National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility

American BSL-4 research facility

National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility

NBAF logo

Front of the NBAF

Established| 2015

Laboratory type

| Biosafety level 4 research laboratory
Research type| Scientific research and biodefense
Budget| US$1.25 billion (2021)

Field of research

| Human, zoonotic, and foreign animal diseases
Director| Alfonso Clavijo
Staff| 250–350
Location| Manhattan, Kansas, U.S.
39°12′11″N 96°35′03″W﻿ / ﻿39.20306°N 96.58417°W﻿ / 39.20306; -96.58417

ZIP code

| 66506
Campus| 574,000 square feet (53,300 m2)
Nickname| NBAF

Operating agency

| United States Department of Agriculture
Website| USDA website

NBAF

Location within the State of Kansas

The National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF) is a biosafety level 4 research laboratory in Manhattan, Kansas, operated by the United States Department of Agriculture. The facility opened in June 2023.[1] The facility is designed to combat biological threats involving human, zoonotic, and foreign animal diseases. The NBAF replaced the aging Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC) on Plum Island, New York.[2] The primary research tenants of the facility are the Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS) and Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services (USDA-APHIS-VS).[2][3] Construction on the 574,000-square-foot (53,300 m2) facility officially began in May 2015, and was scheduled to be completed by May 2021. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, however, has delayed scheduled commissioning to October 2021, followed by further delays to Spring, and finally summer 2023.[2][4][5][6] Operations will be fully transferred from the Plum Island facility by 2023.[7] The facility employs between 250 and 350 people.[2][3] The facility is a constituent member of the Biosafety Level 4 Zoonotic Laboratory Network, and is currently led by Alfonso Clavijo.

## Background

[edit]

The NBAF was initially proposed because the prior facility on Plum Island was considered inadequate by the Department of Homeland Security, citing its size, and lack of Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) capabilities.[8]

The new facility will research and develop countermeasures to combat high-consequence biological threats involving human, zoonotic (i.e., transmitted from animals to humans), and foreign animal diseases.[3] Included among the diseases to be studied at the research lab are foot-and-mouth disease, classical swine fever, African swine fever and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.[3] Approximately 10% of the facility will be used for BSL-4 level research.[2]

### Site selection

[edit]

In January 2009, DHS chose to locate the NBAF in Manhattan, Kansas, after a multi-year process. Out of 29 original sites considered in 2006, the agency selected six finalists in July 2007:[9]

* University of Georgia – Athens, Georgia
* Kansas State University – Manhattan, Kansas
* Flora Industrial Park – Madison County, Mississippi
* Plum Island Animal Disease Center – Plum Island, New York
* Umstead Research Farm – Butner, North Carolina
* Texas Research Park – San Antonio, Texas

Before the selection of the site, several rural advocacy groups, such as the National Grange, spoke out against the idea of locating the facility on the mainland.[10] In addition, groups formed in Manhattan; Athens, Georgia; and Butner, North Carolina to oppose the laboratory's proposed location in those cities.[11][12]

By memo dated December 4, 2008, the Department of Homeland Security named the Kansas site as the preferred location for the NBAF. On January 16, 2009, the record of decision was published in the Federal Register.[8]

After the Manhattan location was finalized in 2009, the Government Accountability Office questioned the choice of location in a July 2010 draft report, because it is located on the mainland U.S. unlike the current Plum Island facility.[13] This led to a further "site-specific" study of the facility's safety, issued by DHS in 2012.[14]

#### Risk assessments

[edit]

Plum Island is the only research facility currently studying foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the U.S. In 2008, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) was asked to evaluate the evidence DHS used to support its determinations that FMD work can be done safely on the U.S. mainland, whether an island location provides any additional protection over and above that provided by modern high containment laboratories on the mainland, and the economic consequences of an FMD outbreak on the U.S. mainland.[citation needed]

Because of concerns raised by the GAO in 2010, Congress instructed DHS to complete a "site-specific biosafety and biosecurity risk assessment."[13][11] It also directed the National Academy of Sciences to appoint a committee of the National Research Council (NRC) to conduct an independent evaluation of this site-specific risk analysis to determine its adequacy and validity. Congress would not release construction funds until these were completed and evaluated.

DHS completed the requisite site-specific risk analysis (SSRA) in March 2012, and the NRC committee issued its evaluation of the SSRA in June 2012.[14][15]

### Site construction

[edit]

NBAF construction site in Manhattan in 2013

Preliminary clearing and grading of the proposed site began in 2010, construction on the site's power plant began in 2013, and construction of the lab began in 2015.

