Namibian Army

Land warfare branch of the Namibian armed forces

Namibian Army

Emblem of the Namibian Army

Founded| 3 September 1990; 34 years ago (1990-09-03)
Country|  Namibia
Type| Army
Part of| Namibian Defence Force
Garrison/HQ| Grootfontein, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia
Anniversaries| 3 September 1990[1]
Engagements| Caprivi Conflict
Second Congo War
United Nations Mission in Liberia
Commanders
Commander-In-Chief| Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah
Minister of Defence| Frans Kapofi
Army Commander| Major General Aktofel Nambahu[2]
Insignia
Flag|

Military unit

The Namibian Army is the ground warfare branch of the Namibian Defence Force.

## History

[edit]

Development of Namibia's army was the fastest of the three arms of service. The first units of the Army were deployed as early as 1990. The Army was formed when the two former enemies South West African Territorial Force and the People's Liberation Army of Namibia were inducted after Namibia's independence into the newly created Namibian Defence Force.

## Role

[edit]

Wer'wolf MKII on parade in downtown Windhoek on 20 March 2015 during Namibia's Independence celebrations

The Ministry of Defence has outlined the Army policy as follows:

> "The Army's principal roles will continue to be as already outlined in the defence policy. The Army will strive to maximise its operational effectiveness through the recruitment of the best young men and women who wish to pursue a military career, their effective training and employment. The Army's equipment priorities are improved troop-lift capacity (road and air); engineer, artillery, anti-tank and air defence and communication systems: the aim being to create a secure, integrated, efficient and cost-effective systems." "The Army will remain a well-disciplined and accountable, professional (all volunteer) force; it will include development of a Reserve; it will continue to train along the lines of other Commonwealth armies; it will train with other Namibian forces (such as the police) to rehearse plans for aid to the civil authorities, civil ministries and civil community; and it will promote a good public image and contribute to the communities in which it is based."[3]

## Organisation

[edit]

The Army is a hierarchical organisation, with the Army commander exercising overall command. The Army headquarters are located at Grootfontein military base, a former SADF logistics base. The Army has several thousand members. Senior Army officers also dominate staff positions at Defence Headquarters.

## Deployments

[edit]

Ural Logistics Truck

### Local deployments

[edit]

See also: Caprivi conflict

The Namibian Army had a convoy service on Namibia's Trans Caprivi Highway which runs from Otavi, Grootfontein, Rundu, Katima Mulilo until Ngoma border post on the Namibia and Botswana border. The convoy system ran twice daily between Bagani and Kongola in the then Caprivi region. The convoy system was run from 2000 till 2002.[4][5]

### SADC deployments

[edit]

Angola (Operation Mandume ya Ndemufayo)
The Namibian Army also deployed troops to help fight UNITA insurgents active in and around the Kavango region. The operation codenamed Mandume ya Ndemufayo was a response to UNITA attacks on Namibian citizens. The Namibian cross-border pursuit operations were carried out with consent of the Angolan government.[6] At least two soldiers were killed in operation Mandume ya Ndemufayo.[7] In an operation between 30 January 2001 to 14 February 2001 an estimated 19 UNITA rebels were killed while various weaponry such as anti-tank and anti-personnel landmines, and assault rifles ranging from AK-47 and R-1s were recovered.[8] In a joint operation with the Angolan Armed Forces, the Namibian Defence Force in May 2001 helped dislodge UNITA from Mavinga in May 2001.[9]

