National personification

Fictional character representing a country

The allegorical personification of Italy (Italia turrita; lit. 'Turreted Italy'). The allegorical representation with the towers draws its origins from ancient Rome. The origin of the turreted woman is linked to the figure of Cybele, a deity of fertility of Anatolian origin, in whose representations she wears a wall crown. Its most classic aspect derives from the primordial myth of the Great Mediterranean Mother.

A national personification is an anthropomorphic personification of a state or the people(s) it inhabits. It may appear in political cartoons and propaganda. In the first personifications in the Western World, warrior deities or figures symbolizing wisdom were used (for example the goddess Athena in ancient Greece), to indicate the strength and power of the nation. Some personifications in the Western world often took the Latin name of the ancient Roman province. Examples of this type include Britannia, Germania, Hibernia, Hispania, Lusitania, Helvetia and Polonia.

Examples of personifications of the Goddess of Liberty include Marianne, the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World), and many examples of United States coinage. Another ancient model was Roma, a female deity who personified the city of Rome and her dominion over the territories of the Roman Empire.[1] Roma was probably favoured by Rome's high-status Imperial representatives abroad, rather than the Roman populace at large. In Rome, the Emperor Hadrian built and dedicated a gigantic temple to her as Roma Aeterna ("Eternal Rome"), and to Venus Felix, ("Venus the Bringer of Good Fortune"), emphasising the sacred, universal and eternal nature of the empire.[2] Examples of representations of the everyman or citizenry in addition to the nation itself are Deutscher Michel, John Bull and Uncle Sam.[3]

Italia turrita (lit. 'Turreted Italy'), the allegorical personification of Italy, appears as of a young woman with her head surrounded by a mural crown completed by towers (hence turrita or "with towers" in Italian). It is often accompanied by the Stella d'Italia ('Star of Italy'), which is the oldest national symbol of Italy, since it dates back to the Graeco-Roman tradition,[4] from which the so-called Italia turrita e stellata ('turreted and starry Italy'), and by other additional attributes, the most common of which is the cornucopia. The allegorical representation with the towers, which draws its origins from ancient Rome, is typical of Italian civic heraldry, so much so that the mural crown is also the symbol of the cities of Italy. The origin of the turreted woman is linked to the figure of Cybele, a deity of fertility of Anatolian origin, in whose representations she wears a wall crown.[5] Its most classic aspect derives from the primordial myth of the Great Mediterranean Mother.

## Gallery

[edit]

* Iudaea Capta, "Judaea Taken", commemorative coin issued by the Roman emperor Vespasian (left) after the Jewish War

* An early example of national personification in a gospel book dated 990: Sclavinia, Germania, Gallia, and Roma, bringing offerings to Emperor Otto III.

* Britannia arm-in-arm with Uncle Sam symbolizes the British-American alliance in World War I. The two animals, the Bald eagle and the Barbary lion, are also national personifications of the two countries.

* In this Allegory depicting the 1576 Pacification of Ghent by Adriaen Pietersz van de Venne, the seated women represent a short-lived unity among the embattled provinces of what would become the present-day Belgium and Netherlands.

* 1909 cartoon in Puck shows (clockwise) US, Germany, Britain, France and Japan engaged in naval race in a "no limit" game.

* Columbia depicted in an American Committee for Relief in the Near East poster defending an Armenian woman beneath her flag

* The Liberty of Oudiné in memory of the Argentine centenary of the May Revolution (1810-1910)

* Tomb of the Italian Unknown Soldier, under the statue of goddess Roma, at Altare della Patria, Rome. Above it can be seen the equestrian statue of Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy, the first king of a unified Italy

* The winged Lion of Saint Mark at the Scuola Grande di San Marco, Venice. The open book holds the legend PAX TIBI MARCE EVANGELISTA MEVS (lit. 'Peace unto you, Mark, my Evangelist')

* The Capitoline Wolf is a bronze sculpture depicting a scene from the legend of the founding of Rome. The sculpture shows a she-wolf suckling the mythical twin founders of Rome, Romulus and Remus.

