Names of Singapore

Various names and nicknames of various languages for Singapore

Singapore

Chinese name
Chinese| 新加坡
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Xīnjiāpō
Republic of Singapore
Chinese| 新加坡共和国
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Xīnjiāpō Gònghéguó
Malay name
Malay| Singapura
سيڠاڤورا

* * *

Republik Singapura
ريڤوبليق سيڠاڤورا
Tamil name
Tamil| சிங்கப்பூர்
Singapur
சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு
Ciṅkappūr Kuṭiyaracu

The names of Singapore include the various historical appellations as well as contemporary names and nicknames in different languages used to describe the island, city or country of Singapore. A number of different names have been given to the settlement or the island of Singapore all through history, the earliest record may have been from the 2nd century AD. Possible mentions of Pulau Ujong, the name for the island of Singapore, may be found in Chinese works, and it was also referred to as Temasek in Malay and Javanese literature. Sometime in the 14th century the name was changed to Singapura, which is now rendered as Singapore in English. Singapura means "Lion City" in Sanskrit, and Sang Nila Utama is usually credited with naming the city, although its actual origin is uncertain.[1]

## Etymology of Singapore

[edit]

A statue of an Asiatic lion, or singa, at Draupadi Ratha. Although lions are not native to Southeast Asia, they are nonetheless numerous polities with "lion city" names in the region.

See also: Kingdom of Singapura

The English name Singapore comes from the Malay name Singapura which is believed to have been derived from Sanskrit meaning "Lion City".[2][3] Singa comes from the Sanskrit word siṃha (सिंह), which means "lion", and pūra (पुर) means "city" in Sanskrit and is a common suffix in many Indian place names.[4] The Sanskrit -pura suffix is the linguistic ancestor of the Malay and Indonesian -pura (e.g., Jayapura), the Thai -burī (e.g., Kanchanaburi), the Khmer -borei (e.g., Angkor Borei) suffixes. It is also cognates with the -polis suffix (e.g., Acropolis) of Ancient Greek via a common Proto-Indo-European linguistic ancestor.[5][6] Sanskrit was used as it was considered for a long period the prestigious international language of the region. Sang Nila Utama, said to be the founder of Singapura in the late 13th century who gave the city its name, also acquired a Sanskrit name Sri Tri Buana.[7] The name Singapura and its related forms were fairly common in early South East Asia, with a few cities given the same name – the earliest one known is Simhapura in what is now Vietnam established by the Cham people in the fifth century, others were found in Thailand (now Singburi) and Java. The name also appears in Buddhist jataka tales and in the Ramayana.[7]

According to the Malay Annals, Singapura was named after a strange beast seen by Sang Nila Utama while hunting in Temasek, and he was informed that the beast must have been a lion. He decided to stay in Temasek and named the city he founded Singapura or "Lion City".[8][9] However, scholars have pointed out that lions are not native to Singapore or South East Asia, and the "lion" therefore would have been an error in identification. The Malay Annals describes the beast seen by Sang Nila Utama as a powerful, fast-moving and fine-looking animal with a "red body, black head, and white breast", and size "slightly bigger than a goat."[8][10] Some have suggested that the beast in question may have been a tiger or some other big cat,[11][12][13] but others argued that tigers are native to the region, which made it unlikely that Sang Nila Utama or his followers would not recognise a tiger to mistake it for a lion.[1] It has also been suggested that the description of the beast in the Malay Annals fits a mythical beast called janggi told in Minangkabau legends as a guardian of gold mines.[8]

Many scholars, however, believe that the person Sang Nila Utama and the story of the founding of Singapura to be fictional, and a number of alternative suggestions for the origin of the name of Singapore have been given. For example, it has been proposed that the name was adopted by Parameswara to show that he was reestablishing in Singapore the lion throne that he had originally set up in Palembang. In this version of events, the lion throne was set up as a challenge to the Javanese Majapahit Empire, and the Javanese then drove Parameswara out of Palembang as a consequence of this defiance. Parameswara fled to Temasek, whereupon he assassinated the local ruler and usurped the throne.[1] The change of name from Temasek to Singapura may therefore serve to strengthen his claim over the island.[2] Others linked the name to the Javanese kingdom Singhasari as well as a Majapahit Buddhist sect whose adherents were referred to as lions.[1]

Cantino planisphere (1502) showing Singapore at the tip of the Malay Peninsula, written as Bargimgaparaa. The Portuguese had not yet arrived at the Malay Peninsula and its depiction is therefore inaccurate.