Democratic Republic of the Congo (Operation Atlantic)
The Namibian Army deployed a battle group during the Second Congo War that numbered about 2000 troops and consisted of Infantry, Artillery, Signals, and Air Force Detachments. The first commander of the battle group was Brigadier James Auala.[10][11] About 30 Namibian Serviceman died in the DRC operations.[12] The Operation was Code named Atlantic . The SADC coalition force commander was always a Zimbabwean and deputy force commander a Namibian, and the Chief of Staff was an Angolan.[13] 11 Namibian soldiers were held as prisoners of war in Rwanda, they were released in June 2000.[14] The soldiers were captured in April 1999 in the Lusambo area which is about 120 kilometers east of Mbuji-Mayi.[15] In January 2001 after Laurent-Désiré Kabila's death the Namibian army contingent was reinforced to not only provide security to Heads of States at the funeral but also to reinforce the SADC contingents in Kinshasa and Lubumbashi.[16] Namibia was also the first foreign country to withdraw its troops and by September 2001 all Namibian soldiers had been withdrawn.[17] Seven soldiers who have been missing in action have since been declared dead. The seven had gone missing around the Deya River close to Kabalo, Deya-Katutu, and Lusambo areas.[18] 137 soldiers that had survived the encirclement during the siege of Ikela were presented with commendation medals.[19] The siege at Ikela claimed the lives of 5 Soldiers and many other wounded.[20]

### UN deployments

[edit]

Ural fuel Truck

* UNAMIC \- The army deployed a company-sized unit to UNAMIC.[1]
* United Nations Angola Verification Mission III (UNAVEM III)
* MONUA
* United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL)

For the peacekeeping operation in Liberia the Namibian Army contribution was known as Namibian Battalion (NAMBATT) and about 800 infantry troops per NAMBATT contingent were mustered to form a battalion for this operation. Troops were rotated and rotations numbered up to NAMBATT V. A NAMBATT contingent commanding officer stated his unit was to comprise "two Mot Inf Coys, two rifle companies, headquarters company, and fire support company while the battalion is equipped with 10 Wolf APC's, 12 Casspir APC's and 11 WER Wolf APC's".[21]

## Unit structure

[edit]

The standard operational units are structured according to the British commonwealth system:[22]

Type of unit  | Division | Brigade | Battalion / Regiment  | Company / Squadron | Platoon / Troop | Section

|
|
|
|
|
|

Contains  | 2–3 Brigades  | 3–5 Battalions  | 5–7 Companies  | 3 Platoons  | 3 Sections  | 2 Fire Teams
Personnel  | 10,000  | 5,000  | 550–900  | 120  | 30  | 8–10
Commanded by  | Maj-Gen | Brig-Gen | Lt Col | Maj | Capt, Lt or 2nd Lt | Cpl

## Formations and Units

[edit]

WZ-523 IFV

Air Defence Corps

* Air Defence Brigade

Artillery Corps

* 4 Artillery Brigade
* 12 Artillery Regiment
* 44 Artillery Regiment[23]
* 46 Artillery Regiment
* 21 Artillery Regiment[24]
* 26 Artillery Regiment

Infantry Corps

* 21 Motorised Infantry Brigade[24]
* 21 Guard Battalion[25]
* 211 Battalion[26]
* 212 Battalion[24]
* 213 Mechanized Infantry Battalion

Based in Windhoek

* 12 Motorised Infantry Brigade[27]
* 124 Battalion
* 125 Battalion

Based at Walvis Bay[28]

*     * 126 Battalion

Based in Gobabis.[29]

* 26 Motorised Infantry Brigade[30]
* 261 Motorized Infantry Battalion[31]

Based in Rundu. The commanding officer is Lt Col Liyali Given Numwa who succeeded Lt Col David Diyeve.[30]

*     * 262 Motorized Infantry Battalion

Based in Katima Mulilo. Previous commanding officers include Erastus Kashopola.

*     * 263 Motorized Infantry Battalion

Based at Oshakati.[32] The current commanding officer is Lt Col Wesley Muruko. Previous commanding officers included Erastus Kashopola and Colonel Abed Mukumangeni.

