National Coalition Party

Centre-right political party in Finland

This article is about the Finnish party. For the El Salvadoran party, see National Coalition Party (El Salvador).

National Coalition Party

Kansallinen Kokoomus (Finnish)
Samlingspartiet (Swedish)

Abbreviation| Finnish: Kok
Swedish: Saml
Chairperson| Petteri Orpo
Secretary| Timo Elo [fi]
Parliamentary group leader| Jukka Kopra
Deputy chairs| Antti Häkkänen
Anna-Kaisa Ikonen
Karoliina Partanen [fi]
Founded| 9 December 1918; 106 years ago (9 December 1918)
Merger of| Finnish Party, Young Finnish Party
Headquarters| Töölönkatu 3, 00100 Helsinki
Newspaper| Nykypäivä [fi]
Think tank| Ajatuspaja Toivo [fi]
Youth wing| Youth of the National Coalition Party - Kokoomusnuoret [fi]
Women's wing| Kokoomuksen Naisten Liitto [fi]
Student wing| Student Union of National Coalition Party – Tuhatkunta [fi]
Children's wing| Lastenliitto [fi]
LGBT wing| Kansallinen sateenkaariryhmä – Kasary [fi]
Membership (2021)|  c. 27,000[1]
Ideology| Liberal conservatism
Pro-Europeanism
Political position| Centre-right
European affiliation| European People's Party
European Parliament group| European People's Party Group
International affiliation| International Democracy Union
Nordic affiliation| Conservative Group
Colours|   Dark blue
Eduskunta|

48 / 200

European Parliament|

4 / 15

Municipalities|

1,592 / 8,586

County seats|

281 / 1,379

Website
kokoomus.fi

* Politics of Finland
* Political parties
* Elections

The National Coalition Party (NCP; Finnish: Kansallinen Kokoomus [ˈkɑnsɑlːinen ˈko̞ko̞ːmus], Kok; Swedish: Samlingspartiet, Saml) is a liberal-conservative political party in Finland. It is the current governing political party of Finland.

Founded in 1918, the National Coalition Party is one of the "big three" parties that have dominated Finnish national politics for several decades, along with the Social Democratic Party and the Centre Party. The current party chair is Petteri Orpo, elected on 11 June 2016. The party self-statedly bases its politics on "freedom, responsibility and democracy, equal opportunities, education, supportiveness, tolerance and caring"[2] and supports multiculturalism and gay rights. Their foreign stances are pro-NATO and pro-European oriented, the party is also a member of the European People's Party (EPP).[3] The party is described by literature as a liberal,[4] conservative[5] as well as liberal-conservative[6] party on the centre-right,[7] with catch-all characteristics.[8]

The party's vote share has been approximately 20% in parliamentary elections since the 1990s and has only been out of coalition governments for eight years since then. It won 44 out of 200 seats in the parliamentary elections of 2011, becoming the largest party in the Finnish Parliament (Finnish: Eduskunta; Swedish: Riksdagen) for the first time in its history. On the municipal level, it emerged as the most popular party for the first time in 2008. More recently, the NCP became the largest party during the Finnish 2023 general election, with 48 seats, and has been the leading party in the governing Orpo Cabinet since 20 June 2023. Incumbent President of Finland Alexander Stubb is affiliated with the NCP, as was his immediate predecessor, Sauli Niinistö.

## History

[edit]

### 1918–1939

[edit]

Lion of the National Coalition. Finnish election poster from 1933.

The National Coalition Party was founded on 9 December 1918 after the Finnish Civil War by the majority of the Finnish Party and the minority of the Young Finnish Party, both supporting Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse as the King of Finland in the new monarchy.[9][10] The previous day, the republicans of both parties had founded the National Progressive Party.[11] With over 600 representatives, the foundational meeting of NCP declared the following:

> A national coalition is needed over old party lines that have lost meaning and have too long separated similarly thinking citizens. This coalition's grand task must be to work to strengthen in our nation the forces that maintain society. Lawful societal order must be strictly upheld and there must be no compromise with revolutionary aspirations. But simultaneously, determined constructive reform work must be pursued."[12]

The party sought to accomplish their task by advocating for constitutional monarchy and, failing that, strong governmental powers within a republican framework. On the other hand, their goal was to implement a number of social and economic reforms, such as compulsory education, universal health care, and progressive income and property taxation.[13] The monarchist aims failed and Finland became a parliamentary republic—in which the NCP advocated for strong presidential powers. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the fear of Joseph Stalin's communist Soviet Union influenced Finnish politics. The Communists, backed by the Soviet leaders, accelerated their activities while the ideological position of the National Coalition Party shifted over to very conservative. The new ideology was poorly received, particularly by the youth, attracting instead more irredentist and fascist movements, such as the Academic Karelia Society or Patriotic People's Movement.[9][10][11]

In the 1933 parliamentary election, the party formed an electoral coalition with the Patriotic People's Movement, founded by former supporters of the radical and nationalist Lapua Movement—even though P.E. Svinhufvud, the party's first President of Finland, played a key role in halting the Lapua Movement and vanquishing their Mäntsälä rebellion. The result was a major defeat as the NCP lost 24 of its 42 seats in parliament. The NCP broke ties with the Patriotic People's Movement in 1934 under their newly elected party chair, Juho Kusti Paasikivi, but were nevertheless shut out from the Finnish Government until the outbreak of the Winter War in 1939, only slowly managing to regain their support.[10][11][14]

### 1939–2000

[edit]

Election poster from 1948. "Be free, vote for the Coalition", written in Finnish. Coalition election poster from 1953.

