National Standards for United States History

1994 state-school history reform igniting the US culture war

National Standards for United States History was the controversial 1994 publication by the National Center for History in the Schools unit of the University of California, Los Angeles that resulted in a robust debate—sometimes referred to as the culture or history wars.[1] The administration of then United States President George H. W. Bush had funded the three-year $2M research project, and "several thousand teachers, educators, officials, and scholars" had participated in its preparation.[2] While some scholars called it a "remarkable achievement in the history of the humanities",[2] there were numerous vocal reform skeptics.[2] These debates over state-school history curricula in the United States in the mid-1990s were influenced by the culture wars, in which education reform skeptics, including prominent public figures as Lynne Cheney, Rush Limbaugh, and American Enterprise Institute fellows responded to the "Standards" in numerous scathing publications and interviews, starting in October 1994, before its official publication.

## Overview

[edit]

The 3-year $2M government-sponsored project was led by Gary Nash, then Director of the National Center for History in the Schools unit of the University of California, Los Angeles, and co-chaired by Charlotte Crabtree, "an expert on K-12 social studies".[3] The National Center for History in the Schools was mandated to develop standards on how American students would be taught both world history and American history in American schools.[4] This was part of a wider response to the 1989 decision by fifty governors of American states to adopt National Education Goals for "science, civics, geography, and the arts".[3] The 32-month long process included five draft publications produced as a result of the contributions of "several thousand teachers, educators, officials, and scholars".[2] Funding included a 1992 $525,000 grant from National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) then chaired by Lynne Cheney, and $525,000 from the Department of Education, then under Lamar Alexander.[4]

The first three publications in November 1994 included National Standards for United States History, National Standards for World History, and National Standards for Grades K-4.[3][1]: 189

Considered an historical achievement by some, it was disparaged by education reform skeptics.[2][5]

## Culture wars

[edit]

Main article: culture wars

These debates over state-school history curricula in the United States in the mid-1990s were influenced by the culture wars, in which education reform skeptics, including prominent public figures as Lynne Cheney, Rush Limbaugh, and American Enterprise Institute fellows responded to the "Standards" in numerous publications and interviews, starting in October 1994, before its official publication. (Cheney received a doctorate in literature but never published in a peer-reviewed forum; Limbaugh dropped out of college.) They said that American history should be "celebratory" and traditional, while the report called for a more "critical" revisiting of the past as reflected in the Standards project under the direction of historian Gary Nash.[6][7]

Cheney—who was a signatory of the National Center's NEH grant and the Department of Education grant—wrote a scathing October 24 Wall Street Journal editorial entitled "The End of History"[4]—which is also the title of Francis Fukuyama's 1989 talk[8] and 1992 book.[9] Cheney said saying that the new Standards included too much Harriet Tubman and not enough Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee.[4]

During a two-week period in November, Rush Limbaugh, among others, including John Fonte, an education consultant, who directed the committee to Review National Standards under Cheney at the American Enterprise Institute, wrote strongly-worded critiques in opinion pieces in Wall Street Journal. Fonte had completed his PhD in world history at the University of Chicago—a department that had earned prominence for world history with William H. McNeill (1917–2016) as chair in the 1960s. McNeill's award-winning book, The Rise of the West, traced 5,000 years of civilizations' recorded history.[10] Fonte was cited in the media as saying that while it is important to include "previously neglected groups and individuals"—Harriet Tubman, for example—and admitting that we should acknowledge the "our countries tragedies and triumphs" he called their inclusion in the Standards as "proof" the Standards were steeped in political correctness."[5]: 191  In a 1995, AEI article, Cheney said that Fonte had worked with Robert Lerner and Althea Nagai—two social scientists—to review the Standards.[11] Lerner and Nagai found that there were numerous "occurrences of the race, ethnicity and gender theme" and very few on "the theme of political freedom."[11] One of the stated goals of the AEI is to defend the expansion of freedom and to strengthen "free enterprise system in America and around the world" against perceived threats.[12]

Reflecting on the legacy of the National Standards for United States History, Nash wrote in 1997:

> Beyond the controversy, what will be remembered and what will count in the long run is the collaboration that occurred between teachers at every level in the schools and historians in the colleges and universities. This unprecedented joint effort, both in the constructing of the standards and in the airing of controversies surrounding them, represents an important step in connecting two communities of history educators who have been separated for many decades by a chasm as wide as the Grand Canyon. Supported by the Rockefeller Foundation, the Organization of American Historians has sponsored meetings at dozens of colleges around the nation where teachers of history at all levels of education have come together for a few hours, a day, or a weekend. They have examined the history standards, discussed the controversies, and most important -- talked history. Many reports indicate that these meetings have been mutually satisfying when the gap between school and college teachers gives way to common concerns about teaching history - what to teach and how to teach it.

[13]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Nash, Gary B.; Crabtree, Charlotte Antoinette; Dunn, Ross E. (2000). History on Trial: Culture Wars and the Teaching of the Past. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-679-76750-3.
2. ^ a b c d e Bahmueller, Charles F. (1996). "The Struggle Over America's National History Standards". Agenda: A Journal of Policy Analysis and Reform. 3 (1): 99–104\. JSTOR 43198794. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
3. ^ a b c Nash, Gary (1997). "Reflections on the National History Standards". National Forum. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
4. ^ a b c d Cheney, Lynn (October 24, 1994). "The end of history". The Wall Street Journal via American Enterprise Institute. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
5. ^ a b Nash, Gary (1997). "History on Trial". The New York Times. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
6. ^ Who Owns History: Rethinking the Past in a Changing World at Google Books
7. ^ History on Trial: Culture Wars and the Teaching of the Past at Google Books
8. ^ Fukuyama, Francis (1989). "The End of History?". The National Interest (16): 3–18\. ISSN 0884-9382. JSTOR 24027184.
9. ^ Francis Fukuyama (1992). The End of History and the Last Man. Free Press. ISBN 978-0-02-910975-5.
10. ^ "William H. McNeill, world historian and distinguished scholar, 1917-2016". University of Chicago News. July 12, 2016. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
11. ^ a b Cheney, Lynn (October 23, 1995). "The national history (sub)standards". American Enterprise Institute. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
12. ^ "Our Scholars". American Enterprise Institute. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
13. ^ Gary Nash, "Reflections on the National History Standards" National Forum (Summer 1997) http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mlassite/discussions261/nash.html

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