Engineer Corps

* Engineer Regiment

Based in Otavi[28]

Logistics Formation

* Logistic Support Battalion (Namibia)[33]

Provost Corps

* Military Police Battalion

Recce Formation

* Recce Regiment[34]

Signals Corps

* Signal Regiment

Training Corps

* Army Battle School (Namibia) Oshivelo

Based at the former Oshivelo SADF training base, transformed into an army battle school. The commandant of the battle school is Colonel H. Mvula who succeeded Colonel Joel Kapala [35] as-off 6 January 2015, Colonel Kapala succeed Colonel Kashindi Eusebi Kashindi.[36]

* Technical Training Centre (TTC)[37]

The Army TTC offers training to army soldiers covering mechanics and electrical configurations of armaments, military weapons, and equipment[38]

* Army School of Artillery

Based at the Oluno Military Base, the school is responsible for the training requirement of all soldiers specializing to become artillery gunners.[39] Lt Col Ambrosius Kwedhi is the commandant of the School.

## Command Structure

[edit]

### Army commander

[edit]

The position of Army commander is held by a commissioned officer with the rank of major general. The Army Commander exercises the overall command of the Army. The current Army commander is Major General Matheus Alueendo.

Namibian Army Commander's  Term | Rank | Name

|
|

1990-2000 | Maj-Gen | Solomon Huwala
2000-2005 | Maj-Gen | Martin Shalli
2005-2011 | Maj-Gen | Peter Nambundunga
2011-2013 | Maj-Gen | John Mutwa
2013-2017 | Maj-Gen | Tomas Hamunyela
2017-2019 | Maj-Gen | Nestor Shali Shalauda
2019-2022 | Maj-Gen | Matheus Alueendo
2022-Incumbent | Maj-Gen | Aktofel Nambahu

### Senior Appointments

[edit]

Sleeve insignia  | Appointment  | Rank and Name

|
|

|  Army Commander  | Major General Aktofel Nambahu
|  Deputy Army Commander | Brigadier General Andreas Diyeve
|  General Officer Commanding: 21 Motorised Infantry Brigade | Brigadier General Johannes Shimweetheleni
|  General Officer Commanding: 12 Motorised Infantry Brigade | Brigadier General Natanael Endjala
|  General Officer Commanding: 26 Motorised Infantry Brigade | Brigadier General Paulus Iipinge
|  General Officer Commanding: 4 Artillery Brigade | Brigadier General
|  General Officer Commanding: Air Defence Brigade | Brigadier General Patrick Owen Orange

## Army equipment

[edit]

### Small arms

[edit]

Name  | Image  | Caliber  | Type  | Origin  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|

Pistols
Makarov PM |  | 9×18mm | Semi-automatic pistol |  Soviet Union |
CZ-75 |  | 9×19mm | Semi-automatic pistol |  Czechoslovak Socialist Republic |
Browning Hi-Power[40] |  | 9×19mm | Semi-automatic pistol |  Belgium |
Submachine guns
Sten |  | 9×19mm | Submachine gun |  United Kingdom |
Sterling |  | 9×19mm | Submachine gun |  United Kingdom |
PP-19 Vityaz[41] |  | 9×19mm | Submachine gun |  Russia |
Rifles
SKS[42] |  | 7.62×39mm | Semi-automatic rifle |  Soviet Union |
AK-103[41] |  | 7.62×39mm | Assault rifle |  Russia |
AK-105[41] |  | 5.45×39mm | Carbine