* Saint Michael at right, gesturing to, from left: an unspecified figure, Brittania, Italia, Austria, Mother Russia, Germania, and Marianne of France

## Personifications by country or territory

[edit]

Location  | Image  | Personification  | Animal or plants used for the same purpose

|
|
|

Albania |  | Mother Albania | Double-headed eagle
Americas |  | Personification of the Americas | American alligator
Argentina |  | Allegory of the Republic, Gaucho |
Armenia |  | Mother Armenia

* We Are Our Mountains (Artsakh)

Australia |  | Digger

* Little Boy from Manly (New South Wales)

In 19th and early 20th century cartoons, Australia was sometimes personified as a young woman named 'Miss Australia'.[6]

| Boxing kangaroo
Austria |  | Austria

* Tyrolia (Tyrol)

| Double-headed eagle
Bangladesh |  | Bangamata[7] | Bengal tiger[8]
Belgium |  | La Belgique, Manneken Pis[9][10] | Brabantic Lion, Leo Belgicus
Bolivia |  | Pachamama | Llama
Brazil |  | Native Brazilian (used by the Empire of Brazil, Kingdom of Brazil and Colonial Brazil and still used by indigenous peoples)

Efígie da República (current)

* the Bandeirante (São Paulo State and Minas Gerais)
* the "Tropeiro" (Minas Gerais)
* the Candango (Brasília)
* the Gaúcho (Rio Grande do Sul)
* the Cangaceiro (Northeastern Brazil)

| Wyvern (used by the Empire of Brazil)

Rufous-bellied Thrush (official Current) Jaguar (unofficial current)

* Jabiru (Pantanal)
* Harpy Eagle (Parana State)

Brunei |  | Awang Budiman[11][12] |
Bulgaria |  | Mother Bulgaria  | Double-headed eagle
Cambodia |  | Preah Thong and Neang Neak |
Canada |  | Mountie,[13] Johnny Canuck,[14] Canada Bereft (Vimy Memorial).

* Le Vieux de '37 (Quebec)

Canada was often personified as a young woman in 19th and early 20th century editorial cartoons, called simply "Canada", "Miss Canada", or sometimes "Mother Canada".[15]

| Canadian beaver

* Snowy owl (Quebec)

Chile |  | Huaso, Roto, Señora Juanita, Angel of Liberty[16]

* Machi (Araucanía)
* Moai (Rapa Nui)

| Condorito
China |  |  | Chinese dragon, Panda, hare[17]

* Snow lion (Tibet)

Colombia |  | Juan Valdez |
Croatia |  | Mother Croatia | Beech marten (kuna)
Cuba |  | La República | Tocororo
Cyprus |  | Liberty | Cypriot Mouflon[18]
Czechia |  | Čechie, Czech Vašek, Honza, Svejk | Czech lion
Denmark |  | Holger Danske, Mother Denmark | Mute swan

* Polar bear (Greenland)

Dominican Republic |  | Conchoprimo |
Egypt |  | Egypt's Renaissance[19][20] | Sphinx
El Salvador |  | Salvador del Mundo | Torogoz
Estonia |  | Kalevipoeg |
Europe |  | Europa or Europa regina |
Finland |  | Finnish Maiden | Finnish lion
France |  | Marianne | Gallic rooster
Georgia |  | Mother of Kartvel |
Germany |  | Germania, Deutscher Michel

* Bavaria (Bavaria)
* Berolina (Berlin)
* Brema (Bremen)
* Brunonia (Brunswick Land)
* Franconia (Franconia)
* Francofurtia (Frankfurt)
* Hammonia (Hamburg)
* Lubeca (Lübeck)
* Borussia (Prussia)
* Palatia (Rhineland-Palatinate)
* Saxonia (Saxony)
* Vimaria (Weimar)
* Württembergia (Württemberg)

| Reichsadler, Bundesadler,

* Berliner Bär (Berlin)
* Bavarian Lion (Bavaria)
* Marcher Eagle (Brandenburg)
* Prussian Eagle (Prussia)

Greece |  | Hellas

* Athena (Athens)

Haiti |  | Ezili Dantor, Le Marron Inconnu, Katrin |
Haudenosaunee |  | Hiawatha |
Hungary |  | The Lady of Hungaria

* Prince Csaba (Székely Land)

| Turul
Iceland |  | The Lady of the Mountains | Gyrfalcon
India |  | Bharat Mata

* Kangleipak Ima (Manipur)

| Bengal tiger, Asiatic lion, Indian Elephant, Indian peafowl

* Pākhangbā (Manipur)