During the Winter War and the Continuation War in 1939–1944, the party took part in the war-time national unity governments and generally had strong support for its government policies. After the wars, the National Coalition Party sought to portray itself as a defender of democracy against the resurgent Finnish communists. Chair Paasikivi, who had advocated making more concessions to Soviet Union before the Winter War and taken a cautious line regarding cooperation with Germany before the Continuation War, acted first as Prime Minister of Finland (1944–1946) and then as President (1946–1956) of Finland. Paasikivi is remembered as the formulator of Finnish foreign policy after World War II.[15] The conflict between the NCP and the communist Finnish People's Democratic League culminated when President Paasikivi fired the communist Minister of the Interior Yrjö Leino, who had used the State Police to spy on the party's youth wing among other abuses.[11][16][17]

In 1951, the party changed its official name from the original Kansallinen Kokoomuspuolue to the current Kansallinen Kokoomus. The 1950s were also a time of ideological shifts, as the emphasis on individual liberty and free market reforms increased at the expense of social conservatism and maintenance of a strong government. A minor division in 1958 led to the formation of the Christian Democrats party. From 1966 to 1987, the party was in the opposition.[18] By criticizing Finnish communists and President Urho Kekkonen of the Centre Party, the party had lost the President's trust—and thus governments formed by the Centre Party and left-wing parties followed one another. A new guard emerged within the NCP in the 1970s that sought to improve relations with long-serving President Kekkonen. Their work was partially successful in the late 1970s.[19] However, even though the NCP supported Kekkonen for president in 1978 and became the second largest party in the country in the 1979 parliamentary election, a spot in the government continued to elude the NCP until the end of Kekkonen's time in office.[10][11][17]

During the long years in opposition, the party's support grew steadily and in 1987 it attained the best parliamentary election result in its history so far. Harri Holkeri became the party's first prime minister since Paasikivi. During Holkeri's time in office, the Finnish economy suffered a downturn, precipitated by a multitude of factors, and the 1991 parliamentary election resulted in a loss. The party continued in government as a minor partner until 2003.[10][11]

### 2000–present

[edit]

Multicolour logo of the party before its rebranding in 2020.

After losing six seats in the 2003 parliamentary election, the National Coalition Party spent the next electoral period in opposition. Jyrki Katainen was elected party chair in 2004 and in March 2006, vice-president of the European People's Party (EPP). Under the leadership of Katainen, chair until 2014, liberalism became the main attribute of the party.[20] In the 2007 parliamentary election, the party increased its share to 50 seats in the largest gain of the election. The party held a close second place in Parliament, shy of the Centre Party and its 51 seats. After the election, the party entered into a coalition government together with the Centre Party, the Green League, and the Swedish People's Party. The NCP secured important ministerial portfolios, including finance and foreign affairs. In the 2011 parliamentary election, the party finished first place for the first time in its history with 44 seats, despite losing six seats, and party chair Jyrki Katainen formed his cabinet as a six-party coalition government from parties on the left and on the right after lengthy negotiations.[10][11][21]

Parliamentary election poster from 2019. "We believe in Finland", written in Finnish.

The National Coalition Party's candidate in the 2006 Finnish presidential election was former minister of finance and former party chair Sauli Niinistö. He qualified for the second round runoff as one of the top two candidates in the first round but was defeated by the incumbent Tarja Halonen with 51.8% of the vote against his 48.2%. The party nominated Sauli Niinistö again for the presidential election of 2012. Niinistö won the election, beating his Green League opponent Pekka Haavisto decisively on the second round with a 62.6% portion of the votes, and thus becoming the third president elected from the party and the first one since 1956. Niinistö's margin of victory was larger than that of any previous directly elected president in Finland. He won a majority in 14 of the country's 15 electoral districts.[10][22] Niinistö is described as a pragmatical fiscal conservative and a pro-European who supports the restraint of bailouts to partner countries. Upon taking office, Niinistö intended to strengthen interaction with the United States and China and maintain good relations with Russia as well as address the European debt crisis.[21] Niinistö was re-elected in 2018 for a second six-year term. He ran as an independent but had the support of the National Coalition Party.[23]

In 2014, Katainen stepped down as party chair and Prime Minister of Finland for a vice-presidential position in the European Commission.[24] Katainen was replaced by Alexander Stubb as chair of the National Coalition Party in the June 2014 leadership election and thus became the prime minister. Katainen's cabinet was likewise succeeded by the Stubb Cabinet on 23 June 2014.[11] Stubb went on to lead the party into the 2015 parliamentary election, in which the National Coalition Party placed second in votes and third in parliamentary seats.[25] After the election, National Coalition joined a right-leaning majority coalition consisting of the three largest parties – the Centre Party, the Finns Party and the National Coalition Party.[26] During his term, Stubb faced growing criticism for the NCP's poor poll results, the declining economy as well as compromises in the three-party government. After two years as party chair, Stubb was voted by 361 to 441 to be replaced by Petteri Orpo at the leadership election of June 2016.[27]

After the 2019 election, it became the third-largest party in the Finnish Parliament, behind the Social Democrats and the Finns Party, and became the second-largest opposition party after being excluded from the Rinne Cabinet.[28]

Following the 2023 general election, it became the largest party with 48 seats. As a result, its leader Petteri Orpo started forming a coalition government.[29] The Orpo Cabinet was sworn into office on 20 June 2023, a NCP-led coalition with the Finns Party, Christian Democrats and Swedish People's Party of Finland.[30]

In February 2024, National Coalition Party candidate Alexander Stubb was elected as Finland's next president. In the second round of the election he beat Pekka Haavisto, a green running as an independent, by 51.6 percent to 48.4 percent.[31]

## Ideology and political position

[edit]

A 1964 NCP poster. With "For the security of the future", written in Finnish.

