Napoleonic era

1799–1815 historical period

See also: Timeline of the Napoleonic era and First French Empire

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Napoleonic era

1799–1815
|  French Directory, French Revolution | Bourbon Restoration, Concert of Europe

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The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries by Jacques-Louis David

Monarch(s)| Napoleon Bonaparte
Leader(s)| Napoleon Bonaparte

* Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord

|  |

This article is part of
a series about

Napoleon

|

* * *

Family

* Wives
* Joséphine de Beauharnais
* Marie Louise
* Children
* Charles Léon
* Alexandre Walewski
* Napoleon II
* Parents
* Carlo Maria Buonaparte
* Letizia Ramolino
* Brothers
* Joseph
* Lucien
* Louis
* Jérôme
* Sisters
* Caroline
* Pauline
* Elisa

* * *

Life and career

* Timeline
* First French Empire
* Client states
* Coup of 18 Brumaire
* Consulate
* Assassination attempts
* Constitutions
* 1799
* 1802
* 1804
* 1815
* Napoleonic Wars
* Coronation
* Sale of Louisiana
* Planned invasion of the United Kingdom
* Holland
* Mesures usuelles
* Looting of art
* Tactics
* Weaponry and warfare
* 1st abdication
* 1st exile
* Route Napoléon
* 2nd abdication
* Death
* mask

* * *

Battles and wars

French Revolutionary Wars

* War of the First Coalition

* French Revolution
* Siege of Toulon
* 13 Vendémiaire
* Italian Campaign of 1796-1797
* Montenotte Campaign
* Battle of Lodi
* Battle of Castiglione
* Battle of Bassano
* Battle of Arcole
* Battle of Rivoli
* Siege of Mantua
* Fall of Venice
* French campaign in Egypt and Syria

* Battle of the Pyramids
* Battle of Mount Tabor
* Siege of Acre
* Battle of Aboukir
* War of the Second Coalition

* Marengo campaign
* Battle of Marengo

Napoleonic Wars

* War of the Third Coalition

* Ulm Campaign
* Battle of Ulm
* Battle of Austerlitz
* War of the Fourth Coalition

* Battle of Jena-Auerstedt
* Greater Poland Uprising
* Battle of Eylau
* Battle of Friedland
* Peninsular War

* Battle of Somosierra
* War of the Fifth Coalition

* Battle of Eckmühl
* Battle of Aspern-Essling
* Battle of Wagram
* French invasion of Russia

* Battle of Smolensk
* Battle of Borodino
* Battle of the Berezina
* War of the Sixth Coalition

* German campaign of 1813
* Battle of Lützen
* Battle of Bautzen
* Battle of Dresden
* Battle of Leipzig
* Campaign of France
* Battle of La Rothière
* Six Days' Campaign
* Battle of Vauchamps
* Battle of Montereau
* Battle of Laon
* Battle of Reims
* Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube
* Hundred Days

* Waterloo campaign
* Battle of Ligny
* Battle of Waterloo

* * *

Views

* Catholic Church
* Concordat of 1801
* Tiara
* Jewish people
* Grand Sanhedrin
* Infamous Decree
* Protestants
* Organic Articles
* Slavery
* Law of 20 May 1802
* Saint-Domingue expedition

* * *

Homes and honours

* Equestrian statue
* Palace of Fontainebleau
* Les Invalides
* Longwood House
* Maison Bonaparte
* Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker
* Milan
* Warsaw monument

* * *

Legacy

* Egyptology
* Rosetta Stone
* Mémoires sur l'Égypte
* Description de l'Égypte
* Institut d'Égypte
* Bank of France
* French Prefecture System
* Legion of Honour
* Napoleonic Code
* Coinage
* Public works
* Pont d'Iéna
* Simplon Pass
* Arc de Triomphe
* Column of the Grande Armée
* Rue de la Victoire
* Cultural depictions
* Propaganda
* Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)
* Valentin Vodnik
* Pan Tadeusz
* War and Peace
* Crime and Punishment
* Napoleon complex
* "Red Napoleon" term
* German Romanticism
* Bonapartism
* "China is a sleeping giant" quote
* Tomb
* Retour des cendres
* Penis
* Studies

