National Endowment for the Arts

Independent agency of the United States federal government

National Endowment for the Arts

Agency overview
Formed| 1965
Jurisdiction| Federal government of the United States
Headquarters| Constitution Center, Washington, D.C.
Annual budget| $207 million USD (2023)[1]
Agency executive|

* Chairman

Website| arts.gov

The National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that offers support and funding for projects exhibiting artistic excellence.[2] It was created in 1965 as an independent agency of the federal government by an act of the U.S. Congress, signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 29, 1965 (20 U.S.C. 951).[3] It is a sub-agency of the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities, along with the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Federal Council on the Arts and the Humanities, and the Institute of Museum and Library Services.

The NEA has its offices in Washington, D.C. It was awarded Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre in 1995, as well as the Special Tony Award in 2016.[4] In 1985, the NEA won an honorary Oscar from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for its work with the American Film Institute in the identification, acquisition, restoration and preservation of historic films.[5] In 2016 and again in 2017, the National Endowment for the Arts received Emmy nominations from the Television Academy in the Outstanding Short Form Nonfiction or Reality Series category.[6]

In 2025, the Donald Trump administration issued executive orders leading the NEA to ban federal funding for programs promoting diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) or “gender ideology,” sparking backlash from over 400 artists and a lawsuit from major arts groups with ACLU support. On May 3, the NEA revoked dozens of grants for non-compliance and the same day, Trump proposed eliminating the agency entirely.

## History and purpose

[edit]

The National Endowment for the Arts was created during the term of President Lyndon B. Johnson under the general auspices of the Great Society. According to historian Karen Patricia Heath, "Johnson personally was not much interested in the acquisition of knowledge, cultural or otherwise, for its own sake, nor did he have time for art appreciation or meeting with artists."[7]

The NEA is "dedicated to supporting excellence in the arts, both new and established; bringing the arts to all Americans; and providing leadership in arts education".[2]

Further information on the 1984 establishment of the: National Center for Film and Video Preservation

## Leadership and initiatives

[edit]

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2025)

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### Governance

[edit]

The NEA is governed by a chairman nominated by the president to a four-year term and subject to congressional confirmation.[8] The NEA's advisory committee, the National Council on the Arts, advises the chairman on policies and programs, as well as reviewing grant applications, fundraising guidelines, and leadership initiative.[9]

### National Council on the Arts

[edit]

The council is composed of 25 members, 18 appointed by the president of the United States with the consent of the United States Senate, six ex officio members, and the chairperson of the NEA, who also serves as chair of the council. The six ex officio members are members of Congress, where two are appointed by the Speaker of the House, one by the Minority Leader of the House, two by the Majority Leader of the Senate, and one by the Minority Leader of the Senate. These six serve two-year terms, and serve as nonvoting members of the council.[9]

The eighteen appointed by the President are selected from among private citizens of the United States who are widely recognized for their broad knowledge of, or expertise in, or for their profound interest in the arts; and have established records of distinguished service, or achieved eminence, in the arts; so as to include practicing artists, civic cultural leaders, members of the museum profession, and others who are professionally engaged in the arts; and so as collectively to provide an appropriate distribution of membership among major art fields and interested citizens groups. In making these appointments, the President shall give due regard to equitable representation of women, minorities, and individuals with disabilities who are involved in the arts and shall make such appointments so as to represent equitably all geographical areas in the United States. These are appointed to serve terms of six years. The terms are staggered so three terms end September 3 each year. These members are not eligible for reappointment during the two-year period following the expiration of their term. However, they may continue to serve on the council after their term's expiration until a successor takes office.[9]

Ten members of the council constitutes a quorum.[9]

### Current council members

[edit]

The current council members as of December 22, 2024[update]:[10]

Position  | Name  | Confirmed  | Term expiration  | Appointed by

|
|
|
|

Chair  | Maria Rosario Jackson | December 18, 2021 | December 18, 2025 | Joe Biden
Member  | Ismael Ahmed | December 18, 2021 | September 3, 2024 | Joe Biden
Member  | Kinan Azmeh | March 15, 2022 | September 3, 2024 | Joe Biden
Member  | Bidtah Becker | March 17, 2022 | September 3, 2022 | Joe Biden
Member  | Bruce Carter | January 1, 2013 | September 3, 2018 | Barack Obama
Member  | Gretchen Gonzales Davidson | March 17, 2022 | September 3, 2022 | Joe Biden
Member  | Aaron Dworkin | August 2, 2011 | September 3, 2014 | Barack Obama
Member  | Kamilah Forbes | February 17, 2022 | September 3, 2026 | Joe Biden
Member  | Deepa Gupta | March 29, 2012 | September 3, 2016 | Barack Obama
Member  | Paul Hodes | August 2, 2012 | September 3, 2016 | Barack Obama
Member  | Emil Kang | September 22, 2012 | September 3, 2018 | Barack Obama
Member  | Michael Lombardo | September 29, 2022 | September 3, 2028 | Joe Biden
Member  | María López De León | January 1, 2013 | September 3, 2016 | Barack Obama
Member  | Huascar Medina | December 18, 2021 | September 3, 2026 | Joe Biden
Member  | Christopher Morgan | March 15, 2022 | September 3, 2024 | Joe Biden
Member  | Fiona Whelan Prine | March 23, 2022 | September 3, 2024 | Joe Biden
Member  | Ranee Ramaswamy | October 16, 2013 | September 3, 2018 | Barack Obama
Member  | Jake Shimabukuro | March 15, 2022 | September 3, 2024 | Joe Biden
Member  | Constance H. Williams | March 15, 2022 | September 3, 2026 | Joe Biden
Member (non-voting)
(ex officio) | Tammy Baldwin | 2013 | —  | Chuck Schumer
Member (non-voting)
(ex officio) | Vacant | —  | —  | Chuck Schumer
Member (non-voting)
(ex officio) | Vacant | —  | —  | Mitch McConnell
Member (non-voting)
(ex officio) | Glenn Thompson | October 4, 2018 | —  | Paul Ryan, Kevin McCarthy
Member (non-voting)
(ex officio) | Vacant | —  | —  | Mike Johnson
Member (non-voting)
(ex officio) | Chellie Pingree | July 2017 | —  | Nancy Pelosi, Hakeem Jeffries