Ideologically, the National Coalition Party is positioned from centre-right to right on the political spectrum,[3][7] and it has been described as liberal,[32][4][33] conservative,[5][34][35] liberal-conservative,[6][36][37] conservative-liberal,[38] and fiscally conservative.[39]

In 2014, the non-profit The Democratic Society described it as "the heir to both liberal and conservative strains of right-of-centre thought" that is becoming increasingly liberal compared to its official stance of conservatism.[3]

Specifically, it contains elements of cultural and economic liberalism and social reformism.[40] For example, it supports multiculturalism, work-based immigration, queer rights and same-sex marriage.[3][41][42][43]

Despite the fact that it was previously considered to be critical of the Nordic welfare model, campaigning for strict doctrines of economic liberalism, in the 1970s the party shifted to supporting more social liberal policies, such as increased social security, which was justified by the increase of individual liberty,[32] although, in more recent years, some have accused the party of adopting more critical views of the welfare state and of embracing more fiscally conservative positions,[44] in addition to the abandoning of their socially liberal and green values in order to move votes away from the growing Finns Party towards themselves.[45][46]

In international relations, the party advocates for multilateralism. It is pro-European and supports continued European integration within the European Union (EU). For decades, the party advocated for Finnish membership in NATO,[47] and supported the country's accession to the alliance in 2023, despite being in opposition at the time.

## Voter base

[edit]

Votes for NCP by municipality in the 2011 parliamentary election with urban areas gathering the most support.

The magazine Suomen Kuvalehti created a profile of a typical National Coalition Party voter from over 18,000 interviews in 2011: a 36-year-old lawyer or management consultant living with a family in the Helsinki metropolitan area who supports economic liberalism, conservative values and enjoys alpine skiing and golf.[48] Unlike other conservative parties in Europe, the party's voters come predominantly from urban areas while rural areas tend to favor the Centre Party.[3] In 2005, the NCP had the highest proportion of female members out of the major parties.[49] Membership in the party was momentarily on the rise in 2008, but declined from 41,000 to 34,000 by 2016.[50] In contrast, the party had 81,000 members in 1970.[51] According to 2008 polling data, the National Coalition Party was the most positively viewed party by Finns[52] and was the most favored party among the young generation in polls conducted in 2008 and 2014.[53][54]

## Organisation

[edit]

### Structure

[edit]

The main structure of the National Coalition Party comprises municipal and local chapters organized into districts and as well as the women's, student and youth wings. The party conference (Finnish: puoluekokous), the main decision-making body convening every two years with representatives from the suborganisations as its members, elects the party chair and three deputy chairs as well as the 61-member party council (Finnish: puoluevaltuusto).[55]

### Leadership

[edit]

The party chair and the deputy chairs lead the party board (Finnish: puoluehallitus), which is in charge of the daily management and is composed of a representative from each district and from each of the three wings. The party council also elects the party secretary to head the main office, located in Helsinki, and to coordinate the National Coalition Party's activities according to the board's decisions. Additionally, the NCP has separate groups for coordinating ministers, members of the Finnish Parliament, and members of the European Parliament.[55]

### Funding

[edit]

Two foundations, Kansallissäätiö and Porvarillisen Työn Arkiston Säätiö, assist the party with a source of funding and as an archive, respectively.[56][57] Reportedly, donations to Kansallissäätiö are kept secret, but according to the treasurer, donations are a limited asset compared to the foundation's 5 million euro investment capital. In 2008, the foundation supported NCP with €400,000.[58] The NCP owns two companies, Kansalliskustannus Oy and Suomen Kansallismedia Oy, to publish the party newspapers Nykypäivä and Verkkouutiset as well as to handle media communications.[59] Additionally, some thematic organizations report themselves as close to the party, such as the Swedish-language group Borgerlig samling i Finland[60] and the queer network Kansallinen sateenkaariryhmä – Kasary.[61]

## Election results

[edit]

See also: Elections in Finland

Election results are based on respective files of the Official Statistics of Finland (Finnish: Suomen virallinen tilasto) published by the national Statistics Finland institution.