* * *

* v
* t
* e

Strategic situation of Europe 1798 Strategic situation of Europe 1801 Strategic situation of Europe 1803 Strategic situation of Europe 1805 Strategic situation of Europe 1807 Strategic situation of Europe 1809 Strategic situation of Europe 1812 Strategic situation of Europe 1814 Strategic situation of Europe 1815

The Napoleonic era is a period in the history of France and Europe. It is generally classified as including the fourth and final stage of the French Revolution, the first being the National Assembly, the second being the Legislative Assembly, and the third being the French Directory.[citation needed] The Napoleonic era begins roughly with Napoleon Bonaparte's coup d'état on 18 Brumaire, overthrowing the Directory (9 November 1799), establishing the French Consulate, and ends during the Hundred Days and his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo (18 June 1815).[1]

The Congress of Vienna soon set out to restore Europe to pre-French Revolution days. Napoleon brought political stability to a land torn by revolution and war. He made peace with the Catholic Church and reversed the most radical religious policies of the National Convention. In 1804, Napoleon promulgated the Civil Code, a revised body of civil law, which also helped stabilize French society. The Civil Code affirmed the political and legal equality of all adult men and established a merit-based society in which individuals advanced in education and employment because of talent rather than birth or social standing. The Civil Code confirmed many of the moderate revolutionary policies of the National Assembly but retracted measures passed by the more radical Convention. The Civil Code restored patriarchal authority in the family, for example by making women and children subservient to male heads of households.[1]

Whilst working to stabilise France, Napoleon sought to extend his authority throughout Europe. Napoleon's armies conquered the Iberian and Italian peninsulas, occupied lands, and he forced Austria, Prussia, and Russia to ally with him and respect French hegemony in Europe. The United Kingdom refused to recognize French hegemony and continued the war throughout.

The First French Empire began to unravel in 1812, when he decided to invade Russia. Napoleon underestimated the difficulties his army would have to face whilst occupying Russia. Convinced that the Tsar was conspiring with his British enemies, Napoleon led an army of 600,000 soldiers to Moscow. He defeated the Russian army at Borodino before capturing Moscow, but the Tsar withdrew and Moscow was set ablaze, leaving Napoleon's vast army without adequate shelter or supplies. Napoleon ordered a retreat, but the bitter Russian winter and repeated Russian attacks whittled down his army, and only a battered remnant of 30,000 soldiers managed to limp back to French territory. The allies then continued a united effort against Napoleon until they had seized Paris forcing his abdication in 1814. His return to power the next year was resisted by all the allies and his army was defeated by a Prussian and Anglo-Allied force at Waterloo.

## History

[edit]

The Napoleonic era is a period in the history of France and Europe. It is generally classified as including the fourth and final stage of the French Revolution, the first being the National Assembly, the second being the Legislative Assembly, and the third being the Directory.[citation needed] The Napoleonic era from 1799 to 1815 was marked by Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to power in France. He became Emperor in 1804 and sought to expand French influence across Europe. Major events include the Napoleonic Wars, the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, and Napoleon's exile to Elba and later to Saint Helena. His legacy shaped European politics and military.

## Rulers

[edit]

Heads and leaders of states affected by Napoleon's regime and the Napoleonic wars:

* Austria
* Archduchy of Austria: Francis II (1792–1835)
* Austrian Empire: Francis I (1804–1835)
* Confederation of the Rhine: Protector Napoleon I (1806–1813)
* Denmark–Norway: Christian VII (1766–1808), Frederick VI (Regent 1784–1808, King of Denmark 1808–1839, King of Norway 1808–1814)
* Duchy of Warsaw: Frederick Augustus I of Saxony, by personal arrangement with Napoleon, partial liberation (1806–1815) of the former Commonwealth of Poland–Lithuania
* Egypt: Muhammad Ali (1805–1848)
* Etruria: Louis (1801–03), Charles Louis (1803–1807)
* France
* French Republic: First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte (1799–1804)
* French Empire: Napoleon I (1804–1814, 1815)
* Kingdom of France: Louis XVIII (1814–15, 1815–1824)
* Great Britain
* Kingdom of Great Britain: King George III (1760–1801), Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger (1793–1801)
* United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: King George III (1801–1820); Prince Regent George (1811–1820); Prime Ministers William Pitt the Younger (1801, 1804–06), Henry Addington (1801–04), The Lord Grenville (1806–07), The Duke of Portland (1807–09), Spencer Perceval (1809–1812), The Earl of Liverpool (1812–1827)
* Haiti: Jean-Jacques Dessalines (as Governor-General 1804, as Emperor Jacques I 1804–06), Henri Christophe (as President 1806–1811, as King Henri I 1811–1820)
* Holland: Louis I (1806–10), Louis II (1810)
* Holy Roman Empire: Francis II (1792–1806)
* Italy: Napoleon I (1805–1814)
* Naples: Ferdinand IV (1799–1806, 1815–16), Joseph Bonaparte (1806–08), Joachim Murat (1808–1815)
* Netherlands: William I (1815–1840)
* Montenegro: Petar I Petrović-Njegoš (1782–1830)
* Ottoman Empire: Selim III (1789–1807), Mustafa IV (1807–08), Mahmud II (1808–1839)
* Papal States: Pius VII (1800–1823)
* Portugal: Mary I (1777–1816), John VI (Regent 1799–1816, King 1816–1826)
* Prussia: Frederick William III (1797–1840)
* Russian Empire: Paul I (1796–1801), Alexander I (1801–1825)
* Sardinia: Charles Emmanuel IV (1796–1802), Victor Emmanuel I (1802–1821)
* Saxony: Frederick Augustus I (1763–1827)
* Serbia
* Revolutionary Serbia was in a state of rebellion against the Ottoman rule, de facto independent, led initially Karađorđe 1804–1813 who was succeeded by Miloš Obrenović from 1815 onwards.
* Sicily: Ferdinand III (1759–1816)
* Spain: Charles IV (1788–1808), Ferdinand VII (1808, 1813–1833), Joseph I (1808–1813)
* Sweden: Gustav IV Adolf (1792–1809), Charles XIII (1809–1818)
* United States: Presidents John Adams (1797–1801), Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809), James Madison (1809–1817)
* Württemberg: Frederick I (1797–1816)

## Wars

[edit]

* French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802)
* Egyptian Campaign (1798–1801)
* War of the Second Coalition (1799–1802)
* Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815)
* War of the Third Coalition (1805)
* War of the Fourth Coalition (1806–1807)
* Gunboat War (1807–1814)
* Peninsular War (1808–1814)
* War of the Fifth Coalition (1809)
* French invasion of Russia (1812)
* War of the Sixth Coalition (1812–1814)
* Hundred Days (1815)
* Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
* Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)
* Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)
* Finnish War (1808–1809)
* War of 1812 (1812–1815)
* Swedish-Norwegian War (1814)

## Major battles

[edit]

* Battle of Marengo – 14 June 1800
* Battle of Abukir – 8 March 1801
* Battle of Alexandria -21 March 1801
* Battle of Copenhagen – 2 April 1801
* Battle of Trafalgar – 21 October 1805
* Battle of Austerlitz – 2 December 1805
* Battle of Jena-Auerstedt – 14 October 1806
* Battle of Eylau – 7–8 February 1807
* Battle of Friedland – 14 June 1807
* Battle of Vimeiro – 21 August 1808
* Battle of Somosierra – 30 November 1808
* Battle of Eckmühl – 21–22 April 1809
* Battle of Aspern-Essling – 21–22 May 1809
* Battle of Wagram – 5–6 July 1809
* Battle of Talavera – 27–28 July 1809
* Battle of Salamanca – 22 July 1812
* Battle of Borodino – 7 September 1812
* Battle of Lützen – 2 May 1813
* Battle of Bautzen – 20–21 May 1813
* Battle of Vitoria – 21 June 1813
* Battle of Dresden – 26–27 August 1813
* Battle of Leipzig – 16–19 October 1813
* Battle of Paris – 30–31 March 1814
* Battle of Waterloo – 18 June 1815

## See also

[edit]

* First Empire: The International Magazine for the Napoleonic Enthusiast, Historian, and Gamer (magazine)

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b "Napoleonic Period Collection". content.lib.washington.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-02.

