National Assembly (South Korea)

Unicameral legislature of South Korea

For other uses, see National Assembly (disambiguation).

This article is about the South Korean Parliament and is not to be confused with the North Korean Supreme People's Assembly.

National Assembly of the
Republic of Korea

대한민국 국회
大韓民國國會

Daehanminguk Gukhoe

22nd National Assembly
Type
Type|

Unicameral

Leadership

Speaker

Woo Won-shik, Independent

Deputy Speaker

Lee Hak-young, Democratic

Joo Ho-young, People Power

Secretary General

Kim Min-ki, Independent

Structure
Seats| 300

Political groups

| Government (166)

* Democratic (166)

Opposition (128)

* People Power (107)
* Rebuilding Korea (12)
* Progressive (4)
* Reform (3)
* Basic Income (1)
* Social Democratic (1)

Unclassified (6)

* Independent (4)[a]
* Vacant (2)[b]

Length of term

| 4 years
Salary| US$128,610
Elections

Voting system

| Mixed-member majoritarian representation (de jure MMP/AMS system, de facto parallel voting)

* 254 seats by FPTP
* 46 seats by party-list PR using largest remainder method

Last election

| 10 April 2024

Next election

| 12 April 2028
Meeting place
Main Conference Room
National Assembly Building, Seoul
37°31′55.21″N 126°54′50.66″E﻿ / ﻿37.5320028°N 126.9140722°E﻿ / 37.5320028; 126.9140722
Website
assembly.go.kr

The National Assembly of the Republic of Korea (Korean: 대한민국 국회) is the unicameral national legislature of South Korea.[c] Elections to the National Assembly are held every four years. The latest legislative elections were held on 10 April 2024. The current National Assembly held its first meeting, and also began its current four year term, on 30 May 2024.[1][2] The current Speaker was elected 5 June 2024.[3][4] The National Assembly has 300 seats, with 254 constituency seats and 46 proportional representation seats; PR seats are assigned an additional member system de jure but parallel voting de facto because the usage of decoy lists by the Democratic and People Power Parties is prevalent.

The unicameral assembly consists of at least 200 members according to the South Korean constitution. In 1990 the assembly had 299 seats, 224 of which were directly elected from single-member districts in the general elections of April 1988. Under applicable laws, the remaining seventy-five representatives were elected from party lists. By law, candidates for election to the assembly must be at least thirty years of age. The National Assembly's term is four years. In a change from the more authoritarian Fourth Republic and Fifth Republic (1972–81 and 1981–87, respectively), under the Sixth Republic, the assembly cannot be dissolved by the president.

This article is part of a series on

Politics of South Korea

Government

* Constitution of South Korea

* * *

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Legislature

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* * *

* Speaker Woo Won-shik (I)
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* Deputy Speaker Joo Ho-young (P)

* * *

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Executive

* President of South Korea

* * *

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* * *

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## Building

[edit]

Main article: National Assembly Proceeding Hall

The National Assembly Building in Seoul

The main building in Yeouido, Seoul, is a stone structure with seven stories above ground and one story below ground. The building has 24 columns, which means the legislature's promise to listen to people 24/7 throughout the year.[5]

## Structure and appointment

[edit]

### Speaker

[edit]

Main article: Speaker of the National Assembly of South Korea

The constitution stipulates that the assembly is presided over by a Speaker and two Deputy Speakers,[6] who are responsible for expediting the legislative process. The Speaker and Deputy Speakers are elected in a secret ballot by the members of the Assembly, and their term in office is restricted to two years.[7] The Speaker is independent of party affiliation (to compared to the two vice-speakers who are affiliated with the two leading political parties), and the Speaker and Deputy Speakers may not simultaneously be government ministers.[7]

The Secretary General of the National Assembly is the head of the Secretariat of the National Assembly, which is the department that oversees the affairs of the National Assembly. They are government officials and are treated as ministers. (Ministerial level). As with the President of the National Assembly, party membership is limited and he must be affiliated to no political party during his term in the Assembly.

### Negotiation groups

[edit]

Parties that hold at least 20 seats in the assembly form floor negotiation groups (교섭단체; 交涉團體), which are entitled to a variety of rights that are denied to smaller parties. These include a greater amount of state funding and participation in the leaders' summits that determine the assembly's legislative agenda.[8]

In order to meet the quorum, the United Liberal Democrats, who then held 17 seats, arranged to "rent" three legislators from the Millennium Democratic Party. The legislators returned to the MDP after the collapse of the ULD-MDP coalition in September 2001.[9]

### Legislative process

[edit]

See also: Legislative elections in South Korea

This graph traces the recent origins of all six main political parties currently in the Republic of Korea. All of which have either split from or merged with other parties in the last four years. They have emerged from four main ideological camps, from Left to Right: Progressive (socialist), liberal, centrist, and conservative.