Early Portuguese sources from the 16th century do not indicate that the name meant "lion city", in fact they suggest that it meant falsa demora, perhaps meaning a "wrong, tricky or challenging interruption [of the voyage] or place to stay",[14][15] and that it may have been named after a strait.[16] Some modern scholars have proposed alternative readings of the name Singapura; for example, it has been suggested that the singa in the name may simply be the Malay word singgah meaning "stop over" indicating it was a stopover place.[17][18] Yet another, based on names found in old maps, proposed that the name Singapura may have came from the strait as [bar]-čin-gapura, where "čin" is China and "gopara" is a "gate" in Sanskrit, and the bar in the name may be from either Arabic or Persian meaning "a large body of water" that may also be used to refer to a coastal kingdom. [Bar]-čin-gapura therefore may mean "gateway to the port of China".[14][19] Although it is believed that the name Singapura replaced Temasek some time in the 14th century, the origin of the name cannot be determined with certainty.[1]

## Historical names

[edit]

### Early records

[edit]

See also: Early history of Singapore and Temasek

The first possible written records of Singapore possibly date to the 2nd century, when the island was identified as a trading post in the maps of the Greek astronomer, Ptolemy. The map located a place called Sabara or Sabana at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula (named the Golden Khersonese) where Singapore lies.[20][21] However, identification of Sabana or Sabara varies according to different authors.[22]

It remains debated if a 3rd-century Chinese account of a locality named Pu Luo Zhong refers to the main island of Singapore, Pulau Ujong.[23] Ninth century Arab sailors recorded a place called the island of Ma'it, which could be Singapore.[24] Arab sources also refer to a place called Betumah that some argued to be Bukit Timah (meaning "tin hill") of Singapore,[25] or that it was sited at or near Singapore.[26]

It was recorded that in 1320, the Mongol Yuan Dynasty sent a mission to obtain elephants from a place called Long Ya Men (Chinese: 龍牙門; pinyin: Lóngyámén; lit. 'Dragon's Teeth Gate'), known locally as Batu Berlayar in Malay, which is believed to be Keppel Harbour.[27][28]

#### Temasek

[edit]

Mao Kun map from Wubei Zhi, which is based on the early 15th century navigation maps of Zheng He, showing Temasek (淡馬錫) at the top left, and Long Ya Men (龍牙門) on the right panel.

Singapore is referred to in old Javanese and Malay literature as Temasek. The Nagarakretagama, a Javanese eulogy written in 1365, names a settlement on the island as Tumasik. The name appears twice in the Malay Annals before it is replaced by "Singapura" following Sang Nila Utama's arrival upon the island. Temasek may have been derived from Tasik, the Malay word for "lake" or "sea", perhaps meaning "Sea Town".[25] In a version of Marco Polo's account of his travel, a place named Chiamassie that could be Temasik was mentioned in relation to the island kingdom of Malayur.[25] Temasik may have also been mentioned in Vietnamese records as Sách Mã Tích (𱏺馬錫) in the 14th century.[29]

The Yuan dynasty Chinese sojourner Wang Dayuan, visiting the island around 1330, mentioned Danmaxi (Chinese: 單馬錫; pinyin: Dānmǎxí, written as 淡馬錫 in the Mao Kun map), which is a transcription of the Malay name Temasek. Wang described two settlements in Danmaxi: Long Ya Men and Ban Zu (班卒, Malay: pancur).[30] Chinese records continued to use the name Temasik as seen in the Mao Kun map, even though according to the Malay Annals' its name had changed to Singapura in the 14th century by Sang Nila Utama. Although the name was mentioned in Malay literature, the name Temasek had become obsolete and did not appear in European maps and documents from 1500 to 1800.[31] In more modern times, this early name for Singapore has been revived for modern institutions and for national honours in Singapore.