### Parliament of Finland

[edit]

Election  | Votes  | %  | Seats  | +/-  | Government

|
|
|
|
|

1919 | 155,018  | 15.70  |

28 / 200

| New | Opposition (1919–1920)
Coalition (1920–1921)
Opposition (1921–1922)
1922 | 157,116  | 18.15  |

35 / 200

|  7  | Opposition
1924 | 166,880  | 18.99  |

38 / 200

|  2  | Coalition (1924–1926)
Opposition (1926–1927)
1927 | 161,450  | 17.74  |

34 / 200

|  4  | Opposition
1929 | 138,008  | 14.51  |

28 / 200

|  6  | Opposition
1930 | 203,958  | 18.05  |

42 / 200

|  14  | Coalition (1930–1932)
Opposition (1932–1933)
1933 | 187,527  | 16.93  |

32 / 200

|  10  | Opposition
1936 | 121,619  | 10.36  |

20 / 200

|  12  | Opposition
1939 | 176,215  | 13.58  |

25 / 200

|  5  | Coalition (1939–1944)
Opposition (1944–1945)
1945 | 255,394  | 15.04  |

28 / 200

|  3  | Opposition
1948 | 320,366  | 17.04  |

33 / 200

|  5  | Opposition
1951 | 264,044  | 14.57  |

28 / 200

|  5  | Opposition
1954 | 257,025  | 12.80  |

24 / 200

|  4  | Opposition
1958 | 297,094  | 15.28  |

29 / 200

|  5  | Coalition (1958–1959)
Opposition (1959–1962)
1962 | 346,638  | 15.06  |

32 / 200

|  3  | Coalition
1966 | 326,928  | 13.79  |

26 / 200

|  6  | Opposition
1970 | 457,582  | 18.05  |

37 / 200

|  11  | Opposition
1972 | 453,434  | 17.59  |

34 / 200

|  3  | Opposition
1975 | 505,145  | 18.37  |

35 / 200

|  1  | Opposition
1979 | 626,764  | 21.65  |

47 / 200

|  12  | Opposition
1983 | 659,078  | 22.12  |

44 / 200

|  3  | Opposition
1987 | 666,236  | 23.13  |

53 / 200

|  9  | Coalition
1991 | 526,487  | 19.31  |

40 / 200

|  13  | Coalition
1995 | 497,624  | 17.89  |

39 / 200

|  1  | Coalition
1999 | 563,835  | 21.03  |

46 / 200

|  7  | Coalition
2003 | 517,904  | 18.55  |

40 / 200

|  6  | Opposition
2007 | 616,841  | 22.26  |

50 / 200

|  10  | Coalition
2011 | 598,369  | 20.44  |

44 / 200

|  6  | Coalition
2015 | 540,212  | 18.20  |

37 / 200

|  7  | Coalition
2019 | 523,957  | 17.00  |

38 / 200

|  1  | Opposition
2023 | 644,555  | 20.82  |

48 / 200

|  10  | Coalition

### European Parliament

[edit]

Election  | Votes  | %  | Seats  | +/–  | EP Group

|
|
|
|
|

1996 | 453,729  | 20.17 (#3)  |

4 / 16

| New  | EPP
1999 | 313,960  | 25.27 (#1)  |

4 / 16

|  0  | EPP-ED
2004 | 392,771  | 23.71 (#1)  |

4 / 14

|  0
2009 | 386,416  | 23.21 (#1)  |

3 / 13

|  1  | EPP
2014 | 390,112  | 22.59 (#1)  |

3 / 13

|  0
2019 | 380,106  | 20.79 (#1)  |

3 / 13

|  0
2024 | 453,636  | 24.80 (#1)  |

4 / 15

|  1

### Municipal

[edit]

Election  | Councillors  | Votes  | %

|
|
|

1950 |  | 88,159  | 5.85
1953 |  | 133,626  | 7.59
1956 |  | 105,220  | 6.29
1960 |  | 275,560  | 14.04
1964 |  | 213,378  | 10.0
1968 | 1,388  | 364,428  | 16.09
1972 | 1,503  | 451,484  | 18.06
1976 | 2,047  | 561,121  | 20.92
1980 | 2,373  | 628,950  | 22.94
1984 | 2,423  | 619,264  | 22.96
1988 | 2,392  | 601,468  | 22.87
1992 | 2,009  | 507,574  | 19.05
1996 | 2,167  | 514,313  | 21.64
2000 | 2,028  | 463,493  | 20.84
2004 | 2,078  | 521,412  | 21.83
2008 | 2,020  | 597,727  | 23.45
2012 | 1,735  | 544,682  | 21.9
2017 | 1,490  | 531,599  | 20.68
2021 | 1,552  | 522,623  | 21.4
2025 | 1,592  | 529,542  | 21.9

### Presidential

[edit]

#### Indirect elections

[edit]

Electoral college

Election  | Candidate  | Popular vote  | First ballot  | Second ballot  | Third ballot  | Results
Votes  | %  | Seats  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %  | Votes  | %
1919 |
1925 | Hugo Suolahti | 141,240  | 22.7  |