For a legislator to introduce a bill, they must submit the proposal to the Speaker, accompanied by the signatures of at least ten other assembly members. A committee must then review the bill to verify that it employs precise and orderly language. Following this, the Assembly may either approve or reject the bill.[10]

### Committees

[edit]

There are 17 standing committees which examine bills and petitions falling under their respective jurisdictions, and perform other duties as prescribed by relevant laws.[11]

* House Steering Committee
* Legislation and Judiciary Committee
* National Policy Committee
* Strategy and Finance Committee
* Education Committee
* Science, ICT, Broadcasting and Communications Committee
* Foreign Affairs and Unification Committee
* National Defense Committee
* Public Administration and Security Committee
* Culture, Sports and Tourism Committee
* Agriculture, Food, Rural Affairs, Oceans and Fisheries Committee
* Trade, Industry, Energy, SMEs and Startups Committee
* Health and Welfare Committee
* Environment and Labor Committee
* Land Infrastructure and Transport Committee
* Intelligence Committee
* Gender Equality and Family Committee

### Election

[edit]

Allocation of seats within the electoral system. Red and green: parallel voting; 253 FPTP and 17 PR seats. Blue: additional member system for 30 seats

See also: Legislative elections in South Korea

The National Assembly has 300 seats, with 254 constituency seats under FPTP and 46 proportional representation seats. With electoral reform taken in 2019, the PR seats apportionment method was replaced by a variation of additional member system from the previous parallel voting system. However, 17 seats were temporarily assigned under parallel voting in the 2020 South Korean legislative election.[12]

Per Article 189 of Public Official Election Act,[13][14] the PR seats are awarded to parties that have either obtained at least 3% of the total valid votes in the legislative election or at least five constituency seats. The number of seats allocated to each eligible party is decided by the formula:

n initial = ⌊ ( n Assembly − n ineligibles ) × PR votes ratio − n obtained constituencies + 1 2 ⌋ {\displaystyle n_{\text{initial}}=\left\lfloor {\frac {(n_{\text{Assembly}}-n_{\text{ineligibles}})\times {\text{PR votes ratio}}-n_{\text{obtained constituencies}}+1}{2}}\right\rfloor }

where

* nAssembly = total number of seats in the National Assembly.
* nineligibles = number of seats obtained by ineligible parties and independents.
* nobtained constituencies = number of constituency seats obtained by the party.
* nams = total number of seats allocated for additional member system.

If the integer is less than 1, then ninitial is set to 0 and the party does not get any seats. Then the sum of initially allocated seats is compared to the total seats for the additional member system and recalculated.

n remainder = ( n ams − ∑ n initial ) × PR votes ratio {\displaystyle n_{\text{remainder}}=\left(n_{\text{ams}}-\sum n_{\text{initial}}\right)\times {\text{PR votes ratio}}}

n final = { n initial + n remainder , if ∑ n initial < n ams n ams × n initial ∑ n initial , if ∑ n initial > n ams {\displaystyle n_{\text{final}}={\begin{cases}n_{\text{initial}}+n_{\text{remainder}},&{\text{if }}\sum n_{\text{initial}}<n_{\text{ams}}\\\n_{\text{ams}}\times {\dfrac {n_{\text{initial}}}{\sum n_{\text{initial}}}},&{\text{if }}\sum n_{\text{initial}}>n_{\text{ams}}\end{cases}}}

Final seats are assigned through the largest remainder method, and if the remainder is equal, the winner is determined by lottery among the relevant political parties.