* * *

Assault rifle |  Russia |
Lee-Enfield[citation needed] |  | .303 British | Bolt-action rifle |  British Empire |
Sniper rifles
Mosin-Nagant |  | 7.62×54mmR | Bolt-action
Sniper rifle |  Russian Empire |
SVD |  | 7.62×54mmR | Designated marksman rifle
Sniper rifle |  Soviet Union |
Machine guns
RPK[41] |  | 7.62×39mm | Squad automatic weapon |  Soviet Union |
RPK-74[41] |  | 5.45×39mm | Squad automatic weapon |  Soviet Union |
PKP Pecheneg[41] |  | 7.62×54mmR | General-purpose machine gun |  Russia |
FN MAG |  | 7.62×51mm | General-purpose machine gun |  Belgium |
NSV «Utyos»[41] |  | 12.7×108mm | Heavy machine gun |  Soviet Union |
Kord[41] |  | .50 BMG | Heavy machine gun |  Russia |
KPV |  | 14.5×114mm | Heavy machine gun |  Soviet Union |
Browning M2 |  | .50 BMG | Heavy machine gun |  United States |
Rocket propelled grenade launchers
RPG-7[43] |  | 40mm  | Rocket-propelled grenade |  Soviet Union |
RPG-75[42] |  | 68mm  | Rocket-propelled grenade |  Czechoslovak Socialist Republic |
Grenade launchers
GP-25 |  | 40mm | Grenade launcher |  Soviet Union |
AGS-30[41] |  | 30×29mm  | Automatic grenade launcher |  Russia |
QLZ-87[citation needed] |  | 35×32mm  | Automatic grenade launcher |  China |

#### Anti-tank weapons

[edit]

Name  | Image  | Type  | Origin  | Caliber  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|

B-10[citation needed] |  | Recoilless rifle |  Soviet Union | 82mm  |
9M133 Kornet[44] |  | Anti-tank missile |  Russia |  |

### Vehicles

[edit]

Vehicles of the Namibian Army are made up of a variety of suppliers including those from the former Soviet Union, Russia, Brazil,China,Japan,Germany & South Africa. Some vehicles were donated by SWAPO, formerly a liberation movement which later became the ruling party of the country at independence, and SWATF, the security force of the then South West Africa administration. The army has received WZ523 Infantry Fighting Vehicles from China which serve with mechanized infantry units. These vehicles are supplemented by the Namibian made Wolf series of MRAPs. South African made Casspirs are also in service which were inherited from the South-West Africa Territorial Force. To enhance mobility it was announced that the Army will receive the Agrale Marruá which appeared at the 25th Independence celebration parade in 2015.[45]

#### Tanks

[edit]

Name  | Image  | Type  | Origin  | Quantity  | Status  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|

T-54 |  | Medium tank |  Soviet Union | 7[46] |  |

#### Scout cars

[edit]

Name  | Image  | Type  | Origin  | Quantity  | Status  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|

BRDM-2 |  | Amphibious armored scout car |  Soviet Union | 12[47] |  |

#### Armored personnel carriers

[edit]

Name  | Image  | Type  | Origin  | Quantity  | Status  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|

BTR-60 |  | Amphibious Armored personnel carrier |  Soviet Union | 10[48] |  |
WZ-523 |  | Armored personnel carrier |  China | 21[49] |  | IFV Versions armed with 2A28 Grom.[50]
Milkor Bushcat  |  | Armored personnel carrier |  South Africa | +5[51] |  | In various versions including, APC, Command and Electronic Warfare

#### Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected

[edit]

Name  | Image  | Type  | Origin  | Quantity  | Status  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|

Wer'wolf MKII |  | MRAP |  Namibia | 400[52] |  | Versions include APC,Command, Freight, Recovery, Ambulance and Anti Aircraft Zu-23-2 and IFV versions armed with a 2A28 Grom
Casspir |  | MRAP |  South Africa

* * *

South Africa | 20[47] |  | Variants include, APC, Recovery (Gemsbok), Tanker (Duiker) and Logistics (Blesbok)

#### Utility vehicles

[edit]

Name  | Image  | Type  | Origin  | Quantity  | Status  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|