### Nominations

[edit]

President Biden has nominated the following to fill seats on the commission. They await Senate confirmation.[11]

Name | Term expires | Replacing

|
|

Vanesa Soledad Simon | September 3, 2030 | Ranee Ramaswamy

### Budget and grants

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Between 1965 and 2008, the agency has made in excess of 128,000 grants, totaling more than $5 billion. From the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, Congress granted the NEA an annual funding of between $160 and $180 million. In 1996, Congress cut the NEA funding to $99.5 million as a result of pressure from conservative groups, including the American Family Association, who criticized the agency for using tax dollars to fund highly controversial artists such as Barbara DeGenevieve, Andres Serrano, Robert Mapplethorpe, and the performance artists known as the "NEA Four". Since 1996, the NEA has partially rebounded with a 2015 budget of $146.21 million.[12] In FY 2010, the NEA's budget reached mid-1990s levels with a $167.5 million budget[13] but fell again in FY 2011 with a budget of $154 million.[13] On March 11, 2024, President Joe Biden released the President's Budget for FY 2025, with $210.1 million budgeted for the NEA.[14]

### Grantmaking

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The NEA provides grants in the categories of arts projects, national initiatives, and partnership agreements. Grants for arts projects support exemplary projects for artist communities, arts education, dance, design, folk and traditional arts, literature, local arts agencies, media arts, museums, music, musical theater, opera, presenting (including multidisciplinary art forms), theater, and visual arts. The NEA also grants individual fellowships in literature to creative writers and translators of exceptional talent in the areas of prose and poetry.[citation needed]

The NEA offers partnerships for state, regional, federal, international activities, and design. The state arts agencies and regional arts organizations are the NEA's primary partners in serving the American people through the arts. Forty percent of all NEA funding goes to the state arts agencies and regional arts organizations. Additionally, the NEA awards three Lifetime Honors: NEA National Heritage Fellowships to master folk and traditional artists, NEA Jazz Masters Fellowships to jazz musicians and advocates, and NEA Opera Honors to individuals who have made extraordinary contributions to opera in the United States. The NEA also manages the National Medal of Arts, awarded annually by the President.[citation needed]

### Relative scope of funding

[edit]

Artist William Powhida has noted that "in one single auction, wealthy collectors bought almost a billion dollars in contemporary art at Christie's in New York." He further commented: "If you had a 2 percent tax just on the auctions in New York you could probably double the NEA budget in two nights."[15]

### Lifetime honors

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The NEA is the federal agency responsible for recognizing outstanding achievement in the arts. It does this by awarding three lifetime achievement awards. The NEA Jazz Masters Fellowships are awarded to individuals who have made significant contributions to the art of jazz. The NEA National Heritage Fellowships are awarded for artistic excellence and accomplishments for American's folk and traditional arts. The National Medal of Arts is awarded by the President of the United States and NEA for outstanding contributions to the excellence, growth, support, and availability of the arts in the United States.[citation needed]

## Controversy

[edit]

### 1981 attempts to abolish

[edit]

Upon entering office in 1981, the incoming Ronald Reagan administration intended to push Congress to abolish the NEA completely over a three-year period. Reagan's first director of the Office of Management and Budget, David A. Stockman, thought the NEA and the National Endowment for the Humanities were "good [departments] to simply bring to a halt because they went too far, and they would be easy to defeat." Another proposal would have halved the arts endowment budget. However, these plans were abandoned when the President's special task force on the arts and humanities, which included close Reagan allies such as conservatives Charlton Heston and Joseph Coors, discovered "the needs involved and benefits of past assistance," concluding that continued federal support was important. Frank Hodsoll became the chairman of the NEA in 1981, and while the department's budget decreased from $158.8 million in 1981 to $143.5 million, by 1989 it was $169.1 million, the highest it had ever been.[16][17][18]

### 1989 objections

[edit]

In 1989, Donald Wildmon of the American Family Association held a press conference attacking what he called "anti-Christian bigotry," in an exhibition by photographer Andres Serrano. The work at the center of the controversy was Piss Christ, a photo of a plastic crucifix submerged in a vial of an amber fluid described by the artist as his own urine.[19] Republican Senators Jesse Helms and Al D'Amato began to rally against the NEA, and expanded the attack to include other artists. Prominent conservative Christian figures including Pat Robertson of the 700 Club and Pat Buchanan joined the attacks. Republican representative Dick Armey, an opponent of federal arts funding, began to attack a planned exhibition of photographs by Robert Mapplethorpe at the Corcoran Museum of Art that was to receive NEA support.[citation needed]