* The Napoleonic era at Britannica

* v
* t
* e

Napoleonic Wars

* Third Coalition
* Fourth Coalition
* Peninsular War
* Fifth Coalition
* French Invasion of Russia
* Sixth Coalition
* Seventh Coalition

Belli-
gerents|

| France,
client states
and allies|

* France
* Polish Legions
* Italy
* Holland
* Etruria
* Swiss Confederation
* Naples
* Confederation of the Rhine
* Bavaria
* Saxony
* Westphalia
* Württemberg
* Denmark–Norway
* Ottoman Empire
* Persia
* Spain

|

Coalition
forces|

* United Kingdom
* Austria
* Russia
* Prussia
* Spain
* Portugal
* Sicily
* Papal States
* Ottoman Empire
* Persia
* Sardinia
* Sweden
* Netherlands
* Brunswick
* Hanover
* Nassau
* French Royalists

Major
battles|

| Prelude|

* French Revolution
* First Coalition
* Second Coalition
* 18 Brumaire
* Planned invasion of the United Kingdom
* Duc d'Enghien Execution
* Coronation of Napoleon

|

1805|

* Diamond Rock
* Cape Finisterre
* Wertingen
* Günzburg
* Haslach-Jungingen
* Elchingen
* Ulm
* Verona
* Trafalgar
* Caldiero
* Cape Ortegal
* Amstetten
* Dürenstein
* Schöngrabern
* Austerlitz

1806|

* Gaeta
* Campo Tenese
* Maida
* Schleiz
* Saalfeld
* Jena–Auerstedt
* Erfurt
* Halle
* Magdeburg
* Prenzlau
* Pasewalk
* Stettin
* Waren-Nossentin
* Lübeck
* Greater Poland uprising
* Hamelin
* Czarnowo
* Golymin
* Pułtusk

1807|

* Mohrungen
* Eylau
* Ostrołęka
* Kolberg
* Danzig
* Stralsund I
* Mileto
* Guttstadt-Deppen
* Heilsberg
* Friedland
* Stralsund II
* Copenhagen
* Invasion of Portugal

1808|

* Dos de Mayo
* Bruch
* Rosily Squadron
* Cabezón
* 1st Zaragoza
* Valencia
* Medina de Rioseco
* Bailén
* Roliça
* Vimeiro
* Zornoza
* Valmaseda
* Burgos
* Espinosa
* Tudela
* Somosierra
* 2nd Zaragoza
* Sahagún
* Benavente

1809|

* Castellón
* Uclés
* Corunna
* Valls
* Tyrolean Rebellion
* Villafranca
* Yevenes/Yébenes
* Ciudad Real
* 1st Porto
* Medellín
* Bergisel
* Sacile
* Teugen-Hausen
* Raszyn
* Abensberg
* Landshut
* Eckmühl
* Ratisbon
* Neumarkt-Sankt Veit
* Dalmatian Campaign
* Ebelsberg
* Girona
* Piave River
* Grijó
* 2nd Porto
* Wörgl
* Tarvis
* Aspern-Essling
* Alcañiz
* Sankt Michael
* Stralsund
* Raab
* María
* Graz
* Wagram
* Korneuburg
* Stockerau
* Gefrees
* Hollabrunn
* Schöngrabern
* Armistice of Znaim
* Talavera
* Walcheren Campaign
* Ölper
* Almonacid
* Tamames
* Ocaña
* Alba de Tormes