The voting age was also lowered from 19 to 18 years old, expanding the electorate by over half a million voters.[15]

## Legislative violence

[edit]

From 2004 to 2009, the assembly gained notoriety as a frequent site for legislative violence.[16] The Assembly first came to the world's attention during a violent dispute on impeachment proceedings for then President Roh Moo-hyun,[17][18] when open physical combat took place in the assembly. Since then, it has been interrupted by periodic conflagrations, piquing the world's curiosity once again in 2009 when members battled each other with sledgehammers and fire extinguishers. The National Assembly since then has taken preventive measures to prevent any more legislative violence.[19][20][21]

## Historical composition

[edit]

Progressive –  Liberal –  Conservative –  Independent politician

Election | Total
seats | Composition
1st
(1948) | 200  |  | 29  | 85  | 1  | 1  | 1  | 1  | 1  | 1  | 1  | 1  | 1  | 1  | 1  | 2  | 6  | 12  | 55

|
|
|
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|
|
|
|

2nd
(1950) | 210  |  | 2  | 24  | 126  | 1  | 1  | 1  | 1  | 3  | 3  | 10  | 14  | 24

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

3rd
(1954) | 203  |  | 15  | 67  | 1  | 3  | 3  | 114

|
|
|
|
|

4th
(1958) | 233  |  | 79  | 26  | 1  | 127

|
|
|

5th
(1960) | 233  |  | 4  | 1  | 175  | 49  | 1  | 1  | 2

|
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6th
(1963) | 175  |  | 40  | 14  | 2  | 9  | 110

|
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7th
(1967) | 175  |  | 1  | 45  | 129

|
|

8th
(1971) | 204  |  | 1  | 89  | 1  | 113

|
|
|

9th
(1973) | 219  |  | 2  | 52  | 19  | 146

|
|
|

10th
(1978) | 231  |  | 3  | 61  | 22  | 145

|
|
|

11th
(1981) | 276  |  | 2  | 81  | 2  | 11  | 1  | 1  | 2  | 25  | 151

|
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|
|
|

12th
(1985) | 276  |  | 1  | 67  | 35  | 1  | 4  | 20  | 148

|
|
|
|
|
|

13th
(1988) | 299  |  | 1  | 70  | 59  | 9  | 35  | 125

|
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|
|
|

14th
(1992) | 299  |  | 97  | 21  | 1  | 31  | 149

|
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|

15th
(1996) | 299  |  | 79  | 15  | 16  | 50  | 139

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16th
(2000) | 273  |  | 115  | 5  | 17  | 1  | 2  | 133

|
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17th
(2004) | 299  |  | 10  | 152  | 2  | 9  | 1  | 4  | 121

|
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|

18th
(2008) | 299  |  | 5  | 81  | 3  | 25  | 18  | 153  | 14

|
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19th
(2012) | 300  |  | 13  | 127  | 3  | 5  | 152

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20th
(2016) | 300  |  | 6  | 123  | 11  | 38  | 122

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21st
(2020) | 300  |  | 6  | 3  | 180  | 5  | 3  | 103

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22nd
(2024) | 300  |  | 1  | 12  | 175  | 1  | 3  | 108

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|

## History

[edit]

### First Republic

[edit]

See also: First Republic of Korea

Elections for the assembly were held under UN supervision[22] on 10 May 1948. The First Republic of Korea was established on 17 July 1948[23] when the constitution of the First Republic was established by the Assembly. The Assembly also had the job of electing the president and elected anti-communist Syngman Rhee as president on 20 July 1948.

Under the first constitution, the National Assembly was unicameral. Under the second and third constitutions, the National Assembly was to be bicameral and consist of the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors, but in practice, the legislature was unicameral because the House of Representatives was prevented from passing the law necessary to establish the House of Councillors.

Progressive Liberal Conservative

majority plurality only largest minority

National
Assembly  | Majority
Party  | Majority
Leader  | Seats  | Speaker  | Seats  | Minority
Leaders  | Minority
Parties

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1st
(1948) |  | NARRKI→NA |  | 55  | 1948 Rhee Syng-man (supported by NARRKI)
1948–1950 Shin Ik-hee (supported by NARRKI until 1949) | 29  |  | KDP→DNP |
116  |  | others |
2nd
(1950) |  | DNP |  | 24  | Shin Ik-hee (supported by DNP) | 24  |  | KNP |
14  |  | NA |
148  |  | others |
3rd
(1954) |  | LP |  | 114  | Yi Ki-bung (supported by LP) | 15  |  | DNP→DP (55) |
3  |  | NA |
3  |  | KNP |
68  |  | others |
4th
(1958) |  | LP |  | 126  | Yi Ki-bung (supported by LP) | 79  |  | DP (55) |
28  |  | others |

### Second Republic

[edit]

See also: Second Republic of Korea

House of Representatives  | Majority
Party  | Majority
Leader  | Seats  | Speaker  | Seats  | Minority
Leaders  | Minority
Parties

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

5th
(1960) |  | DP (55) |  | 175  | Kwak Sang-hoon (supported by DP (55)) | 58  |  | Others |
House of Councillors  | Majority
Party  | Majority
Leader  | Seats  | President  | Seats  | Minority
Leaders  | Minority
Parties

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

5th
(1960) |  | DP (55) |  | 31  | Paek Nak-chun (supported by DP (55)) | 27  |  | Others |

### Third Republic

[edit]

See also: Third Republic of Korea

Since the reopening of the National Assembly in 1963 until today, it has been unicameral.