On June 12, 1989, The Corcoran cancelled the Mapplethorpe exhibition, saying that it did not want to "adversely affect the NEA's congressional appropriations." The Washington Project for the Arts later hosted the Mapplethorpe show. The cancellation was highly criticized and in September 1989, the Director of the Corcoran gallery, Christina Orr-Cahill, issued a formal statement of apology saying, "The Corcoran Gallery of Art in attempting to defuse the NEA funding controversy by removing itself from the political spotlight, has instead found itself in the center of controversy. By withdrawing from the Mapplethorpe exhibition, we, the board of trustees and the director, have inadvertently offended many members of the arts community which we deeply regret. Our course in the future will be to support art, artists and freedom of expression."[20]

Democratic representative Pat Williams, chairman of the House subcommittee with jurisdiction over the NEA reauthorization, partnered with Republican Tom Coleman to formulate a compromise bill to save the Endowment. The Williams-Coleman substitute increased funding to states arts councils for new programs to expand access to the arts in rural and inner city areas, leave the obscenity determination to the courts, and altered the composition of the review panels to increase diversity of representation and eradicate the possibility of conflicts of interest.[21] After fierce debate, the language embodied in the Williams-Coleman substitute prevailed and subsequently became law.[22]

Though this controversy inspired congressional debate about appropriations to the NEA, including proposed restrictions on the content of NEA-supported work and their grantmaking guidelines, efforts to defund the NEA failed.[23]

### 1990 performance artists vetoed

[edit]

Main article: NEA Four

Conservative media continued to attack individual artists whose NEA-supported work was deemed controversial. The "NEA Four", Karen Finley, Tim Miller, John Fleck, and Holly Hughes, were performance artists whose proposed grants from the United States government's National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) were vetoed by John Frohnmayer in June 1990. Grants were overtly vetoed on the basis of subject matter after the artists had successfully passed through a peer review process. The artists won their case in court in 1993 and were awarded amounts equal to the grant money in question, though the case would make its way to the United States Supreme Court in National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley.[24] The case centered on subsection (d)(1) of 20 U.S.C. § 954 which provides that the NEA Chairperson shall ensure that artistic excellence and artistic merit are the criteria by which applications are judged. The court ruled in 524 U.S. 569 (1998), that Section 954(d)(1) is facially valid, as it neither inherently interferes with First Amendment rights nor violates constitutional vagueness principles.[citation needed]

### 1995–1997 congressional attacks

[edit]

The 1994 midterm elections cleared the way for House Speaker Newt Gingrich to lead a renewed attack on the NEA. Gingrich had called for the NEA to be eliminated along with the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. While some in Congress attacked the funding of controversial artists, others argued the endowment was wasteful and elitist.[25] However, despite massive budget cutbacks and the end of grants to individual artists, Gingrich ultimately failed in his push to eliminate the endowment.[citation needed]

### 2017-18 proposed defunding

[edit]

The budget outline submitted by then-president Donald Trump on March 16, 2017, to Congress would have eliminated all funding for the program.[26][27] Congress approved a budget that retained NEA funding. The White House budget proposed for fiscal year 2018 again called for elimination of funding, but Congress retained the funding for another year.[28]

### 2025 Trump administration restrictions

[edit]

In 2025, the NEA imposed restrictions on federal grant applications to comply with President Trump's executive orders 14151 and 14168, barring federal funds for programs focused on diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) or used to "promote gender ideology". In response, over 400 artists submitted a letter asking the NEA to reverse these changes.[29] On March 6th Rhode Island Latino Arts, the Theater Offensive, National Queer Theater, and Theater Communications Group sued the NEA, with the American Civil Liberties Union, challenging the requirement to not promote "gender ideology" to apply for NEA grants.[30]

On May 3, 2025, several dozen arts organizations were notified that their grant offers had been terminated, as they did not align with the administration's new priorities. The notifications came on the same day that Trump proposed eliminating the NEA and several other federal agencies.[31][32]

## Chairpersons

[edit]

* 1965–1969 Roger L. Stevens, appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson
* 1969–1977 Nancy Hanks, appointed by Richard M. Nixon
* 1977–1981 Livingston L. Biddle, Jr., appointed by Jimmy Carter
* 1981–1989 Frank Hodsoll, appointed by Ronald Reagan
* 1989–1992 John Frohnmayer, appointed by George H. W. Bush
* 1993–1997 Jane Alexander, appointed by Bill Clinton
* 1998–2001 Bill Ivey, appointed by Bill Clinton
* 2002 Michael P. Hammond, appointed by George W. Bush
* 2002–2003 Eileen Beth Mason, Acting Chairman, appointed by George W. Bush
* 2003–2009 Dana Gioia, appointed by George W. Bush
* 2009 Patrice Walker Powell, Acting Chairman, appointed by Barack Obama[33][34]
* 2009–2012 Rocco Landesman, appointed by Barack Obama[35][36][37]
* 2012–2014 Joan Shigekawa, Acting Chairman[38]
* 2014–2018[39] R. Jane Chu, appointed by Barack Obama[40][41]
* 2019–2021[42] Mary Anne Carter, appointed by Donald Trump[43]
* 2021–2025[44] Maria Rosario Jackson, appointed by Joe Biden (resigned January 20, 2025)[45][46][47]

### Nancy Hanks (1969–77)

[edit]

Nancy Hanks, the second chairman, was appointed by President Richard Nixon, continuing her service under Gerald Ford. During her eight-year tenure, the NEA's funding increased from $8 million to $114 million.[citation needed]

According to Elaine A. King:

Nancy Hanks perhaps was able to accomplish her mission because she functioned as a benevolent art dictator rather than mucking with multiple agendas and political red-tape. From 1969 through 1977, under Hanks' administration, the Arts Endowment functioned like a fine piece of oiled machinery. Hanks continuously obtained the requested essential appropriations from Congress because of her genius in implementing the power of the lobby system. Although she had not had direct administrative experience in the federal government, some people were skeptical at the beginning of her term. Those in doubt underestimated her bureaucratic astuteness and her ability to direct this complex cultural office. Richard Nixon's early endorsement of the arts benefited the Arts Endowment in several ways. The budget for the Arts Endowment not only increased but more federal funding became available for numerous programs within the agency.[48]

## See also

[edit]

* National Endowment for the Humanities
* National Heritage Fellowship
* National Medal of Arts winners
* NEA Jazz Masters
* New York City Department of Cultural Affairs

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ Shivers, Tony (November 21, 2023). "Arts Advocacy Update". Opera America. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
2. ^ a b National Endowment for the Arts. "About Us". Archived from the original on September 1, 2006. Retrieved March 13, 2009.
3. ^ "U.S.C. Title 20 - EDUCATION". www.govinfo.gov. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
4. ^ "The 2016 Tony Awards: Winners". Archived from the original on April 19, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
5. ^ "National Endowment for the Arts wins Honorary Oscar". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on September 29, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
6. ^ "National Endowment for the Arts: United States of Arts".
7. ^ Karen Patricia Heath, "Artistic scarcity in an age of material abundance: President Lyndon Johnson, the National Endowment for the Arts, and Great Society liberalism." European Journal of American Culture 36.1 (2017): 5–22. online
8. ^ Patricia Cohen (August 7, 2013) Vacancies Hamper Agencies for Arts New York Times.
9. ^ a b c d 20 U.S.C. § 955
10. ^ "National Council on the Arts". Arts.gov. National Endowment for the Arts. Retrieved December 22, 2024.
11. ^ "Quick Search National Council on the Arts". Congress.gov. Library of Congress. Retrieved September 28, 2024.
12. ^ [1][dead link]
13. ^ a b National Endowment for the Arts Appropriations History, NEA
14. ^ "FY 2025 President's Budget". National Endowment for the Arts. NEA. March 11, 2024. Retrieved May 21, 2024.
15. ^ Neda Ulaby (Director) (May 15, 2014). "In Pricey Cities, Being A Bohemian Starving Artist Gets Old Fast". All Things Considered. NPR. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
16. ^ William H. Honan (May 15, 1988). "Book Discloses That Reagan Planned To Kill National Endowment for Arts". New York Times.
17. ^ Gioia, Dana (February 17, 2017). "For the umpteenth time, the National Endowment for the Arts deserves its funding". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
18. ^ "Frank Hodsoll, NEA chairman who championed arts under Reagan, dies at 78". Washington Post. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
19. ^ Paul Monaco (2000). Understanding Society, Culture, and Television. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 100. ISBN 978-0-275-97095-6.
20. ^ Quigley, Margaret. "The Mapplethorpe Censorship Controversy". PublicEye.org/Political Research Associates. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
21. ^ Kresse, Mary Ellen (January 1, 1991). "Turmoil at the National Endowment for the Arts: Can Federally Funded Act Sur unded Act Survive the "Mapplethorpe Contr e the "Mapplethorpe Controversy" ?". Buffalo Law Review: 44 – via Digital Commons.
22. ^ Parachini, Changed NEA Likely Even Without Content Rules, L.A. Times, October 29, 1990 Online
23. ^ C. Carr, Timeline of NEA 4 events Archived May 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, franklinfurnace.org
24. ^ National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley, 524 U.S. 569, (1998).
25. ^ Hughes, Robert (August 7, 1995). "Pulling the Fuse on Culture". TIME. Archived from the original on October 9, 2009. Retrieved October 3, 2009.
26. ^ Naylor, Brian (March 16, 2017). "Trump Budget Cuts Funding For Arts, Humanities Endowments And Corporation For Public Broadcasting". NPR. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
27. ^ McPhee, Ryan (March 16, 2017). "Trump Administration's Budget Proposal Eliminates National Endowment for the Arts". Playbill. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
28. ^ National Endowment for the Arts Update: Trump FY2018 Budget Proposal Calls for Elimination of NEA Funding
29. ^ Horton, Adrian (February 19, 2025). "Artists demand National Endowment for the Arts roll back Trump restrictions". The Guardian. Retrieved February 19, 2025.
30. ^ Paulson, Michael Paulson (March 6, 2025). "Theaters Sue the N.E.A. Over Trump's 'Gender Ideology' Order". The New York Times. Retrieved March 11, 2025.
31. ^ Helmore, Edward (May 4, 2025). "Arts agency terminates dozens of grants after Trump proposes eliminating NEA". The Guardian. Retrieved May 9, 2025.
32. ^ Yurcaba, Jo (May 8, 2025). "Federal agency axes LGBTQ festival's funding, says it 'does not align' with Trump's priorities". NBC News. Retrieved May 9, 2025.
33. ^ "National Endowment for the Arts Announces New Acting Chairman" Archived April 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, NEA press release dated February 2, 2009, at NEA website.
34. ^ Robin Pogrebin, "Saving Federal Arts Funds: Selling Culture as an Economic Force," New York Times, February 16, 2009.
35. ^ Robin Pogrebin, "Producer Is Chosen to Lead Arts Endowment", New York Times, May 13, 2009.
36. ^ Davi Napoleon, "Mr. Landesman Goes to Washington"[usurped] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 13, 2009. Retrieved July 21, 2009.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link), The Faster Times, June 13, 2009.
37. ^ Robin Pogrebin, "Rocco Landesman Confirmed as Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts", New York Times, August 7, 2009.
38. ^ "Statement from National Endowment for the Arts Chairman Rocco Landesman". The National Endowment for the Arts. November 20, 2012. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
39. ^ "Statement from Jane Chu on the Conclusion of Her Term as NEA Chair on June 4, 2018 | NEA". www.arts.gov. Archived from the original on May 3, 2018.
40. ^ "Jane Chu confirmed as NEA Chairman after position had been vacant for a year". The Washington Post. July 12, 2014. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
41. ^ "Jane Chu Confirmed as Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts". NEA. June 12, 2014. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
42. ^ "Mary Anne Carter". NEA. April 4, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
43. ^ "Mary Anne Carter Confirmed by Senate as Chairman of National Endowment for the Arts". NASAA. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
44. ^ "Maria Rosario Jackson". NEA. February 17, 2022.
45. ^ "Senate confirms Biden's pick for the National Endowment for the Arts". NEA. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
46. ^ Wild, Stephi (January 23, 2025). "Maria Rosario Jackson Resigns as Chair of the National Endowment for the Arts". BroadwayWorld. Retrieved February 19, 2025.
47. ^ Jackson, Maria Rosario (January 17, 2025). "Message from NEA Chair Maria Rosario Jackson". National Endowment for the Arts. Retrieved February 19, 2025.
48. ^ Elaine A. King,"Pluralism in the Visual Arts In the United States, 1965-1978: The National Endowment for the Arts, an Influential Force"' (Ph.D. Dissertation, Northwestern University, 1986).