Indonesia |  | Ibu Pertiwi (Mother Prithvi)  | Garuda Pancasila
Iran,  Afghanistan and  Tajikistan |  | Rostam[21][22][23] | Lion and sun
Ireland |  | Ériu, Banba, Fódla, Kathleen Ni Houlihan, Hibernia, The Old Woman of Beare[24] | Irish Hare[25]
Israel |  | Daughter of Zion, Srulik | Lion of Judah
Italy |  | Italia turrita

* Roma (Rome)
* Venezia trionfante (Venice)

| Italian wolf[26][27]

* Aquila (Roman Empire)
* Capitoline Wolf (Rome)
* Lion of Saint Mark (Venice)[28]

Japan |  | Yamato-hime, Samurai | Green Pheasant
Kazakhstan |  | Altin Adam  | Tulpar
Korea ( North Korea and  South Korea \- despite mutual enmity, both states lay claim to the same historical heritage)  |  |  | Korean Tiger
Kyrgyzstan |  | Manas | Siberian ibex
Latvia |  | Latvian Maiden, Liberty |
Lebanon |  |  | Cedrus
Lithuania |  | Vytis | White Stallion
Low Lands or Benelux |  |  | Leo Belgicus
Malaysia |  | Hang Tuah[29][30] | Malayan tiger[31]
Malta |  | Melita | Dolphin
Mexico |  | Mexican Motherland, La China Poblana

* Eagle and Jaguar warriors (Aztec Empire)

| Golden eagle, Jaguar, Chihuahueño
Mongolia |  | Genghis Khan | Mongolian horse, Saker falcon
Montenegro |  | Fairy of Lovćen, Mother Montenegro | Double-headed eagle
Morocco |  |  | Barbary lion
Netherlands |  | Dutch Maiden

* Dutch sailor (Holland)

| Dutch Republic Lion, Leo Belgicus
Nepal |  | Gurkha, Sherpa | Yeti[32]
New Zealand |  | Zealandia[33]

* Southern man (South Island)[34]

| Kiwi
Nicaragua |  | El Güegüense | Motmot
North Macedonia |  | Mother Macedonia[35][36] | Lioness
Norway |  | Mother Norway, Ola & Kari Nordmann, Nór | Norwegian lion
Palestine |  | Handala | Eagle of Saladin
Panama |  | Mother of Panama  | Jaguar
Peru |  | Peruvian Motherland, El Perú Libre

* Sapa Inca (Inca Empire)

| Vicuña
Philippines |  | La Madre Filipinas, Juan dela Cruz | Philippine Carabao
Poland |  | Polonia | White eagle
Portugal |  | Zé Povinho, Efígie da República, Guardian Angel of Portugal | Rooster of Barcelos
Rhodesia |  | Cecil Rhodes | Sable antelope, Zimbabwe Bird
Romania |  | România | Lynx
Russia |  | Mother Russia, General Winter

* Mother Buryatia (Buryatia)

| Russian bear
San Marino |  | Liberty |
Serbia |  | Mother Serbia, Kosovo Maiden | Serbian eagle
Singapore |  |  | Merlion
Slovakia |  | Jánošík |
Slovenia |  | Kralj Matjaž |
South Africa |  | The Lady of Good Hope (Die Dame van Goeie Hoop or INkosikazi Yethemba Elihle)

* Adamastor (Cape of Good Hope)
* Voortrekker (Afrikaners)[37]
* Boer Woman (Orange Free State, obsolete)
* Oom Paul (Transvaal, obsolete)
* Shaka (Zululand, obsolete)

| Springbok[38]

* Lion (Transvaal, obsolete)

Spain |  | Hispania

* El Cid (Castile and León)
* Breogán (Galicia)
* Matrona Foral (Navarre)

| Hispanic Lion, Spanish Fighting Bull
Sri Lanka |  | Sri Lanka Matha (Mother Sri Lanka)  | Lion
Suriname |  | Mama Sranan (Mother Suriname), a 1965 sculpture by Jozeph Klas in the center of Paramaribo, of a mother figure holding five children representing Suriname's ethnic groups in her arms.[39] |
Sweden |  | Mother Svea (Moder Svea)  |
Switzerland |  | Helvetia