68 / 300

68 / 300

| 22.7 (#3)  |

80 / 300

| 26.7 (#3)  |  | Lost
1931 | Pehr Evind Svinhufvud | 180,378  | 21.6  |

64 / 300

88 / 300

| 29.3 (#2)  |

98 / 300

| 17.7 (#2)  |

151 / 300

| 50.3 (#1)  | Won
1937 | Pehr Evind Svinhufvud | 240,602  | 21.6  |

63 / 300

94 / 300

| 31.3 (#2)  |

104 / 300

| 34.7 (#2)  |  | Lost
1940 | Pehr Evind Svinhufvud |  |

1 / 300

| 0.3 (#4)  |  | Lost
1943 | Väinö Kotilainen [fi] |  |

4 / 300

| 1.3 (#2)  |  | Lost
1946 | Juho Kusti Paasikivi |  |

159 / 300

| 79.5 (#1)  |  | Won
1950 | Juho Kusti Paasikivi | 360,789  | 22.9  |

68 / 300

171 / 300

| 57.0 (#1)  |  | Won
1956 | Juho Kusti Paasikivi | 340,311  | 17.9  |

54 / 300

|  |

84 / 300

| 28.0 (#3)  |  | Lost
1962 |  | 288,912  | 13.1  |

37 / 300

1968 | Matti Virkkunen [fi] | 432,014  | 21.2  |

58 / 300

66 / 300

| 22.0 (#2)  |  | Lost
1978 | Urho Kekkonen | 360,310  | 14.7  |

45 / 300

259 / 300

| 86.3 (#1)  |  | Won
1982 | Harri Holkeri | 593,271  | 18.7  |

58 / 300

58 / 300

| 19.3 (#2)  |

58 / 300

| 19.3 (#2)  |  | Lost
1988[nb 1] | Harri Holkeri | 603,180  | 20.2  |

63 / 300

63 / 300

| 21.0 (#3)  |

18 / 300

| 6.0 (#4)  |  | Lost

#### Direct elections

[edit]

Election  | Candidate  | 1st round  | 2nd round  | Result

|
|
|
|

Votes  | %  | Votes  | %
1988[nb 1] | Harri Holkeri | 570,340  | 18.4  |  | Lost
1994 | Raimo Ilaskivi | 485,035  | 15.2  |  | Lost
2000 | Riitta Uosukainen | 392,305  | 12.8  |  | Lost
2006 | Sauli Niinistö | 725,866  | 24.1  | 1,518,333  | 48.2  | Lost
2012 | Sauli Niinistö | 1,131,254  | 37.0  | 1,802,400  | 62.6  | Won
2018 | Supported Sauli Niinistö | 1,874,334  | 62.6  |  | Won
2024 | Alexander Stubb | 882,113  | 27.21  | 1,575,211  | 51.62  | Won

## The elected Presidents of the National Coalition Party

[edit]

* P.E. Svinhufvud

* J.K. Paasikivi

* Sauli Niinistö

* Alexander Stubb

## Prominent party leaders

[edit]

The following NCP members have held high offices:[62]

* Lauri Ingman – Prime Minister 1918–1919, 1924–1925
* Antti Tulenheimo – Prime Minister 1925
* Pehr Evind Svinhufvud – President 1931–1937
* Edwin Linkomies – Prime Minister 1943–1944
* Juho Kusti Paasikivi – President 1946–1956, Prime Minister 1944–1946
* Harri Holkeri – Prime Minister 1987–1991
* Riitta Uosukainen – Minister of Education 1991–1994, Speaker of the Parliament 1994–2003
* Sauli Niinistö – Minister of Finance 1995–2003, Speaker of the Parliament 2007–2011, President 2012–2024
* Jyrki Katainen – Minister of Finance 2007–2011, Prime Minister 2011–2014, vice president of the European Commission 2014–2019
* Alexander Stubb – Prime Minister, 2014–2015, Minister of Finance 2015–2016, President of Finland, 2024–
* Petteri Orpo – Minister of Finance 2016–2019, Speaker of the Parliament 2023–2023, Prime Minister 2023–

## See also

[edit]

* Finland portal
* Politics portal
* Liberalism portal
* Conservatism portal

* Constitution of Finland
* Foreign relations of Finland
* Petteri Orpo – current party chairperson and Prime Minister of Finland
* Moderate Party – similar party in Sweden