National
Assembly  | Majority
Party  | Majority
Leader  | Seats  | Speaker  | Seats  | Minority
Leaders  | Minority
Parties

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

6th
(1963) |  | DRP |  | 110  | Lee Hyu-sang (supported by DRP) | 41  |  | CRP→DRP→NDP |
13  |  | DP (55)→DRP→NDP |
7th
(1967) |  | DRP |  | 129  | Lee Hyu-sang (supported by DRP) | 45  |  | NDP |
8th
(1971) |  | DRP |  | 113  | Baek Du-jin (supported by DRP) | 89  |  | NDP |

### Fourth Republic

[edit]

See also: Fourth Republic of Korea

National
Assembly  | Majority
Party  | Majority
Leader  | Seats  | Speaker  | Seats  | Minority
Leaders  | Minority
Parties

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

9th
(1973) |  | DRP+Presidential appointees  |  | 146  | Chung Il-kwon (supported by DRP) | 52  |  | NDP |
10th
(1978) |  | DRP+Presidential appointees

KNP |  | 145  | 1978–1979 Chung Il-kwon (supported by DRP)
1979 Baek Du-jin (supported by DRP) | 61  |  | NDP |

### Fifth Republic

[edit]

See also: Fifth Republic of Korea

National
Assembly  | Majority
Party  | Majority
Leader  | Seats  | Speaker  | Seats  | Minority
Leaders  | Minority
Parties

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

11th
(1981) |  | DJP |  | 151  | 1981–1983 Chung Rae-hyung (supported by DJP)
1983–1985 Chae Mun-shik (supported by DJP) | 81  |  | DKP |
25  |  | KNP |
12th
(1985) |  | DJP |  | 148  | Lee Jae-hyung (supported by DJP) | 67  |  | NKDP |
35  |  | DKP |
20  |  | KNP |

### Sixth Republic

[edit]

See also: Sixth Republic of South Korea

majority plurality largest minority

Term
(Election)  | Speaker  | Conservative
current: PPP | Liberal
current: DP | Progressive
current: PP | Miscellaneous
right | Miscellaneous
left | Independent

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

13th (1988)  | Kim Jae-sun (1988–90)
Park Jyun-kyu (1990–92) | 125 | 70  | —  | 36  | 59  | 9
14th (1992)  | Park Jyun-kyu (1992–93)
Hwang Nak-joo (1993)
Lee Man-sup (1993–94)
Park Jyun-kyu (1994–96) | 149 | 97  | —  | —  | 31  | 21
15th (1996)  | Kim Soo-han (1996–98)
Park Jyun-kyu (1998–00) | 139 | 79  | —  | 65  | —  | 16
16th (2000)  | Lee Man-sup (2000–02)
Park Kwan-yong (2002–04) | 133 | 115  | —  | 20  | —  | 5
17th (2004)  | Kim Won-ki (2004–06)
Lim Chae-jung (2006–08) | 121  | 152 | 10  | 4  | 9  | 3
18th (2008)  | Kim Hyong-o (2008–10)
Park Hee-tae (2010–12)
Chung Eui-hwa (2012) | 153 | 81  | 5  | 32  | 3  | 25
19th (2012)  | Kang Chang-hee (2012–14)
Chung Ui-hwa (2014–16)
| 152 | 127  | 13  | 5  | —  | 3
20th (2016)  | Chung Sye-kyun (2016–18)
Moon Hee-sang (2018–20)
| 122  | 123 | 6  | —  | 38  | 11
21st (2020)  | Park Byeong-seug (2020–22)
Kim Jin-pyo (2022–24) | 103  | 180 | 6  | 3  | 3  | 5
22nd (2024)  | Woo Won-shik (2024–26) | 108  | 171 | 3  | 3  | 15  | 0

## Members

[edit]

Main article: Lists of members of the National Assembly (South Korea)