Agrale Marruá |  | Light Utility Vehicle |  Brazil | 141[45] |  | Being assembled locally.
Toyota Hilux |  | Utility vehicle |  Japan | Unknown  |  |
Toyota Land Cruiser |  | Utility vehicle |  Japan | Unknown  |  |
Dongfeng EQ2050 |  | Utility Vehicle |  China |  |  | Used as part of the CS/SM1 Self propelled Mortar System
Trucks
Ural-375 |  | Utility Truck |  Soviet Union | Unknown  |  |
Unimog 435 |  | Ambulance  |  Germany | Unknown  |  |
Ural-4320 |  | Utility Truck |  Russia | 183[53] |  | Delivered in October 2015.
MAN KAT1 |  | Utility Truck |  West Germany | Unknown  |  |
XC2200 |  | Utility Truck |  China | Unknown  |  |
Steyr 91 |  | Utility Truck |  Austria | Unknown  |  |
SAMIL 100 |  | Utility Truck |  South Africa
Germany | 160[12] |  | Donated by South Africa in the late 1990s.

With German Motors

### Artillery

[edit]

Artillery is also dominated by Soviet/Russian and Chinese weapons. They have been supplemented by 24 G2 artillery donated by South Africa.[54]

Name  | Image  | Type  | Origin  | Quantity  | Status  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|

Rocket artillery
BM-21 Grad |  | Multiple rocket launcher |  Soviet Union | 5[46] |  | \-
9P138 "Grad-1 |  | Multiple rocket launcher |  Soviet Union | 3  |  |
PHL-81 |  | Multiple rocket launcher |  China |  |  |
Type 63 multiple rocket launcher |  | Multiple rocket launcher |  China |  |  |
Field artillery
ZiS-2 |  | Anti-tank gun |  Soviet Union | 6[43] |  |
ZiS-3 |  | Field gun |  Soviet Union | 12[48] |  |
QF-25 |  | Howitzer |  United Kingdom | 8[46] |  |
G2 |  | Howitzer |  United Kingdom
South Africa | 24[49] |  |

### Anti aircraft weapons

[edit]

Air defence equipment of the Army is also made up of Russian and Chinese weaponry.

Name  | Image  | Type  | Origin  | Quantity  | Status  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|

FB-6A  |  | Short range Air Defence System  |  China | [55][56] |  |
FN-6A  |  | MANPADS |  China | [57] |  |
ZPU-4 |  | Anti-aircraft gun |  Soviet Union | 40[48] |  |
ZU-23-2 |  | Autocannon |  Soviet Union | 12[48] |  |
9K32 Strela-2 |  | MANPADS |  Soviet Union | [58] |  |

#### Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

[edit]

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles  Name | Image | Origin | Role | Number | Notes

|
|
|
|
|

Aisheng ASN-209[59][60] |  |  China | Intelligence, Surveillance & Reconnaissance | Classified | unveiled in June 2025
JOUAV CW-30E[61] |  |  China | Intelligence, Surveillance & Reconnaissance | Classified | unveiled in June 2025

## Special Forces

[edit]

The Army commandos and airborne paratroopers are part of the Namibian Special Forces.

## Ranks and insignia

[edit]

Army ranks are based on Commonwealth ranks. The highest rank in peace time a commissioned officer can attain in the army is major general. There may, however, be an exception when an army officer is appointed as Chief of the Defence Force, for which the individual will ascend to the lieutenant general. The highest rank an enlisted member can attain is warrant officer class 1.

### Commissioned officer ranks

[edit]

The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

Rank group  | General / flag officers  | Senior officers  | Junior officers

|
|
|

Namibian Army[62]

* v
* t
* e

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
General | Lieutenant general | Major general | Brigadier general | Colonel | Lieutenant colonel | Major | Captain | Lieutenant | Second lieutenant

### Other ranks

[edit]

The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

Rank group  | Senior NCOs  | Junior NCOs  | Enlisted

|
|
|

Namibian Army[62]

* v
* t
* e

|  |  |  |  |  |  | No insignia
Warrant officer class 1 | Warrant officer class 2 | Staff sergeant | Sergeant | Corporal | Lance corporal | Private
(or equivalent)

## Citations

[edit]

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## Further reading

[edit]

* People's Liberation Army of Namibia
* South West African Territorial Force

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