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b The 1988 presidential election was partially indirect. With no candidate achieving a majority of the popular vote, the president was elected by the electoral college which the voters voted for alongside the direct vote.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Tällaisia ovat suurimpien puolueiden jäsenet: MTV Uutiset selvitti iät ja sukupuolijakauman – keskustalla, SDP:llä ja vihreillä selvät erityispiirteensä", MTV Uutiset 27 July, 2021
2. ^ "Programme of Principles". National Coalition Party. 2016. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
3. ^ a b c d e Terry, Chris (3 March 2014). "National Coalition Party (KOK)". The Democratic Society. Archived from the original on 19 November 2017.
4. ^ a b Finn Laursen (2010). "The Nordic countries: between scepticism and adaptation". In Maurizio Carbone (ed.). National Politics and European Integration: From the Constitution to the Lisbon Treaty. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 188\. ISBN 978-1-84980-514-8.
5. ^ a b Ezrow, Lawrence (2011). "Electoral Systems and Party Responsiveness". In Norman Schofield; Gonzalo Caballero (eds.). Political Economy of Institutions, Democracy and Voting. Springer. p. 319\. ISBN 978-3-642-19519-8.
6. ^ a b Mads Dagnis Jensen (2015). "The Nordic countries and the European Parliament". In Caroline Howard Grøn; Peter Nedergaard; Anders Wivel (eds.). The Nordic Countries and the European Union: Still the Other European Community?. Routledge. p. 89\. ISBN 978-1-317-53661-1. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
7. ^ a b Lane, Jan-Erik; Ersson, Svante (2008). "The Nordic Countries: Compromise and Corporatism in the Welfare State". In Colomer, Josep (ed.). Political Institutions in Europe. Routledge. p. 260\. ISBN 978-1-134-07354-2. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
8. ^ Lauri Karvonen (2014). Parties, Governments and Voters in Finland: Politics Under Fundamental Societal Transformation. ECPR Press. p. 20\. ISBN 978-1-910259-33-7. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
9. ^ a b Leino-Kaukiainen, Pirkko (1994). Suomalaiskansallinen Kokoomus osa 1: Suomalaisen puolueen ja Kansallisen kokoomuspuolueen historia vuoteen 1929. Helsinki: Suomen kansalliskirja.
10. ^ a b c d e f g "Kokoomuksen historia" [History of the National Coalition Party]. National Coalition Party (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
11. ^ a b c d e f g h Mickelsson, Rauli (2015). Suomen puolueet: Vapauden ajasta maailmantuskaan [Parties of Finland: From the age of liberty to world-weariness] (in Finnish). Vastapaino. ISBN 978-951-768-531-3.
12. ^ "Kansalaisille" [For the Citizens]. Foundational Meeting of the National Coalition Party (in Finnish). 1918.
13. ^ Kansallisen Kokoomuspuolueen ohjelma [Programme of the National Coalition Party] (in Finnish). National Coalition Party. 2 February 1919.
14. ^ Ahtokivi, Ilkka (1996). "Kokoomus itsenäisessä Suomessa 1918–44". Verkkouutiset (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 13 May 2003. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
15. ^ Wilsford, David (1995). Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood. pp. 347–352\. ISBN 978-0-313-26213-5.
16. ^ Ahtokivi, Ilkka (1996). "Kokoomus Valpon silmätikkuna". Verkkojulkaisu (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 13 May 2003. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
17. ^ a b Valtala, Onni (1981). Suomen puolueiden muuttuminen 1945–1980. Turku: University of Turku.
18. ^ Saukkonen, Jussi; Rihtniemi, Juha; Korjus, Jaakko (1968). Kokoomus eilen ja tänään. National Coalition Party.
19. ^ Tuomisalo, Tomi (2006). Kokoomus, Kekkonen ja NKP:n luottamus. Kansallisen Kokoomuksen toiminta hallitusaseman saavuttamiseksi 1969–1981 (PDF) (in Finnish). University of Helsinki. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 December 2008.
20. ^ "Finnish PM to step down, seek new EU post". The Japan Times. 6 April 2014. ISSN 0447-5763. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
21. ^ a b Turner, B. (27 December 2016). The Statesman's Yearbook 2015: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World. Springer. pp. 459–460\. ISBN 9781349672783. Archived from the original on 15 February 2018.
22. ^ "Sauli Niinistö is Finland's 12th president". Yle Uutiset. 5 February 2012. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
23. ^ "Finland's President Niinisto declares election victory". Reuters. 28 January 2018. Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
24. ^ Viita, Kasper (13 June 2014). "Finland Prepares for Prime Minister Switch as Katainen Quits". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
25. ^ "Parliamentary election 2015: Party results". Ministry of Justice. 2 June 2016. Archived from the original on 13 February 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
26. ^ "Sipilä opts for right-leaning government". Yle News. 29 May 2015. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
27. ^ "Finland's center-right replaces outspoken Stubb as party chief". Reuters. 12 June 2016. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
28. ^ "Finland's new female-powered government sworn in". AP News. 6 June 2019.
29. ^ "Finnish far right in talks to join coalition government". politico.eu. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
30. ^ "New NATO member Finland swears in government regarded as country's most right-wing in decades". Yahoo Finance. 20 June 2023.
31. ^ "As it happened: Stubb wins presidency". News. 11 February 2024.
32. ^ a b Smolander, Jyrki (2000). Suomalainen oikeisto ja "kansankoti" : Kansallisen kokoomuksen suhtautuminen pohjoismaiseen hyvinvointivaltiomalliin jälleenrakennuskaudelta konsensusajan alkuun [The Finnish Right Wing and "Folkhemmet" – Attitudes of the National Coalition Party towards the Nordic Welfare Model from the Period of Reconstruction to the Beginning of Consensus]. University of Turku. ISBN 978-951-45-9652-0. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
33. ^ Khan, Mehreen (12 June 2017). "Finnish government collapses after far-right elects hardline leader". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
34. ^ "Finland's coalition loses ground to opposition in local elections". euronews. 14 June 2021. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
35. ^ Bale, Tim (2021). Riding the populist wave: Europe's mainstream right in crisis. Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 34\. ISBN 978-1-009-00686-6. OCLC 1256593260.
36. ^ "Finland is the world's happiest nation – and I want to keep it that way, says prime minister". the Guardian. 5 December 2021. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
37. ^ Vanttinen, Pekka (3 December 2021). "Finland's opposition gain popularity as Greens suffer major slump". www.euractiv.com. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
38. ^ Outinen, Sami (8 August 2017). "From Steering Capitalism to Seeking Market Acceptance: Social Democrats and employment in Finland, 1975–1998". Scandinavian Journal of History. 42 (4): 389–413\. doi:10.1080/03468755.2017.1336599. ISSN 0346-8755.
39. ^ "Finland's right-wing opposition leads in poll ahead of April 2 election", Reuters, 21 March, 2023
40. ^ Henningsen, Bernd; Etzold, Tobias; Krister, Hanne (19 September 2017). The Baltic Sea Region: A Comprehensive Guide: History, Politics, Culture and Economy of a European Role Model. BWV Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag. p. 331\. ISBN 9783830517481. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018.
41. ^ "Kokoomus: "Avioliitto sukupuolineutraaliksi"" [National Coalition Party: Marriage to be gender neutral]. Uusi Suomi (in Finnish). 13 June 2010. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
42. ^ Bucken-Knapp, Gregg; Hinnfors, Jonas; Spehar, Andrea; Levin, Pia (1 November 2014). "No nordic model: Understanding differences in the labour migration policy preferences of mainstream Finnish and Swedish political parties". Comparative European Politics. 12 (6): 584–602\. doi:10.1057/cep.2014.22. ISSN 1472-4790. S2CID 145642640.
43. ^ "Centre Party split over immigration". Yle Uutiset. 7 March 2015. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
44. ^ "Tässä on hallituksen säästölista: Suurimmat leikkaukset sotesta ja sosiaaliturvasta", Iltalehti, 17 June, 2023
45. ^ "Kokoomus ison muutoksen kynnyksellä". Verde (in Finnish). 11 August 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2025.
46. ^ "Kokoomuksen sisäinen selvitys paljastaa kovan kamppailun perussuomalaisten kanssa – Kokoomuslähde: Sinivihreys oli toiveajattelua", Helsingin Sanomat, 14 January, 2021
47. ^ "Kokoomus päätti Nato-linjastaan: Puolustusliittoon lähivuosina" [National Coalition Party's decision on their NATO policy: Join the Alliance in upcoming years] (in Finnish). Verkkouutiset. 12 June 2016. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
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## External links