### Sources

[edit]

* Statement from Jane Chu on the Conclusion of Her Term as NEA Chair on June 4, 2018
* National Endowment for the Arts (2000). The National Endowment for the Arts 1965-2000: A Brief Chronology of Federal Support for the Arts. Washington, DC: National Endowment for the Arts. OCLC 52401250. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved May 24, 2008.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Arian, Edward (1993). The Unfulfilled Promise: Public Subsidy of the Arts in America.
* Benedict, Stephen, ed. (1991). Public Money and the Muse: Essays on Government Funding for the Arts.
* Binkiewicz, Donna M. (2009). "Directions in arts policy history". Journal of Policy History. 21 (4): 424–430\. doi:10.1017/S0898030609990157. S2CID 145674813.
* Binkiewicz, Donna M. (2004). Federalizing the Muse: United States Arts Policy and the National Endowment for the Arts, 1965–1980. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2878-5.
* Cowen, Tyler (2009). Good and plenty: The creative successes of American arts funding. Princeton University Press.
* Heath, Karen Patricia (2017). "Artistic scarcity in an age of material abundance: President Lyndon Johnson, the National Endowment for the Arts, and Great Society liberalism". European Journal of American Culture. 36 (1): 5–22\. doi:10.1386/ejac.36.1.5_1. S2CID 164923622.
* Jensen, Richard (1995). "The culture wars, 1965-1995: A historian's map". Journal of Social History. 29: 17–37\. doi:10.1353/jsh/29.Supplement.17. JSTOR 3789064.
* Kammen, Michael (1996). "Culture and the State in America". Journal of American History. 83 (3): 791–814\. doi:10.2307/2945640. JSTOR 2945640.
* King, Elaine A. (1986). Pluralism in the Visual Arts In the United States, 1965-1978: The National Endowment for the Arts, and Influential Force (Ph.D. dissertation). Northwestern University.
* Levy, Alan Howard (1997). Government and the arts: Debates over federal support of the arts in America from George Washington to Jesse Helms. University Press of America.
* Love, Jeffrey (1991). "Sorting out our roles: The state arts agencies and the national endowment for the arts". Journal of Arts Management and Law. 21 (3): 215–226\. doi:10.1080/07335113.1991.9943137.
* Lowell, Julia F. (2004). State Arts Agencies 1965-2003. Whose Interests to Serve? (PDF). Rand Corporation. ISBN 0-8330-3562-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 4, 2020.
* Marquis, Alice Goldfarb (1995). Art lessons: Learning from the rise and fall of public arts funding.
* National Endowment for the Arts (1986). National Endowment for the Arts: a brief history, 1965-2006: an excerpt --the beginning through the Hanks era.
* Ottley, Gary; Hanna, Richard (2018). "Do consumers know enough to assess the true value of art? A study of beliefs and attitudes toward the NEA". Journal of Public Affairs. 18 (2). doi:10.1002/pa.1654.
* Schuster, J. Mark (2002). "Sub-national cultural policy--where the action is: Mapping state cultural policy in the United States". International Journal of Cultural Policy. 8 (2): 181–196\. doi:10.1080/1028663022000009623. S2CID 143744753.
* Uy, Michael Sy (2020). Ask the Experts: How Ford, Rockefeller, and the NEA Changed American Music. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780197510445.

### Primary sources

[edit]

* Alexander, Jane. Command Performance: an Actress in the Theater of Politics. (Public Affairs, 2000) Chairman of the NEA 1993–1997
* Biddle, Livingston. Our government and the arts: A perspective from the inside (1988), drafted NEA legislation; senior NEA official
* Frohnmayer, John. Leaving Town Alive: Confessions of an Arts Warrior (1992) NEA Chairman 1989 to 1992
* Straight, Michael. Nancy Hanks: an intimate portrait: the creation of a national commitment to the arts.  (1988) Nancy Hanks was NEA Chairman 1969–77; Michael Straight was her deputy chairman.
* National Endowment for the Arts. The National Endowment for the Arts 1965-2000: A Brief Chronology of Federal Support for the Arts. Washington, DC: National Endowment for the Arts. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Endowment for the Arts.