### Early European names

[edit]

1604 map of Singapura by Portuguese cartographer Manuel Godinho de Erédia. Marked on the map are places such as Blacan mati (Sentosa), Xabandaria, Tana Mera, and Ujontana (the Malay Peninsula)

Early European visitors to the region gave Singapore a number of different names. Portuguese and Spanish sources may use the name Viontana for Ujong Tanah, a name that may also be used to refer to Johor or the lower part of the Malay Peninsula. Dutch maps of the 1600s and 1700s named the island as 't Lange Eyland or 't Lang Eiland ("The Long Island"), or the Malay equivalent Pulau Panjang, as well as Iatana for Ujong Tanah. A Flemish merchant named the island as Ysla de la Sabandaria Vieja, or "Island of the Old Shahbandar's House" (the Shahbandar or Portmaster's house was marked on some early maps near the mouth of Singapore River).[31] Xabandaria along with other place names of Singapore such as Tana Mera and Blakang Mati (Sentosa) appear in a map by a Malay-Portuguese cartographer Godinho de Erédia drawn in 1604 and published in 1613.[32][33]

The name Singapura and its many variants were used from the 1500s onwards in Europeans sources. Early 16th century European maps such as Cantino planisphere, showing the knowledge of Malay Peninsula before the actual arrival of the Portuguese in the region, give names such as bargimgaparaa or ba(r)xingapara and ba(r)cingapura, where the Persian or Arabic bar is added before the name.[14][19] The use of the term Singapore however was inexact, and can refer to a number of geographical areas or entities. Up to the late 1700s, the name Singapura was more often used in relation to a strait rather than the island itself.[31] The Portuguese general Afonso de Albuquerque who conquered Malacca in fact claimed that Singapura was named after the strait.[15][16] The Strait of Singapore in the early period may refer to the southern portion of the Strait of Malacca or other stretches of water,[31] and maps of the 16th century may use Cingaporla, Cincapula, Cingatola, Cinghapola and many other variations to refer to island as well as the various straits or the southern portion of the Malay peninsula.[34][35]

The 18th century German encyclopedia Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon provided five separate entries for Singapore: Sincapur (tip of the Malay Peninsula) and its Latin equivalent Sincapurum Promontorium, Sincapura (a city), Sincapor and Singapour (both straits).[14][36] After the 1780s, the name Sinkapoor began to be commonly used on Dutch maps.[37] In English sources, Sincapore, Sincapure, Singahpura and other variants of Singapore were used in the 17th to 19th century, and although a few variants such as Singapoor and Singapure continued to appear for some time, Singapore would become the standard form in English.[38][39][40]

### Local Chinese names

[edit]

A number of names for Singapore were used by local Hokkien-speaking ethnic Chinese in early modern Singapore. In addition to the now standard Sin-ka-pho (Chinese: 新加坡; pinyin: Xīnjiāpō), other former names include Seng-ka-pho (星嘉坡 or 星加坡) and the derived shorter forms Seng-chiu (星洲; "Singapore Island") and Seng-kok (星國 "Singapore State").

Another name, Sit-la̍t (石叻) derived from the Malay word selat meaning "strait" (from Sit-la̍t-mn̂g [石叻門] another name for Longyamen)[citation needed] and the derivatives or variants Sit-la̍t-po· (石叻埠), Si̍t-la̍t-po· (實叻埠), and La̍t-po· (叻埠) were also used.[41]

### World War II

[edit]

The Japanese renamed Singapore Shōnantō (昭南島), from Japanese "Shōwa no jidai ni eta minami no shima" ("昭和の時代に得た南の島"), or "southern island obtained in the age of Shōwa", and occupied it until the British repossessed the island on 12 September 1945, a month after the Japanese surrender.[42] The name Shōnantō was, at the time, romanised as Syonan-to or Syonan, where the characters 昭南 literally translate to "Light of the South".[43]

## Contemporary names

[edit]

### Languages of Singapore

[edit]

#### English

[edit]

In English, the country's name is "Singapore" and its official name is "Republic of Singapore".

