen Arguments on Georgian Polyphony (collection of essays). New York: Nova Science, pp.35-56
14. ^ Joseph Jordania. 2000. Georgia. In: The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. Vol. 8, Europe. Edited by Timothy Rice, James Porter and Chris Goertzen, pp. 826-849. New York: Garland Publishing
15. ^ Zakaria Paliashvili. 1903. My Trip to Svaneti and Svan Folk Songs. Newspaper Iveria, issue 175
16. ^ Georgian Voices Archived 2011-05-11 at the Wayback Machine
17. ^ Georgian Voices at Georgian-music.com
18. ^ The Big Lebowski Soundtrack
19. ^ [1] Orera singing "Krimanchuli", recording from 1968
20. ^ [2] Ensemble Shin performing a version of traditional round dance from Svaneti
21. ^ Siegfried Nadel book. 1933. Georgischer Gesange (Georgian Singing). Berlin: Lautabt, Leipzig: Harrassowitz
22. ^ Marius Schneider. 1940. 1940. Kaukasische parallelen zur europaisch mittelalterlichen Mehrstimmigkeit. Acta Musicologica, 12:52-61
23. ^ Archil Mshvelidze. 1970. Georgian Folk Urban Song (Collection of songs with the large introductory essay). Tbilisi: Muzfond
24. ^ Ivane Javakhishvili. 1938. The Basic Questions of Georgian Music History. Tiflis: Federacia
25. ^ Zurab Chavchavadze. 1986. Georgian hymnography of the 12th century. PhD. Tbilisi: Academy of Sciences of Georgia
26. ^ Mzia Iashvili. 1977. On the problem of Georgian polyphony. Tbilisi: Khelovneba
27. ^ Joseph Jordania. 2000. Georgia. In: The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. Vol. 8, Europe. Edited by Timothy Rice, James Porter and Chris Goertzen. New York: Garland Publishing. Pg 835-6
28. ^ David Shugliashvili. 2000. On polyphony of Georgian Hymns. In Problems of folk polyphony. Materials of the International Conference dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the V. Sarajishvili Tbilisi State conservatory. Editor in Chief Rusudan Tsurtsumia, pp. 171-180
29. ^ Manana Shilakadze. 1970. Georgian Folk Instruments and Instrumental Music. Tbilisi: Metsniereba

* Broughton, Simon. "A Feast of Songs". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East, pp 347–350. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0
* "Ancient Music Accompanies Ancient Wine," From the Cradle of Wine
* [3] Listen to streaming Georgian music of different genres, read bios, lyrics, download scores for free, learn descriptions of folk songs, some facts from Georgian music history.
* International Research Center for Traditional Polyphony of Tbilisi State Conservatory, a UNESCO-sponsored project.
* GeorgianChant.org: Resource for the Study of Georgian Chant

## External links

[edit]

* www.soundcloud.com/xalxuri
* www.facebook.com/xalxuri
* GeorgianChant.org: Resource for the Study of Georgian Liturgical Music
* BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Polyphonic drinking songs and choral music. Accessed November 25, 2010.
* BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Svaneti polyphony and Guria yodeling. Accessed November 25, 2010.
* (in French) Audio clips: Traditional music of Georgia. Musée d'ethnographie de Genève. Accessed November 25, 2010.
* www.alazani.ge
* www.GeorgiaCaucasus.com
* Georgian Music Collection
* KuzinTheCaucasus: A survey of the music of the Caucasus

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| Early|

* Prehistoric Georgia
* Shulaveri–Shomu culture
* Kura–Araxes culture
* Trialeti–Vanadzor culture
* Colchian culture
* Mushki
* Diauehi
* Colchis
* Kingdom of Iberia
* Lazica
* Roman era
* Sasanian Iberia
* Christianization of Iberia

|

Middle|

* Principality of Iberia
* Bagrationi dynasty
* Arab rule
* Emirate of Tbilisi
* Kingdom of Abkhazia
* Kingdom of the Iberians
* Unification of the Georgian realm
* Kingdom of Hereti
* Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti
* Kingdom of Georgia
* Byzantine wars
* Seljuk wars
* Battle of Didgori
* Golden Age
* Mongol invasions
* Timur's invasions
* Samtskhe-Saatabago
* Turkmen incursions
* Collapse of the Georgian realm
* Kingdom of Imereti
* Principality of Abkhazia
* Principality of Svaneti
* Principality of Guria
* Principality of Mingrelia
* Kingdom of Kartli
* Kingdom of Kakheti
* Safavid Georgia
* Shah Abbas I's invasions
* Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
* 1795 Persian Invasion
* Absorption by the Russian Empire

Modern|

* Democratic Republic of Georgia
* Armenian War
* Red Army invasion
* Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
* April 9 tragedy
* Independent Georgia
* Civil War
* War in Abkhazia
* Rose Revolution
* Russo-Georgian War

By topic|

* Names of Georgia
* Monarchs
* States
* Military history
* Wars
* Battles
* Timeline of Georgian history
* more

Geography|

* Borders
* Birds
* Black Sea
* Climate
* Earthquakes
* Environmental issues
* Glaciers
* Greater Caucasus
* Lakes
* Lesser Caucasus
* Mammals
* National parks
* Protected areas
* Rivers
* Volcanoes
* more

Subdivisions|

* Administrative divisions
* Cities and towns
* Tbilisi
* Regions
* more

Russian-occupied territories|

* Abkhazia
* South Ossetia

Politics|

* Constitution
* Elections
* Foreign relations
* Government
* Human rights
* LGBT
* Law enforcement
* Military
* Parliament
* Political parties
* President
* Prime Minister

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Central bank
* Companies
* Energy
* Lari (currency)
* Mining
* Stock Exchange
* Telecommunications
* Tourism
* Transport
* more

Culture|

* Alphabet
* Architecture
* Art
* Chokha
* Cinema
* Cuisine
* Wine
* Dance
* Gambling
* Languages
* Georgian
* Laz
* Mingrelian
* Svan
* Media
* Music
* Mythology
* Names
* Public holidays
* Religion
* Sports
* World Heritage Sites
* more

Demographics|

* Education
* Ethnic minorities
* Georgians
* List
* Diaspora
* Health care
* Women
* more

Symbols|

* Anthem
* Bolnisi cross
* Borjgali
* Coat of arms
* Flag
* Motto
* Saint George
* cross
* Saint Nino
* cross

* Outline
* Index

* Category
* Portal

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