1810|

* Cádiz
* Astorga
* Ciudad Rodrigo
* Barquilla
* Côa
* Almeida
* Bussaco

1811|

* Gebora
* Barrosa
* Pombal
* Redinha
* Casal Novo
* Campo Maior
* Sabugal
* Almeida
* Fuentes de Oñoro
* Tarragona
* Albuera
* Usagre
* Saguntum
* Arroyo dos Molinos
* Valencia

1812|

* Ciudad Rodrigo
* Badajoz
* Villagarcia
* Almaraz
* Maguilla
* Mir
* Ekau
* Salamanca
* García Hernández
* Saltanovka
* Ostrovno
* Vitebsk
* Kobryn
* Klyastitsy
* Majadahonda
* Gorodechno
* Smolensk
* 1st Polotsk
* Valutino
* Mesoten
* Borodino
* Moscow
* Burgos
* Tarutino
* 2nd Polotsk
* Venta del Pozo
* Maloyaroslavets
* Chashniki
* Vyazma
* Smoliani
* Krasnoi
* Berezina

1813|

* Castalla
* Lützen
* Bautzen
* Tarragona
* Luckau
* Vitoria
* San Sebastián
* Pyrenees
* Sorauren
* Großbeeren
* Katzbach
* Dresden
* 1st Kulm
* San Marcial
* Dennewitz
* 2nd Kulm
* Göhrde
* Roßlau
* Wartenburg
* Bidassoa
* Leipzig
* Hanau
* Nivelle
* Bornhöved
* Sehested

1814|

* 1st Bar-sur-Aube
* Brienne
* La Rothière
* Mincio River
* Champaubert
* Montmirail
* Château-Thierry
* Vauchamps
* Garris
* Mormant
* Montereau
* Orthez
* 2nd Bar-sur-Aube
* Gué-à-Tresmes
* Saint-Julien
* Laubressel
* Craonne
* Laon
* Mâcon
* Reims
* Limonest
* Arcis-sur-Aube
* Fère-Champenoise
* Saint-Dizier
* Montmartre
* Paris
* Toulouse
* Bayonne

1815|

* Panaro
* Occhiobello
* Carpi
* Casaglia
* Ronco
* Cesenatico
* Pesaro
* Scapezzano
* Tolentino
* Ancona
* Castel di Sangro
* San Germano
* Gaeta
* Quatre Bras
* Ligny
* Waterloo
* Wavre
* Rocheserviere
* La Suffel
* Rocquencourt
* Issy

Info|

| French and ally
military and
political leaders|

* Napoleon
* Louis-Alexandre Berthier
* Joachim Murat
* Louis-Nicolas Davout
* Jean Lannes
* Auguste de Marmont
* André Masséna
* Michel Ney
* Jean-de-Dieu Soult
* Marshal Victor
* Jean-Baptiste Bessières
* Pierre-Charles Villeneuve
* Joseph I
* Louis Bonaparte
* Jérôme Bonaparte
* Prince Poniatowski
* Prince Eugène
* Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria
* Frederick Augustus I of Saxony
* Frederick I of Württemberg
* Frederick VI of Denmark

|

Coalition
military and
political leaders|

* Duke of Wellington
* Rowland Hill
* John Moore
* Horatio Nelson
* Thomas Cochrane
* Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
* Manuel Lapeña
* Archduke Charles
* Prince von Schwarzenberg
* Archduke John of Austria
* Alexander I of Russia
* Mikhail Kutuzov
* Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly
* Count Bennigsen
* Pyotr Bagration
* Peter Wittgenstein
* Frederick William III of Prussia
* Gebhard von Blücher
* Duke of Brunswick
* Prince of Hohenlohe
* Ferdinand VII of Spain
* Miguel de Álava
* Maria I of Portugal
* Prince Regent John of Portugal
* Count of Feira
* William, Prince of Orange
* Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
* Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden
* Prince Charles John of Sweden
* Louis XVIII