#### Chinese

[edit]

In written Chinese characters, the country's official name, "Republic of Singapore" is rendered as 新加坡共和国 in simplified Chinese. The full name of Singapore in different varieties of Chinese is:

* Mandarin: Xīnjiāpō Gònghéguó
* Hokkien: Sin-ka-pho Kiōng-hô-kok
* Cantonese: Sān'gabō Guhng'wòhgwok
* Hakka: Sîn-kâ-phô Khiung-fò-koet
* Hokchiu: Sĭng-gă-pŏ̤ Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók

A nickname for the city is Shīchéng (Mandarin)/Sai-siâⁿ (Hokkien) (獅城), literally "Lion City." Modern historical names are retained as poetic or shorthand names for the island or country and include Xīngzhōu/Seng-chiu (星洲) and Xīngguó/Seng-kok (星國). Xīng, literally "star," is used as a transcription for the first syllable of "Singapore." Zhōu is a term for "island" in this case while guó means "country" or "state." Xīngzhōu is used in names such as the Sin Chew Jit Poh (星洲日報), a newspaper that was published in Singapore until the 1980s, and Nanyang Sin-Chew Lianhe Zaobao (南洋·星洲联合早报, Lianhe Zaobao for short), Singapore's largest Chinese-language newspaper.[44]

#### Malay

[edit]

The official name of the country in Malay is Republik Singapura and the Malay name is used for the country's motto and its national anthem of the same name, "Majulah Singapura".

#### Tamil

[edit]

In Tamil, the country's name is Ciṅkappūr (சிங்கப்பூர்) and its official name is Ciṅkappūr Kuṭiyaracu (சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு, /siŋɡəppuːr kuɽijərəsɯ/). The word Ciṅkai (சிங்கை) is a poetic and abbreviated form of the city name that can act as a Tamil place-of-origin or place-of-residence-prefix to one's personal name as in Singai Mukilan. It is also used in Singai Nesan, a weekly newspaper published in Singapore from 1887 to 1890.

### Other languages

[edit]

Nearly every language currently uses a name for Singapore derived from "Singapore" or "Singapura".

#### Japanese

[edit]

Japan uses the Katakana script for Singapore, Shingapōru (シンガポール). There are variations of Singapore in Kanji script that are occasionally used, one of which is 新嘉坡. The one-character abbreviation for Singapore is 星, due to its historical name. Japan usually uses the Kanji script for other countries with official names in Chinese characters, i.e. China, Taiwan, South Korea. This is not the case for Singapore despite having an official name in Chinese characters.

#### Khmer

[edit]

In the Khmer language, the country's name is Sernghakborey (សិង្ហបុរី) from the word សិង្ហ meaning "lion" and បុរី meaning "city". The official name of the country is ស឵ធ឵រណៈរដ្ឋសិង្ហបុរី, literally "Republic of Singapore". The French word "Singapour" is commonly spoken.

#### Vietnamese

[edit]

Vietnamese either uses the word Singapore, Xin-ga-po, or Xinh-ga-po for the country (and Cộng hòa Singapore or Cộng hòa Xin-ga-po for "Republic of Singapore") but has used versions taken from the chữ Hán 新加坡, namely Tân Gia Ba. Vietnamese has also used other Sino-Vietnamese names other for historical names including Chiêu Nam for Shōnan (昭南) and Hạ Châu (賀州). There is also the transcription, 撑歌哺 Xinh Ca Bô, which was especially used in the newspaper Thanh Nghệ Tĩnh tân văn 清乂静新聞.

#### Korean

[edit]

Likewise, Korea formerly used a Hanja-derived name for Singapore, Singapa (신가파), but now uses Singgaporeu (싱가포르).

## See also

[edit]