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Coalition Party.

* Official website (in English)

* v
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National Coalition Party

Leadership|

| Leaders|

* Suolahti
* Setälä
* Tulenheimo
* Haataja
* Virkkunen
* Paasikivi
* Pennanen
* Linkomies
* Lehtonen
* Salminen
* Saukkonen
* Rihtniemi
* Holkeri
* Suominen
* Salolainen
* Niinistö
* Itälä
* Katainen
* Stubb
* Orpo

|

Party secretary|

* Tikkanen
* U. T. Halminen
* Lehtonen
* Niskala
* U. V. Halminen
* Leiwo
* Honka
* Honkala
* Rihtniemi
* Koski
* Holkeri
* Tavastila
* Isotalo
* Kaila
* Kivelä
* Perho
* Kankare
* Ollila
* Jaskari
* Tujunen
* Arve
* Pesonen
* Kokko

Party group leader|

* Ahmavaara
* Arajärvi
* Virkkunen
* Mannermaa
* Pennanen
* Junnila
* Linkomies
* Horelli
* Salminen
* Ahmavaara
* Seppälä
* Hetemäki
* Saukkonen
* Rihtniemi
* Tuuli
* Lähteenmäki
* Ilaskivi
* Nikkilä
* Salmenkivi
* Sillantaus
* Jaatinen
* Puolanne
* Mörttinen
* Viinanen
* Sasi
* Zyskowicz
* Häkämies
* Ravi
* Vapaavuori
* Orpo
* Satonen
* Jokinen
* Mykkänen
* Marttinen

In government position|

* Ingman I (1918-1919)
* Erich (1920-1921)
* Ingman II (1924-1925)
* Tulenheimo (1925)
* Kallio II (1925-1926)
* Svinhufvud II (1930-1931)
* Sunila II (1931-1932)
* Ryti II (1940-1941)
* Rangell (1941-1943)
* Linkomies (1943-1944)
* Hackzell (1944)
* Urho Castrén (1944)
* Fagerholm III (1958-1959)
* Karjalainen I (1962-1963)
* Virolainen (1964-1966)
* Holkeri (1987-1991)
* Aho (1991-1995)
* Lipponen I (1995-1999)
* Lipponen II (1999-2003)
* Vanhanen II (2007-2010)
* Kiviniemi (2010-2011)
* Katainen (2011-2014)
* Stubb (2014-2015)
* Sipilä (2015-2019)
* Orpo (2023-)

Related organisations|

* Student Union of National Coalition Party — Tuhatkunta
* Youth of the National Coalition Party
* Women of the National Coalition Party
* Nykypäivä

History and related topics|

* History of the National Coalition Party
* Ideology of the National Coalition Party
* Finnish Party
* Young Finnish Party
* Liberalism
* Liberal conservatism
* International Democrat Union
* European People's Party

* v
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* e

Political parties in Finland

Members of Parliament|

* National Coalition Party (48)
* Finns Party (46)
* Social Democratic Party of Finland (43)
* Centre Party (23)
* Green League (13)
* Left Alliance (11)
* Swedish People's Party of Finland (9)
* Christian Democrats (5)
* Movement Now (1)

Extraparliamentary registered parties|

* Blue-and-Black Movement
* Communist Party of Finland
* Crystal Party
* Liberal Party – Freedom to Choose
* Freedom Alliance
* Power Belongs to the People
* The Open Party
* Truth Party
* Hemp Party

* Portal:Politics
* List of political parties
* Politics of Finland

* v
* t
* e

International Democracy Union

* Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists
* Asia Pacific Democrat Union
* Caribbean Democrat Union
* Democrat Union of Africa
* European Democrat Union
* European People's Party
* International Women's Democrat Union
* International Young Democrat Union
* Union of Latin American Parties

Member parties

|    |

* Democratic Party
* Palmavon Webster
* Liberal Party
* Austrian People's Party
* National Independence Party
* United Democratic Party
* Social Democrat Movement
* Party of Democratic Action
* Democrats
* Union of Democratic Forces
* Conservative Party
* Independent Democratic Union
* National Renewal
* Kuomintang
* Conservative Party
* Democratic Union
* Democratic Rally
* Civic Democratic Party
* Dominica Freedom Party
* National Progressive Force

