National Police Reserve

Former national police force in Japan

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese. (April 2021) Click [show] for important translation instructions.

*   * Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
* Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 1,290 articles in the main category, and specifying`|topic=` will aid in categorization.
* Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
* You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is `Content in this edit is translated from the existing Japanese Wikipedia article at [[:ja:警察予備隊]]; see its history for attribution.`
* You may also add the template `{{Translated|ja|警察予備隊}}` to the talk page.
* For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

|

National Police Reserve (NPR)

警察予備隊

NPR insignia

Active| 10 August 1950–1 July 1954
Country|  Japan
Type| Gendarmerie
Role| Anti-tank warfare
Border control
Cold-weather warfare
Counterinsurgency
Counterintelligence
Crowd control
Internal security
Law enforcement
Size| c. 75,000 – 110,000
Part of| National Safety Agency, Prime Minister's Office
Garrison/HQ| Camp Etchūjima, Kōtō, Tokyo
Commanders
Notable
commanders| Senior Superintendent Keizō Hayashi[1]
Insignia
Flag|

Military unit

The National Police Reserve (警察予備隊, Keisatsu Yobitai), or NPR, was a lightly armed national police force established in August 1950 during the Allied occupation of Japan.[2] In October 1952, it was expanded to 110,000 men and renamed as the National Safety Force (保安隊, Hoantai). On July 1, 1954, it was reorganized as the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF).

## History

[edit]

General Group Headquarters of the NPR

On the outbreak of the Korean War, many units of the United States Armed Forces stationed in Japan were transferred to South Korea for combat, and Japan was perceived as lacking defenses.[3][4][2] Encouraged by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (GHQ), the Japanese government in 1950 authorized the establishment of NPR, consisting of 75,000 men equipped with light infantry weapons.[5][4] Personnel affairs of the NPR was taken charge of by GHQ's Government Section (GS) under Brigadier General Courtney Whitney[6] while the efforts to establish and train the force was made by Civil Affairs Section Annex (CASA) under Major General Whitfield P. Shepard.[7][1]

Given the legal status of police, the National Police Reserve was tasked with the duty to maintain public security under special conditions according to the National Police Reserve Order (Cabinet Order No. 260, 1950),[n 1] while in terms of unit formation and equipment, it was a de facto military force modeled after the United States Army.[10]

In October 1952, the NPR was expanded to 110,000 men and renamed as the National Safety Force (NSF).[11][12][13]

On July 1, 1954, after the 1954 Self-Defense Forces Act [Act No. 165 of 1954] the National Security Board was reorganized as the Defense Agency, and the National Security Force was reorganized as the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (postwar army branch of Japan),[14] while the Coastal Safety Force (waterborne counterpart of the NPR) was reorganized as the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (postwar naval branch of Japan).[15][16]

## Ranks

[edit]

See also: Police rank § Japan

Rank insignia of the NPR NPR Regional Units (管区隊, reorganized as JGSDF divisions in 1962) Ranks of the National Police Reserve[17] | NPR ranks | equivalent ranks

|
|

in Japanese | English translations | National Safety Force ranks | Army/JGSDF ranks[18]
Officers  | Sōtaisōkan-taru-keisatukan (総隊総監たる警察監) | Senior Superintendent (serving as Superintendent General of the National Police Reserve)
(Wearing three star rank insignia[19]) | Di-ichibakuryōchō-taru-hoankan (第一幕僚長たる保安監) | Lieutenant General
Keisatsukan (警察監)[20] | Senior Superintendent[1]
(Wearing two star rank insignia[19]) | Hoankan (保安監)
Keisatsukanho (警察監補) | Assistant Senior Superintendent[19] | Hoankanho (保安監補) | Major General
Ittō keisatsusei (1等警察正)[21] | Superintendent First Class[22] | Ittō hoansei (1等保安正) | Colonel
Nitō keisatsusei (2等警察正)[23] | Superintendent Second Class[24] | Nitō hoansei (2等保安正) | Lieutenant Colonel
Keisatsushicyō (警察士長)[23] | Senior Inspector[24] | Santō hoansei (3等保安正) | Major
Ittō Keisatsushi (1等警察士)[23] | Inspector First Class[24] | Ittō hoanshi (1等保安士) | Captain
Nitō Keisatsushi (2等警察士)[20] | Inspector Second Class[1] | Nitō hoanshi (2等保安士) | First lieutenant
- | - | Santō hoanshi (3等保安士)[25] | Second lieutenant
Sub-officers  | Ittō Keisatsushiho (1等警察士補) | Assistant Inspector First Class | Ittō hoanshiho (1等保安士補) | Master Sergeant
Nitō Keisatsushiho (2等警察士補) | Assistant Inspector Second Class | Nitō hoanshiho (2等保安士補) | Sergeant First Class
Santō Keisatsushiho (3等警察士補) | Assistant Inspector Third Class | Santō hoanshiho (3等保安士補) | Sergeant
Patrolmen  | Keisachō (警査長) | Senior Patrolman | Hosachō (保査長) | Leading Private
Ittō Keisa (1等警査) | Patrolman First Class | Ittō hosa (1等保査) | Private First Class
Nitō Keisa (2等警査)[26] | Patrolman Second Class[27] | Nitō hosa (2等保査) | Private