* Little red dot: A nickname for the country

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e C.M. Turnbull (30 October 2009). A History of Modern Singapore, 1819-2005. NUS Press. pp. 21–22\. ISBN 978-9971-69-430-2.21-22&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2009-10-30&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-430-2&rft.au=C.M.+Turnbull&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9yvBgAAQBAJ&pg;=PA22&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Names+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">
2. ^ a b "Temasek/Singapora". HistorySG.
3. ^ Sommerville, Maxwell (1894). The Encyclopædia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, and general literature, 9:22. Adam and Charles Black, London, United Kingdom. p. 94.
4. ^ Ernst Eichler, ed. (1 January 1995). Namenforschung / Name Studies / Les noms propres. 1. Halbband. Walter de Gruyter. p. 905\. ISBN 978-3-11-020342-4.
5. ^ "Singapore". bartleby.com. Archived from the original on 11 April 2001. Retrieved 14 April 2006.
6. ^ LAM, DR LIM CHIN. "Language and places". The Star.
7. ^ a b John N. Miksic (15 November 2013). Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300_1800. NUS Press. p. 151\. ISBN 978-9971-69-574-3.
8. ^ a b c John N. Miksic (15 November 2013). Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300_1800. NUS Press. p. 150\. ISBN 978-9971-69-574-3.
9. ^ "Sang Nila Utama Palembang" (PDF). 24hr Art. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2006. Retrieved 14 April 2006.
10. ^ Dr John Leyden and Sir Thomas Stamford Rffles (1821). Malay Annals. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown. p. 43.
11. ^ "Studying in Singapore". Search Singapore Pte Ltd. Archived from the original on 23 December 2007. Retrieved 14 April 2006.
12. ^ Tony O'Dempsey; Mark Emmanuel; John van Wyhe; Nigel P. Taylor; Fiona L.P. Tan; Cynthia Chou; Goh Hong Yi; Corinne Heng (30 October 2014). Nature Contained: Environmental Histories of Singapore. NUS Press. p. 57\. ISBN 978-9971-69-790-7.
13. ^ "The National Day Webspecial". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014.
14. ^ a b c d Borschberg, Peter (2012). "The Singapore Straits in the Latter Middle Ages and Early Modern Period (c.13th to 17th Centuries). Facts, Fancy and Historiographical Challenges". Journal of Asian History. 46 (2): 193–224.193-224&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Borschberg&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https://www.academia.edu/4285020&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Names+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">
15. ^ a b "Singapura as "Falsa Demora"". Singapore SG. National Library Board Singapore.
16. ^ a b Afonso de Albuquerque (20 May 2010). The Commentaries of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque, Second Viceroy of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 73\. ISBN 978-1-108-01154-9.
17. ^ Tan Ding Eing (1978). A Portrait of Malaysia and Singapore. Oxford University Press. p. 43\. ISBN 978-0-19-580722-6.
18. ^ Wheatley, Paul (1964). Impressions of the Malay Peninsula in Ancient Times. The Eastern Universities Press Singapore. p. 103.
19. ^ a b "Bargimgaparaa. Carta del Cantino". History Delocalized. 22 December 2014.
20. ^ Hack, Karl. "Records of Ancient Links between India and Singapore". National Institute of Education, Singapore. Archived from the original on 26 April 2006. Retrieved 4 August 2006.
21. ^ John N. Miksic (15 November 2013). Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300_1800. NUS Press. p. 35\. ISBN 978-9971-69-574-3.
22. ^ Paul Wheatley (1961). The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press. pp. 151–152\. OCLC 504030596.151-152&rft.pub=University+of+Malaya+Press&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info:oclcnum/504030596&rft.au=Paul+Wheatley&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Names+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">
23. ^ 杨, 斌. (2019). "Within and Beyond Academy: A Debate on Pulau Ujong amongst Jao Tsung-I, Hsu Yun-Tsiao and Tan Yeok Seong". 华人研究国际学报. 11 (1). International Journal of Diasporic Chinese Studies: 47–76\. doi:10.1142/S1793724819000051. S2CID 242494474. Retrieved November 22, 2021.47-76&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info:doi/10.1142/S1793724819000051&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242494474#id-name=S2CID&rft.aulast=杨&rft.aufirst=斌.&rft_id=https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S1793724819000051&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Names+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">
24. ^ C.M. Turnbull (30 October 2009). A History of Modern Singapore, 1819-2005. NUS Press. p. 20\. ISBN 978-9971-69-430-2.
25. ^ a b c Victor R Savage; Brenda Yeoh (15 June 2013). Singapore Street Names: A Study of Toponymics. Marshall Cavendish. p. 381\. ISBN 978-981-4484-74-9.