* Official website
* National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities in the Federal Register
* publications by and about NEA online free

* v
* t
* e

Chairs of the National Endowment for the Arts

* Roger L. Stevens (1965)
* Nancy Hanks (1969)
* Livingston L. Biddle Jr. (1977)
* Frank Hodsoll (1981)
* John Frohnmayer (1989)
* Jane Alexander (1993)
* Bill Ivey (1998)
* Michael P. Hammond (2002)
* Dana Gioia (2003)
* Rocco Landesman (2009)
* Jane Chu (2014)
* Mary Anne Carter (2019)
* Maria Rosario Jackson (2021)

* v
* t
* e

Academy Honorary Award

1928–1950|

* Warner Bros. / Charlie Chaplin (1928)
* Walt Disney (1932)
* Shirley Temple (1934)
* D. W. Griffith (1935)
* The March of Time / W. Howard Greene and Harold Rosson (1936)
* Edgar Bergen / W. Howard Greene / Museum of Modern Art Film Library / Mack Sennett (1937)
* J. Arthur Ball / Walt Disney / Deanna Durbin and Mickey Rooney / Gordon Jennings, Jan Domela, Devereaux Jennings, Irmin Roberts, Art Smith, Farciot Edouart, Loyal Griggs, Loren L. Ryder, Harry D. Mills, Louis Mesenkop, Walter Oberst / Oliver T. Marsh and Allen Davey / Harry Warner (1938)
* Douglas Fairbanks / Judy Garland / William Cameron Menzies / Motion Picture Relief Fund (Jean Hersholt, Ralph Morgan, Ralph Block, Conrad Nagel) / Technicolor SA (1939)
* Bob Hope / Nathan Levinson (1940)
* Walt Disney, William Garity, John N. A. Hawkins, and the RCA Manufacturing Company / Leopold Stokowski and his associates / Rey Scott / British Ministry of Information (1941)
* Charles Boyer / Noël Coward / Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (1942)
* George Pal (1943)
* Bob Hope / Margaret O'Brien (1944)
* Republic Studio, Daniel J. Bloomberg, and the Republic Studio Sound Department / Walter Wanger / The House I Live In / Peggy Ann Garner (1945)
* Harold Russell / Laurence Olivier / Ernst Lubitsch / Claude Jarman Jr. (1946)
* James Baskett / Thomas Armat, William Nicholas Selig, Albert E. Smith, and George Kirke Spoor / Bill and Coo / Shoeshine (1947)
* Walter Wanger / Monsieur Vincent / Sid Grauman / Adolph Zukor (1948)
* Jean Hersholt / Fred Astaire / Cecil B. DeMille / The Bicycle Thief (1949)
* Louis B. Mayer / George Murphy / The Walls of Malapaga (1950)

1951–1975|

* Gene Kelly / Rashomon (1951)
* Merian C. Cooper / Bob Hope / Harold Lloyd / George Mitchell / Joseph M. Schenck / Forbidden Games (1952)
* 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation / Bell & Howell Company / Joseph Breen / Pete Smith (1953)
* Bausch & Lomb Optical Company / Danny Kaye / Kemp Niver / Greta Garbo / Jon Whiteley / Vincent Winter / Gate of Hell (1954)
* Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto (1955)
* Eddie Cantor (1956)
* Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers / Gilbert M. "Broncho Billy" Anderson / Charles Brackett / B. B. Kahane (1957)
* Maurice Chevalier (1958)
* Buster Keaton / Lee de Forest (1959)
* Gary Cooper / Stan Laurel / Hayley Mills (1960)
* William L. Hendricks / Fred L. Metzler / Jerome Robbins (1961)
* William J. Tuttle (1964)
* Bob Hope (1965)
* Yakima Canutt / Y. Frank Freeman (1966)
* Arthur Freed (1967)
* John Chambers / Onna White (1968)
* Cary Grant (1969)
* Lillian Gish / Orson Welles (1970)
* Charlie Chaplin (1971)
* Charles S. Boren / Edward G. Robinson (1972)
* Henri Langlois / Groucho Marx (1973)
* Howard Hawks / Jean Renoir (1974)
* Mary Pickford (1975)

1976–2000|

* Margaret Booth (1977)
* Walter Lantz / Laurence Olivier / King Vidor / Museum of Modern Art Department of Film (1978)
* Hal Elias / Alec Guinness (1979)
* Henry Fonda (1980)
* Barbara Stanwyck (1981)
* Mickey Rooney (1982)
* Hal Roach (1983)
* James Stewart / National Endowment for the Arts (1984)
* Paul Newman / Alex North (1985)
* Ralph Bellamy (1986)
* Eastman Kodak Company / National Film Board of Canada (1988)
* Akira Kurosawa (1989)
* Sophia Loren / Myrna Loy (1990)
* Satyajit Ray (1991)
* Federico Fellini (1992)
* Deborah Kerr (1993)
* Michelangelo Antonioni (1994)
* Kirk Douglas / Chuck Jones (1995)
* Michael Kidd (1996)
* Stanley Donen (1997)
* Elia Kazan (1998)
* Andrzej Wajda (1999)
* Jack Cardiff / Ernest Lehman (2000)