## Photos

[edit]

* National Police Reserve Corps, (Showa 27) May 3, 1952

* Police Reserve Corps 1st Regiment

* A police officer of a police reserve party who will face the first morning assembly after commissioning

* NPR bazooka training

## See also

[edit]

* Japan portal

* Japan Ground Self-Defense Force
* Reverse Course
* Bundesgrenzschutz
* Kasernierte Volkspolizei
* Grenztruppen
* B-Gendarmerie

## Notes and references

[edit]

Notes

1. ^ According to Article 3, National Police Reserve Order (警察予備隊令第三條), the NPR took action upon appointment by the Prime Minister when it was particularly necessary to maintain public security.[8] (original text in Japanese: 警察予備隊は、治安維持のため特別の必要がある場合において、内閣総理大臣の命を受け行動するものとする。)[9]

References

1. ^ a b c d Kuzuhara 2006, p. 99.
2. ^ a b Kuzuhara 2006, p. 95.
3. ^ 佐道明廣 2017, p. 36.
4. ^ a b 佐道明広 2006, p. 23.
5. ^ Kuzuhara 2006, p. 96.
6. ^ Maeda 1995, p. 25.
7. ^ 华丹 2014, p. 22.
8. ^ 佐道明廣 2017, p. 37.
9. ^ 松本昌悦, 尾崎利生 & 箭川哲 1988, p. 475.
10. ^ 佐道明廣 2017, p. 37-38.
11. ^ 佐道明広 2006, p. 32.
12. ^ 华丹 2014, p. 30.
13. ^ 赫赤, 关南 & 姜孝若 1988, p. 189.
14. ^ Kowalski 2014, p. 72.
15. ^ Takei 2008, p. 3.
16. ^ 武居智久 2008, p. 5.
17. ^ PANZER April 1998 issue page.125 Argonaut.Inc .
18. ^ 防衛庁 2004, p. 266.
19. ^ a b c At that time, they corresponded to three-star rank, two-star rank and one-star rank respectively.
20. ^ a b 葛原和三 2006, p. 83.
21. ^ 葛原和三 2006, p. 89.
22. ^ Kuzuhara 2006, p. 107.
23. ^ a b c 葛原和三 2006, p. 87.
24. ^ a b c Kuzuhara 2006, p. 104.
25. ^ Established march 1953.
26. ^ 葛原和三 2006, p. 82.
27. ^ Kuzuhara 2006, p. 98.

## References

[edit]

* Maeda, Tetsuo (1995). The Hidden Army: The Untold Story of Japan's Military Forces. Edition Q. ISBN 9781883695019.
* Kowalski, Frank (2014). An Inoffensive Rearmament: The Making of the Postwar Japanese Army. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9781591142263.
* Kuzuhara, Kazumi (2006). "The Korean War and The National Police Reserve of Japan: Impact of the US Army's Far East Command on Japan's Defense Capability" (PDF). NIDS Journal of Defense and Security. 7. National Institute for Defense Studies. ISSN 1345-4250. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2016.
* Takei, Tomohisa (2008). "Japan Maritime Self Defense Force in the New Maritime Era" (PDF). Hatou. 34. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2018.
* (in Japanese)武居智久 (2008). 海洋新時代における海上自衛隊 [Japan Maritime Self Defense Force in the New Maritime Era] (PDF). 波涛. 34. 波涛編集委員会. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2018.
* (in Japanese)葛原和三 (2006). 朝鮮戦争と警察予備隊：米極東軍が日本の防衛力形成に及ぼした影響について (PDF). 防衛研究所紀要. 8 (3). 防衛研究所. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-11-23.
* (in Japanese)松本昌悦; 尾崎利生; 箭川哲 (1988). 原典 日本憲法資料集. 創成社. ISBN 978-4794440082.
* (in Japanese)佐道明広 (2006). 戦後政治と自衛隊. 吉川弘文館. ISBN 4-642-05612-2.
* (in Japanese)防衛庁 (2004). "自衛隊の階級" [Ranks of the JSDF]. 平成16年版 防衛白書 [Defense of Japan 2004] (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-27. Retrieved 2018-04-09.自衛隊の階級Category:Articles+containing+Japanese-language+text&rft.btitle=平成16年版+防衛白書&rft.date=2004&rft.au=防衛庁&rft_id=http://www.clearing.mod.go.jp/hakusho_data/2004/2004/pdf/16510000.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:National+Police+Reserve" class="Z3988">
* (in Chinese)华丹 (2014). 日本自卫队. 陝西人民出版社. ISBN 978-7-224-11012-8.
* (in Chinese)赫赤; 关南; 姜孝若 (1988). 战后日本政治. 航空工业出版社. ISBN 7-80046-081-9.
* (in Chinese)佐道明廣 (2017). 自衛隊史：日本防衛政策七十年. Translated by 趙翊達. 八旗文化、遠足文化. ISBN 978-986-93844-1-4.自衛隊史：日本防衛政策七十年Category:Articles+containing+Chinese-language+text&rft.pub=八旗文化、遠足文化&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-986-93844-1-4&rft.au=佐道明廣&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:National+Police+Reserve" class="Z3988">

Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Police Reserve.
*[c.]: circa