On January 2, 2013, the Department of Homeland Security accepted a transfer of land from the State of Kansas for the site of the facility. In March 2013, a contract was awarded for the construction of a central utility plant for the NBAF.[5] An official groundbreaking ceremony for construction of the power plant was held on May 28, 2013.[16]

The federal government budgeted $440 million for construction and related work on the NBAF under the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2014, signed into law on January 17, 2014. President Barack Obama included an additional $300 million for construction in his proposed 2015 budget, constituting the final installment of federal construction spending for the facility. This funding was secured when President Obama signed into law the Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2015, on March 3, 2015.

A groundbreaking ceremony for construction on the full facility was held on May 27, 2015.[4][17] It was attended by Kansas Senator Pat Roberts, Kansas Governor Sam Brownback, U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack, and Homeland Security Secretary Jeh Johnson.[4]

In 2019 the Department of Homeland Security shed its interest in the project, and agreed to transfer operating responsibility of the facility once completed to the Department of Agriculture. DHS remained in charge of the construction until it was completed.[18]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "DHS Completes Construction, Commissioning of National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility | Homeland Security". www.dhs.gov. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
2. ^ a b c d e "National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Archived from the original on 2013-05-03. Retrieved 2013-04-24.
3. ^ a b c d "Facility Research & Staffing". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. 6 July 2009. Retrieved 2010-07-21.
4. ^ a b c Viviani, Nick; Thompson, Monty (May 27, 2015), Hundreds Turn Out For NBAF Groundbreaking, wibw.com, retrieved June 9, 2015
5. ^ a b Carpenter, Tim (April 10, 2013). "Obama Budget Offers $714M for NBAF". The Topeka Capital-Journal. Retrieved 2013-04-24.
6. ^ "NBAF delays full open to summer 2022 amid technology upgrades". News Radio KMAN. 2021-11-05. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
7. ^ Lysen, Dylan (February 5, 2017). "On Track: NBAF construction 'on time, budget' according to officials". The Manhattan Mercury. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
8. ^ a b Federal Register: ROD for NBAF (English), U.S. Department of Homeland Security, January 16, 2009, retrieved 2010-07-21
9. ^ Shea, Dana A.; Monke, Jim; Gottron, Frank (December 14, 2009). "The National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility: Issues for Congress". Congressional Research Service. Retrieved March 4, 2025.
10. ^ "National Grange Opposes Mainland Research Facility". Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-06-12.
11. ^ a b "Dangerous Animal Virus on US Mainland?". The Associated Press. 2008-04-11. Retrieved 2010-07-21.
12. ^ No NBAF in Kansas
13. ^ a b Leonnig, Carol D. (2009-07-27). "Infectious diseases study site questioned: Tornado Alley may not be safe, GAO says". Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-07-21.
14. ^ a b "DHS Issues Updated Site-Specific Risk Assessment for Proposed National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF)" (Press release). U.S. Department of Homeland Security. March 2, 2012. Retrieved 2013-04-24.
15. ^ "Officials press feds for NBAF". Lawrence Journal-World. 2012-06-15. Retrieved 2013-05-14.
16. ^ Milburn, John (May 28, 2013). "Kansas officials break ground on NBAF project". Associated Press. Retrieved 2013-05-28. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
17. ^ Williams, Mara Rose (May 30, 2015). "Foreseeing an economic boom, Manhattan, Kan., opens its arms to new lab". Kansas City Star. Retrieved 2015-06-09.
18. ^ "News Release: Signing Ceremony Sets Terms of NBAF Transfer From Homeland Security to USDA". www.newswise.com. Retrieved 2021-07-15.

## External links

[edit]

* Official website

* v
* t
* e

Manhattan, Kansas

Landmarks|

* Colbert Hills
* Flint Hills Discovery Center
* National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility
* Sunset Zoo

Transportation|

* ATA Bus
* Manhattan Regional Airport

Education|

* Manhattan-Ogden USD 383
* Manhattan High School
* Kansas State University
* template
* Manhattan Area Technical College
* Manhattan Christian College
* Kansas Building Science Institute
* Blue Mont Central College (CLOSED)

This list is incomplete.