2001–present|

* Sidney Poitier / Robert Redford (2001)
* Peter O'Toole (2002)
* Blake Edwards (2003)
* Sidney Lumet (2004)
* Robert Altman (2005)
* Ennio Morricone (2006)
* Robert F. Boyle (2007)
* Lauren Bacall / Roger Corman / Gordon Willis (2009)
* Kevin Brownlow / Jean-Luc Godard / Eli Wallach (2010)
* James Earl Jones / Dick Smith (2011)
* D. A. Pennebaker / Hal Needham / George Stevens Jr. (2012)
* Angela Lansbury / Steve Martin / Piero Tosi (2013)
* Jean-Claude Carrière / Hayao Miyazaki / Maureen O'Hara (2014)
* Spike Lee / Gena Rowlands (2015)
* Jackie Chan / Lynn Stalmaster / Anne V. Coates / Frederick Wiseman (2016)
* Charles Burnett / Owen Roizman / Donald Sutherland / Agnès Varda (2017)
* Marvin Levy / Lalo Schifrin / Cicely Tyson (2018)
* David Lynch / Wes Studi / Lina Wertmüller (2019)
* Samuel L. Jackson / Elaine May / Liv Ullmann (2021)
* Euzhan Palcy / Diane Warren / Peter Weir (2022)
* Angela Bassett / Mel Brooks / Carol Littleton (2023)
* Quincy Jones / Juliet Taylor (2024)
* Debbie Allen / Tom Cruise / Wynn Thomas (2025)

* v
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* e

Special Tony Award

1947–1975|

* Dora Chamberlain / Ira and Rita Katzenberg / Jules Leventhal / Burns Mantle / P. A. MacDonald / Vincent Sardi Sr. (1947)
* Vera Allen / Paul Beisman / Joe E. Brown / Cast of The Importance of Being Earnest / Robert W. Dowling / Experimental Theatre Inc. / Rosalind Gilder / June Lockhart / Mary Martin / George Pierce / James Whitmore (1948)
* No Award (1949)
* Maurice Evans / Philip Faversham / Brock Pemberton (1950)
* Ruth Green (1951)
* Charles Boyer / Judy Garland / Edward Kook (1952)
* Danny Kaye / Beatrice Lillie (1953)
* No Award (1954)
* Proscenium Productions (1955)
* Fourth Street Chekov Theatre / City Center / The New York Public Library Theatre Collection / The Shakespearewrights / The Threepenny Opera (1956)
* American Shakespeare Festival / Jean-Louis Barrault / Robert Russell Bennett / William Hammerstein / Joseph Harbuck / Paul Shyre (1957)
* Mrs. Martin Beck / New York Shakespeare Festival (1958)
* Russel Crouse and Howard Lindsay / John Gielgud / Cast of La Plume de Ma Tante (1959)
* Burgess Meredith and James Thurber / John D. Rockefeller III (1960)
* David Merrick / The Theatre Guild (1961)
* Brooks Atkinson / Richard Rodgers / Franco Zeffirelli (1962)
* Alan Bennett, Peter Cook, Jonathan Miller and Dudley Moore / Irving Berlin / W. McNeil Lowry (1963)
* Eva Le Gallienne (1964)
* Gilbert Miller / Oliver Smith (1965)
* Helen Menken (1966)
* No Award (1967)
* APA-Phoenix Theatre / Pearl Bailey / Carol Channing / Maurice Chevalier / Marlene Dietrich / Audrey Hepburn / David Merrick (1968)
* Leonard Bernstein / Carol Burnett / Rex Harrison / The National Theatre Company of Great Britain / The Negro Ensemble Company (1969)
* Noël Coward / Lynn Fontanne and Alfred Lunt / New York Shakespeare Festival / Barbra Streisand (1970)
* Ingram Ash / Elliot Norton / Playbill / Roger L. Stevens (1971)
* Fiddler on the Roof / Ethel Merman / Richard Rodgers / The Theatre Guild-American Theatre Society (1972)
* The Actors Fund of America / John Lindsay / Shubert Organization (1973)
* Actors' Equity Association / A Moon for the Misbegotten / Candide / Peter Cook and Dudley Moore / Harold Friedlander / Bette Midler / Liza Minnelli / Theatre Development Fund / John F. Wharton (1974)
* Al Hirschfeld (1975)

1976–2000|

* George Abbott / Richard Burton / Circle in the Square Theatre / Thomas H. Fitzgerald / Mathilde Pincus (1976)
* Cheryl Crawford / Equity Liberty Theatre / Barry Manilow / National Theatre of the Deaf / Diana Ross / Lily Tomlin (1977)
* Irving Berlin / Stan Dragoti and Charles Moss (1978)
* Walter F. Diehl / Eugene O'Neill Memorial Theater Center / Henry Fonda / Richard Rodgers (1979)
* Richard Fitzgerald / Helen Hayes / Mary Tyler Moore / Hobe Morrison (1980)
* Lena Horne (1981)
* Radio City Music Hall / The Actors Fund of America / Warner Communications (1982)
* No Award (1983)
* A Chorus Line / Peter Feller / La Tragedie de Carmen (1984)
* Yul Brynner / New York State Council on the Arts (1985)
* No award (1986)
* George Abbott / Jackie Mason (1987)
* Brooklyn Academy of Music (1988)
* No Award (1989)
* No Award (1990–1992)
* Oklahoma! (1993)
* Hume Cronyn and Jessica Tandy (1994)
* Carol Channing / National Endowment for the Arts / Harvey Sabinson (1995)
* No Award (1996)
* Bernard B. Jacobs (1997)
* Edward E. Colton / Ben Edwards (1998)
* Uta Hagen / Arthur Miller / Isabelle Stevenson (1999)
* Dame Edna: The Royal Tour / T. Edward Hambleton (2000)