* Social Christian Party
* Nationalist Republican Alliance
* Isamaa
* National Coalition Party
* United National Movement
* Christian Democratic Union
* Christian Social Union in Bavaria
* New Patriotic Party
* New Democracy
* New National Party
* Unionist Party
* National Party
* Fidesz
* Independence Party
* Bharatiya Janata Party
* Jamaica Labour Party
* Maldivian Democratic Party
* Liberal Democratic Party
* Democratic Party
* National Party

* Conservative Party
* VMRO–DPMNE
* Conservative Party
* Christian People's Party
* CDS–PP
* People's Action Movement
* United Workers Party
* New Democratic Party
* Democratic Party of Serbia
* Slovenian Democratic Party
* People Power Party
* People's Party
* United National Party
* People's Democratic Movement
* Moderate Party
* Forum for Democratic Change
* Conservative Party
* Republican Party
* Project Venezuela

|
|
|

* v
* t
* e

European People's Party

Parliamentary group

National parties|

| Member parties (EU)|

* ÖVP
* CD&V
* GERB/ГЕРБ
* DSB/ДСБ
* BCM
* SDS/СДС
* HDZ
* HDS
* DISY/ΔΗ.ΣΥ.
* KDU-ČSL
* TOP 09
* KD
* C
* Isamaa
* KD
* Kok./Saml.
* LR
* CDU
* CSU
* ND/Ν.Δ.
* FG
* FI
* AP
* UdC
* PpI
* SVP
* PATT
* V
* TS-LKD
* CSV
* PN
* CDA
* PO
* PSL
* CDS-PP
* PPD-PSD
* PNL
* PMP
* UDMR/RMDSz
* KDH
* D
* MA
* Slovensko
* NSi
* SDS
* SLS
* PP
* KD
* M

|

Associated parties (non-EU)|

* PD
* XD
* VMRO - DPMNE/ВМРО - ДПМНЕ
* H
* SNS/СНС
* VMSZ/SVM
* DM-LC-AdC

Observer parties|

* HHK/ՀՀԿ
* Heritage/Ժառանգություն
* BCD/БХД
* AHP/АГП
* За Свабоду
* HDZ BiH
* PDP
* SDA
* HDZ 1990
* ENM/ენმ
* EG/ევსა
* LDK
* PLDM
* PAS
* PPDA
* BS
* KrF
* PDCS
* Batkivshchyna/Батьківщина
* YeS
* UDAR/УДАР
* Об'єднання «Самопоміч»/Ob'yednannya «Samopomich»

Presidents|

* Manfred Weber (President)
* Thanasis Bakolas (Secretary General)
* Mariya Gabriel (Vice-President)
* Olgierd Geblewicz (Vice-President)
* Esteban González Pons (Vice-President)
* Johannes Hahn (Vice-President)
* Andrzej Halicki (Vice-President)
* Esther de Lange (Vice-President)
* David McAllister (Vice-President)
* Siegfried Mureșan (Vice-President)
* Petteri Orpo (Vice-President)
* Dubravka Šuica (Vice-President)
* Antonio Tajani (Vice-President)
* Paulo Rangel (Treasurer)
* Ursula von der Leyen (ex officio Vice-President)

European Parliament
Group Presidents|

* Manfred Weber (Chair)
* Arnaud Danjean (Vice-Chair)
* Esteban González Pons (Vice-Chair)
* Sandra Kalniete (Vice-Chair)
* Andrey Kovatchev (Vice-Chair)
* Esther de Lange (Vice-Chair)
* Vangelis Meimarakis (Vice-Chair)
* Siegfried Mureșan (Vice-Chair)
* Jan Olbrycht (Vice-Chair)
* Paulo Rangel (Vice-Chair)
* see European Parliament

European Commissioners (2024–2029)|

* Ursula von der Leyen (President)
* Maria Luís Albuquerque (Financial Services and the Savings and Investments Union)
* Magnus Brunner (Internal Affairs and Migration)
* Valdis Dombrovskis (Economy and Productivity, Implementation and Simplification)
* Christophe Hansen (Agriculture and Food)
* Wopke Hoekstra (Net-Zero and Clean Growth)
* Andrius Kubilius (Defence and Space)
* Jessika Roswall (Environment, Water Resilience, and a Competitive Circular Economy)
* Piotr Serafin (Budget, Anti_Fraud and Public Administration)
* Dubravka Šuica (Mediterranean)
* Apostolos Tzitzikostas (Sustainable Transport and Tourism)
* Henna Virkkunen (Executive Vice-President for Digital and Frontier Technologies)
* Ekaterina Zaharieva (Startups, Research and Innovation
* see von der Leyen Commission II

Heads of government
at the European Council|

* Karl Nehammer (Austria)
* Andrej Plenković (Croatia)
* Petteri Orpo (Finland)
* Kyriakos Mitsotakis (Greece)
* Simon Harris (Ireland)
* Evika Siliņa (Latvia)
* Luc Frieden (Luxembourg)
* Donald Tusk (Poland)
* Klaus Iohannis (Romania)
* Ulf Kristersson (Sweden)
* see European Council

European political foundation: Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Finland
* 2

Other|

* Yale LUX

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