26. ^ G. E. Gerini. "Researches on Ptolemy's geography of Eastern Asia (further India and Indo-Malay archipelago)". Asiatic Society Monographs. 1909. Royal Asiatic Society: 199–200.199-200&rft.au=G.+E.+Gerini&rft_id=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/printheritage/detail/7aba5b63-ee38-4765-937c-1ea035bf1ba2.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Names+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">
27. ^ "Singapore: Relations with Malaysia". Community Television Foundation of South Florida. 10 January 2006. Archived from the original on 22 December 2006.
28. ^ Edwin Lee (15 October 2008). Singapore: The Unexpected Nation. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 1–2\. ISBN 978-981-230-796-5.1-2&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2008-10-15&rft.isbn=978-981-230-796-5&rft.au=Edwin+Lee&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSqXGSinwP4C&pg;=PA1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Names+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">
29. ^ John N. Miksic (15 November 2013). Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300_1800. NUS Press. pp. 181–184\. ISBN 978-9971-69-574-3.181-184&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2013-11-15&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-574-3&rft.au=John+N.+Miksic&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMt3BgAAQBAJ&pg;=PA181&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Names+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">
30. ^ John N. Miksic (15 November 2013). Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800. NUS Press. pp. 171–182\. ISBN 978-9971-69-574-3.171-182&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2013-11-15&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-574-3&rft.au=John+N.+Miksic&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMt3BgAAQBAJ&pg;=PA173&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Names+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">
31. ^ a b c d Peter Borschberg, ed. (December 2004). Iberians in the Singapore-Melaka Area and Adjacent Regions (16th to 18th Century). Harrassowitz. pp. 98–99\. ISBN 978-3-447-05107-1.98-99&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=2004-12&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05107-1&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=ggyl2FSzXvgC&pg;=PA98&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Names+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">
32. ^ Miksic, John N. (15 November 2013), Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800, NUS Press, pp. 163–165, ISBN 978-9971-69-574-3163-165&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2013-11-15&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-574-3&rft.aulast=Miksic&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMt3BgAAQBAJ&pg;=PA164&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Names+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">
33. ^ "A Portuguese Map of Sincapura". Biblioasia. National Library Board.
34. ^ Peter Borschberg (1 June 2009). The Singapore and Melaka Straits: Violence, Security and Diplomacy in the 17th Century. NUS Press. pp. 47–49\. ISBN 978-9971-69-464-7.47-49&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2009-06-01&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-464-7&rft.au=Peter+Borschberg&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rb6cBgAAQBAJ&pg;=PA49&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Names+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">
35. ^ Kwa Chong Guan. "Searching for Singapore in Old Maps and Sea Charts" (PDF). BibloAsia. 11 (1): 50–55.50-55&rft.au=Kwa+Chong+Guan&rft_id=https://biblioasia.nlb.gov.sg/files/pdf/BiblioAsia%20Apr-Jun%202015.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Names+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">
36. ^ Grosses vollständiges Universal Lexicon aller Wissenschaften und Künste, Volume 37. 1743. p. 1595.
37. ^ Peter Borschberg (1 June 2009). The Singapore and Melaka Straits: Violence, Security and Diplomacy in the 17th Century. NUS Press. p. 50\. ISBN 978-9971-69-464-7.
38. ^ Michael Wise (15 December 2012). Travellers' Tales of Old Singapore. Marshall Cavendish International (Asia) Pte Ltd. ISBN 978-981-4677-30-1.
39. ^ A New Geographical Dictionary. 1738.
40. ^ John Crawfurd (1820). History of the Indian Archipelago: Containing an account of the manners, arts, languages, religions, institutions, and commerce of its inhabitants. A. Constable and Company. p. 265.
41. ^ The syllable La̍t (叻) was used as shorthand for Singapore in terms such as the Hokkien name for the Straits Settlements, La̍t-sū-kah (叻嶼呷) where sū (嶼) refers to Penang (Pin-nn̂g-sū 檳榔嶼) and kah (呷) to Malacca (Mâ-la̍k-kah 麻六呷). Po· (埠) means a quay, port, or city.
42. ^ Ron Taylor. "Fall of Malaya and Singapore". Retrieved 10 July 2007.
43. ^ Joshua Lee (11 February 2017). "On the road to Syonan-to: How Singapore got swept into WW2". Mothership.
44. ^ "《联合早报》介绍 (Introduction to Lianhe Zaobao)". lianhe zaobao. Retrieved 25 July 2018.

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