* v
* t
* e

United States biological defense program

Organizations|

| Federal
administrative|

| DHS|

* DHS Chemical and Biological Defense Division
* DHS Office of Health Affairs (National Biosurvelliance Integration Center, BioWatch)
* National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center
* National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility
* National Bioforensic Analysis Center

|

DNI|

* National Counterproliferation Center (Advisory Committee on Bioterrorism)

DHHS|

* Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response
* Division of Select Agents and Toxins (CDC)
* National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity

DoD|

* Assistant SECDEF for NCB Defense Programs
* Defense Threat Reduction Agency
* Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System
* Joint Program Executive Office of Chemical and Biological Defense (JPEO-CBD)
* National Center for Medical Intelligence

Federal
research|

| Trans-
departmental|

* National Interagency Confederation for Biological Research (National Interagency Biodefense Campus, Fort Detrick)
* Integrated National Biodefense Medical Countermeasures Portfolio (DHHS/DoD)

|

Military|

* U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
* Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
* Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
* Dugway Proving Ground

Civilian|

* Galveston National Laboratory (UTMB/NIAID)
* Integrated Research Facility (HHS/NIAID)
* Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (HHS)
* Homeland Security Research Program (EPA/DHS)
* Plum Island Animal Disease Center (USDA)
* Foreign Disease Weed Science Research Unit (USDA)

Response|

| Local|

* Local Health Departments

|

State|

* State Health Departments
* Nebraska Biocontainment Patient Care Unit

Federal|

* National Medical Response Team/National Pharmacy Response Team (NDMS, HHS)
* Chemical Biological Incident Response Force (USMC)
* Epidemic Intelligence Service (CDC)
* Aeromedical Biological Containment System (CDC)
* Bioterror Rapid Response and Advanced Technology Laboratory (CDC)

Non-
governmental|

| Academic centers
and think tanks|

* Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security (formerly Center for Biosecurity)
* Henry L. Stimson Center
* Center for Advancing Microbial Risk Assessment
* Center for Biodefense and Emerging Pathogens (Brown University)
* Middle-Atlantic Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research
* Center for Biodefense Immune Modeling (University of Rochester)
* Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies
* National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases (NCBID; George Mason Univ.)

|

Government
contractors|

* Battelle Memorial Institute
* SRI International
* Idaho Technology
* Phoenix Air

Programs
and projects|

| Threat reduction|

* Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program, implemented the Defense Threat Reduction Agency and Biological Threat Reduction (DoD) plus
* Project Bacchus
* Project Clear Vision
* Project Jefferson

|

Biosurveillance|

* National Biosurveillance Strategy
* Laboratory Response Network (CDC)
* BioWatch (EPA, CDC)
* Global Bio-Surveillance Technology Initiative (GBTI), Bio-Surveillance Management Office (BMO) (part of JPEO-CBD)
* ESSENCE (DoD)
* RODS (Civilian)

Biosecurity/Biosurety|

* Select Agent Program (CDC)
* Personnel Reliability Program (DoD)

Medical intelligence|

* National Intelligence Assessments on Infectious Diseases

Disaster response|

* National Response Framework of the National Strategy for Homeland Security (DHS; including NIMS and ICS)
* National Disaster Medical System (DHHS)
* Strategic National Stockpile (CDC, DHS)

Technology
and equipment|

| Protection|

* MOPP
* NBC suit
* Respirators

|

Detection|

* Cell CANARY
* Biological Materials MASINT
* Autonomous Pathogen Detection System
* Joint Biological Agent Identification and Diagnostic System (JBAIDS)

Biocontainment|

* Biosafety level
* Biosafety cabinet
* Positive pressure personnel suit

Law|

| Treaties|

* Geneva Protocol (1925, 1975)
* Statement on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs (1969)
* Biological Weapons Convention (1972)

|

Legislation|

* Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989
* Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991
* Executive Order 13139 (1999)
* Patriot Act (2001)
* Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Response Act (2002)
* Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002
* Project Bioshield Act (2004)
* Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005
* Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act (2005)
* Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act (2006)
* Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act of 2013

International
representation|

* Global Health Security Initiative
* Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction
* United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 (2004)

History|

| Past biological
incidents|

* 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack
* 1989 California medfly attack
* 2001 anthrax attacks
* Wood Green ricin plot (2002)
* 2003 ricin letters
* 2013 ricin letters

|

Defunct organizations
and programs|

* United States Army Medical Unit
* United States biological weapons program
* Sunshine Project
* Aeromedical Isolation Team (DoD)

Related topics|

* Agro-terrorism
* Biodefense
* Biosecurity in the United States
* Biological agent
* Biological hazard
* Biological warfare (BW)
* Biosurveillance
* Bioterrorism
* CBRN defense
* Decontamination
* Entomological warfare
* Isolation (health care)
* Select agent
* Smallpox virus retention debate

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