2001–present|

* Paul Gemignani (2001)
* Julie Harris / Robert Whitehead (2002)
* Cy Feuer / Russell Simmons' Def Poetry Jam on Broadway (2003)
* James M. Nederlander (2004)
* Edward Albee (2005)
* Sarah Jones / Harold Prince (2006)
* No Award (2007)
* Robert Russell Bennett / Stephen Sondheim (2008)
* Jerry Herman (2009)
* Alan Ayckbourn / Marian Seldes (2010)
* Athol Fugard / Philip J. Smith (2011)
* Actors' Equity Association / Hugh Jackman (2012)
* Bernard Gersten / Ming Cho Lee / Paul Libin (2013)
* Jane Greenwood (2014)
* John Cameron Mitchell / Tommy Tune (2015)
* Sheldon Harnick / Marshall W. Mason / National Endowment for the Arts / Miles Wilkin (2016)
* James Earl Jones (2017)
* John Leguizamo / Andrew Lloyd Webber / Chita Rivera / Bruce Springsteen (2018)
* Rosemary Harris / Marin Mazzie / Terrence McNally / Sonny Tilders and Creature Technology Company / Jason Michael Webb / Harold Wheeler (2019)
* The Broadway Advocacy Coalition / David Byrne's American Utopia / Freestyle Love Supreme / Graciela Daniele (2020/21)
* Angela Lansbury / James C. Nicola (2022)
* Joel Grey / John Kander (2023)
* Jack O'Brien / George C. Wolfe / Alex Edelman / Abe Jacob / Nikiya Mathis (2024)
* Harvey Fierstein / Marco Paguia, David Oquendo, Renesito Avich, Gustavo Schartz, Javier Días, Román Diaz, Mauricio Herrera, Jesus Ricardo, Eddie Venegas, Hery Paz, and Leonardo Reyna / Jamie Harrison, Chris Fisher, Gary Beestone, and Edward Pierce (2025)

* v
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* e

Lyndon B. Johnson

* 36th President of the United States (1963–1969)
* 37th Vice President of the United States (1961–1963)
* U.S. Senator from Texas (1949–1961)
* U.S. Representative for TX-10 (1937–1949)

Presidency|

* Timeline
* Inaugurations
* first
* second
* Let Us Continue
* Great Society (Model Cities Program)
* Architectural Barriers Act
* Child Nutrition Act
* Clean Air Act
* Civil Rights Act of 1964
* Coinage Act of 1965
* Department of Housing and Urban Development
* Department of Transportation
* Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
* Head Start Program
* Job Corps
* Elementary and Secondary Education Act
* Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
* Civil Rights Act of 1968
* Fair Housing Act
* Truth in Lending Act
* Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968
* Food Stamp Act of 1964
* Glassboro Summit
* Gun Control Act of 1968
* Higher Education Act of 1965
* Upward Bound
* TRIO
* Teacher Corps
* Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968
* Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
* Johnson Doctrine
* Dominican Republic occupation
* Medicare
* Medicaid
* Meritorious Service Medal
* National Endowment for the Arts
* National Endowment for the Humanities
* Executive Order 11246
* Executive Order 11375
* Older Americans Act
* Operation CHAOS
* Outer Space Treaty
* Public Broadcasting Act of 1967
* Foreign policy
* Vietnam War
* Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
* "Credibility gap"
* VISTA
* 24th Amendment
* Voting Rights Act of 1965
* War on poverty
* White House Conference on Civil Rights
* Cannabis policy
* White House preservation
* State of the Union Address
* 1964
* 1965
* 1966
* 1967
* 1968
* 1969
* Cabinet
* Judicial appointments
* Supreme Court
* Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination
* controversies
* Johnson desk
* Presidential transition of Richard Nixon
* Executive Orders
* Presidential Proclamations

Life|

* Early years and career
* Operation Texas
* Texas Broadcasting Company
* Johnson Amendment
* Box 13 scandal
* Bashir Ahmad
* Charles E. Marsh
* Alice Marsh

Legacy and
memorials|

* Bibliography
* Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum
* Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland
* Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park
* Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
* Lyndon Baines Johnson Day
* Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs
* Memorial Grove on the Potomac
* U.S. Postage stamp
* USS Lyndon B. Johnson
* Black Jack (state funeral riderless horse)

Elections|

* United States House of Representatives
* 1937 (special)
* 1938
* 1940
* 1942
* 1944
* 1946
* United States Senate
* 1941 (special)
* 1948
* 1954
* 1960
* Democratic Party presidential primaries
* 1960
* 1964
* campaign
* 1968
* withdrawal
* Democratic National Conventions
* 1956
* 1960
* 1964
* Presidential elections
* 1960
* transition
* 1964

Public image|

* Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture
* Daisy advertisement
* Johnson cult
* The Years of Lyndon Johnson
* Master of the Senate
* LBJ (1991 television film)
* Path to War (2002 film)
* All the Way (play, film)
* Selma (2014 film)
* LBJ (2017 film)

Family|

* Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson (wife)
* Lynda Bird Johnson Robb (daughter)
* Luci Baines Johnson (daughter)
* Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. (father)
* Sam Houston Johnson (brother)
* Samuel Ealy Johnson Sr. (grandfather)
* Joseph Wilson Baines (grandfather)
* George Washington Baines (great-grandfather)
* Chuck Robb (son-in-law)

* ← John F. Kennedy
* Richard Nixon →

* ← Richard Nixon
* Hubert Humphrey →

* Category

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* Portugal
* Norway
* Latvia
* Israel

Academics|

* CiNii

Artists|

* ULAN

Other|

* IdRef
* MusicBrainz label
* SNAC
* Yale LUX

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