* List of members of the South Korean Constituent Assembly
* List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea), 1950–1954
* List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea), 1954–1958
* List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea), 1981–1985
* List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea), 1985–1988
* List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea), 1988–1992
* List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea), 1992–1996
* List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea), 1996–2000
* List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea), 2000–2004
* List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea), 2004–2008
* List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea), 2008–2012
* List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea), 2012–2016
* List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea), 2016–2020
* List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea), 2020–2024
* List of members of the National Assembly (South Korea), 2024–2028

## Television broadcast

[edit]

Main article: National Assembly TV

## Symbols

[edit]

* Emblem of the National Assembly (1947–2014)

* Flag of the National Assembly (1947–2014)

* Flag of the National Assembly (from 2014)

## See also

[edit]

* List of political parties in South Korea
* Politics of South Korea
* National Assembly TV
* Supreme People's Assembly, the North Korean legislature
* 2019 South Korean National Assembly attack

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ National Assembly Speaker and independent Kim Jong-min, Choi Hyuk-jin, Lee choon-suak
2. ^ Gyeyang B and Asan B
3. ^ Article 21, Clause 1 of the Election Law

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "1st meeting of 22nd parliament's DP lawmakers". Yonhap News Agency. 30 May 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
2. ^ Yi, Wonju (30 May 2024). "National Assembly begins new 4-year term". Yonhap News Agency. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
3. ^ "DP's Woo Won-shik Elected as Speaker of 22nd National Assembly amid PPP Boycott". 5 June 2024. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
4. ^ Lee, Jung-joo (30 May 2024). "22nd Assembly begins new 4-year term". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
5. ^ "HISTORY & HERITAGE". The National Assembly of the Republic of Korea.
6. ^ Article 48 of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea.
7. ^ a b Park, Young-Do (2010). "Kapitel 2: Verfassungsrecht". Einführung in das koreanische Recht [Introduction to Korean Law] (in German). Springer. p. 25\. ISBN 9783642116032.
8. ^ Youngmi Kim (2011). The Politics of Coalition in South Korea. Taylor & Francis, p. 65.
9. ^ Y. Kim, pp. 68-9.
10. ^ Park 2010, p. 27.
11. ^ "Standing Committees and Special Committees of the National Assembly". National Assembly (in Korean).
12. ^ 김, 광태 (23 December 2019). "(2nd LD) Opposition party launches filibuster against electoral reform bill". Yonhap News Agency. Archived from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
13. ^ 국가법령정보센터. www.law.go.kr. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
14. ^ 국가법령정보센터. www.law.go.kr. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
15. ^ "18-year-olds Hit the Polls for First Time in S. Korea". Korea Bizwire. 15 April 2020. Archived from the original on 19 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
16. ^ "The World's Most Unruly Parliaments". 16 September 2009.
17. ^ "South Korean president impeached". news.bbc.co.uk. 12 March 2004.
18. ^ "In pictures: Impeachment battle". news.bbc.co.uk. 12 March 2004.
19. ^ Glionna, John M. (28 January 2009). "South Korea lawmakers: Reaching across the aisle with a sledgehammer". Los Angeles Times.
20. ^ "South Korean politicians use fire extinguishers against opposition". www.telegraph.co.uk. 18 December 2008. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
21. ^ "Hall of Violence". 2 March 2009. Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
22. ^ Setting the Stage Archived 16 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine
23. ^ ICL – South Korea Index Archived 13 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine

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Historical|

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Political parties in South Korea

Parliamentary|

* Democratic Party (170)
* People Power Party (108)
* Rebuilding Korea Party (12)
* New Reform Party (3)
* Progressive Party (3)
* New Future Democratic Party (1)
* Basic Income Party (1)
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Extraparliamentary|

* Green Party
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Defunct

First–Second Republic
(1948–63)|

* Democratic Nationalist Party
* Democratic Party (1955)
* Korea Democratic Party
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* Laboring People's Party
* Liberal Party
* National Association
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* Progressive Party (1956)
* Workers' Party of South Korea

Third–Fourth Republic
(1963–81)|

* Democratic Republican Party
* New Democratic Party
* People's Party (1963)
* United Socialist Party

Fifth Republic
(1981–88)|

* Democratic Justice Party
* Democratic Korea Party
* Korean National Party
* New Korean Democratic Party

Sixth Republic
(1988–)|

* Advancement Unification Party
* Bareun Party
* Chinbak Yeondae
* Creative Korea Party
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* Hannara Party (2012)
* Hope of Korea
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* Minjoo Party (2014)
* National Congress for New Politics
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Members of the National Assembly of South Korea

Members|

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Authority control databases

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* ISNI
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Other|

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