Related
conflicts|

* Anglo-Russian War
* Anglo-Spanish War
* Anglo-Swedish War
* Anglo-Turkish War
* Anglo-Danish War
* Gunboat War
* Dano-Swedish War
* Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War)
* Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War)
* Russo-Persian War
* Russo-Turkish War
* Spanish American wars of independence
* Swedish–Norwegian War
* War of 1812

Treaties|

* Campo Formio
* Lunéville
* Amiens
* Artlenburg
* Pressburg
* Finckenstein
* Tilsit
* Cintra
* Schönbrunn
* Paris (1810)
* Paris (February 1812)
* Paris (March 1812)
* Paris (1814)
* Tauroggen
* Ried
* Chaumont
* Kiel
* Mantua
* Casalanza
* Fontainebleau (1814)
* Paris (1815)

Miscellaneous|

* Bibliography
* Bourbon Restoration
* Casualties
* Congress of Erfurt
* Continental System
* Conference of Dresden
* England expects that every man will do his duty
* Films
* Grande Armée
* Uniforms
* Longwood House
* Types of military

* v
* t
* e

Napoleon

* Napoleonic era
* timeline
* First French Empire

Life and career|

* Stay in Auxonne [fr]
* Coup of 18 Brumaire
* Consulate
* Assassination attempts
* Le souper de Beaucaire
* Constitutions
* 1799
* 1802
* 1804
* 1815
* Napoleonic Wars
* Coronation
* Sale of Louisiana
* Planned invasion of the United Kingdom
* Holland
* Mesures usuelles
* Looting of art
* Tactics
* Weaponry and warfare
* 1st abdication
* 1st exile
* Route Napoléon
* 2nd abdication
* 2nd exile
* Death of Napoleon
* mask

Battles and wars|

* French Revolutionary Wars
* Siege of Toulon
* French Revolution
* 13 Vendémiaire
* Battle of Lodi
* Battle of Arcole
* Battle of Rivoli
* French campaign in Egypt and Syria
* Battle of the Pyramids
* Siege of Jaffa
* Battle of Marengo
* War of the Third Coalition
* Battle of Austerlitz
* War of the Fourth Coalition
* Battle of Jena
* War of the Fifth Coalition
* Battle of Wagram
* French invasion of Russia
* Battle of Borodino
* War of the Sixth Coalition
* Battle of Leipzig
* Battle of Vauchamps
* Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube
* Hundred Days
* Battle of Ligny
* Battle of Waterloo

Views|

* Catholic Church
* Concordat of 1801
* Tiara
* Jewish people
* Grand Sanhedrin
* Infamous Decree
* Protestants
* Organic Articles
* Slavery
* Law of 20 May 1802
* Saint-Domingue expedition

Homes and honours|

* Arc de Triomphe
* Hôtel Bonaparte
* Château de Malmaison
* Column of the Grande Armée
* Emperor Napoleon I Monument
* Equestrian statue
* Palace of Fontainebleau
* Hôtel des Invalides
* Longwood House
* Maison Bonaparte
* Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker
* Milan
* Rue de la Victoire
* Vendôme Column

Legacy and memory|

* Bank of France
* Bonapartism
* Conseil d'État
* Cultural depictions
* "China is a sleeping giant" quote
* German Romanticism
* Memorial of Saint Helena
* Napoleonic Code
* Propaganda
* Tomb
* Retour des cendres
* Penis
* Studies
* Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)

Family|

* Joséphine de Beauharnais (first wife)
* Marie Louise (second wife)
* Charles Léon (son)
* Alexandre Walewski (son)
* Napoleon II (son)
* Carlo Maria Buonaparte (father)
* Letizia Ramolino (mother)
* Joseph Bonaparte (brother)
* Lucien Bonaparte (brother)
* Louis Bonaparte (brother)
* Jérôme Bonaparte (brother)
* Caroline Bonaparte (sister)
* Pauline Bonaparte (sister)
* Elisa Bonaparte (sister)

Category / Commons

* v
* t
* e

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| Overviews|

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Society|

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