* Basilea (Basel)
* Berna (Bern)
* Geneva (Geneva)
* Tigurina Virgo (Zürich)
* Lucerna (Lucerne)

| Cow[40]
Taiwan |  |  | Formosan black bear
Thailand |  | Siam Devadhiraj | White elephant
Turkey |  | Turkish Motherland  | Wolf
Turkmenistan |  | Oghuz Khagan | Akhal-Teke
Ukraine |  | Cossack Mamay, Mother Ukraine, Berehynia | Ruthenian Lion
United Kingdom |  | Britannia

* John Bull (England)[41]
* Scota (Scotland)
* Dame Wales (Wales)

| Bulldog

* The Lion and the Unicorn (England and Scotland)
* Welsh dragon (Wales)
* Manx cat (Mann)

United States |  | Columbia, Lady Liberty[42]

* The Minuteman (American Revolution)
* Uncle Sam (federal government)
* Brother Jonathan (New England)
* Overmountain Men (Appalachians)
* Kamehameha (Hawaii)
* The Lady of the Alamo (Texas, obsolete)
* Billy Yank (The North, obsolete)
* Johnny Reb (The South, obsolete)

| Bald Eagle, American Buffalo, Timber rattlesnake (American Revolution)
Uruguay |  | Efigie de la República |
Uzbekistan |  | Timur | Snow leopard
Venezuela |  | Juan Bimba (obsolete)  |
Vietnam |  | Lạc Long Quân and Âu Cơ | Vietnamese Dragon, Lạc Bird
Zimbabwe |  |  | Sable antelope, Zimbabwe Bird

## See also

[edit]

* Afghanis-tan, a manga originally published as a webcomic about Central Asia with personified countries.
* Polandball, a contemporary form of national personification in which countries are drawn by Internet users as stereotypic balls and shared as comics on online communities.
* Hetalia, a manga and anime about personified countries interacting.
* Mural crown
* National animal, often personifies a nation in cartoons.
* National emblem, for other metaphors for nations.
* National god, a deity that embodies a nation.
* National patron saint, a Saint that is regarded as the heavenly advocate of a nation.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Il Tempio di Venere e Roma" (in Italian). Retrieved 12 September 2023.
2. ^ Mellor, Ronald J. (1991) [1981]. "The Goddess Roma". In Haase, Wolfgang; Temporini, Hildegard (eds.). Aufstieg und Niedergang der romischen Welt. de Gruyter. p. 956\. ISBN 3-11-010389-3.
3. ^ Eric Hobsbawm, "Mass-Producing Traditions: Europe, 1870-1914," in Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, 1983), 263-307.
4. ^ Rossi, Girolamo (2014). Lo scudo crociato. Un simbolo medievale nella comunicazione politica del Novecento (in Italian). Armando Editore. p. 38\. ISBN 978-88-96817-06-3.
5. ^ Bazzano, Nicoletta (2011). Donna Italia. L'allegoria della Penisola dall'antichità ai giorni nostri (in Italian). Angelo Colla Editore. p. 24\. ISBN 978-88-96817-06-3.
6. ^ White, Richard (2021). "The slippery symbols of Australia". State Library of New South Wales.
7. ^ Ahmed, Salahuddin (2004). Bangladesh: Past and Present. APH Publishing. p. 310\. ISBN 8176484695. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
8. ^ "NATIONAL SYMBOLS". Bangladesh Tourism Board. Bangladesh: Ministry of Civil Aviation & Tourism. Archived from the original on 2016-12-28. Retrieved 2015-09-10.
9. ^ Couvreur, Manuel; Deknop, Anne; Symons, Thérèse (2005). Manneken-Pis : Dans tous ses états. Historia Bruxellae (in French). Vol. 9\. Brussels: Musées de la Ville de Bruxelles. ISBN 978-2-930423-01-2.
10. ^ Emerson, Catherine (2015). Regarding Manneken Pis: Culture, Celebration and Conflict in Brussels. Leeds: Taylor & Francis Ltd. ISBN 978-1-909662-30-8.
11. ^ "20th SEA Games 1999". 2001-03-02. Archived from the original on 2001-03-02. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
12. ^ "Berita 2021c - Rekaan baju 'Dang Budiwati' imbau zaman gemilang Sukan SEA NBD". www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
13. ^ McGill, Robert (2017). War Is Here: The Vietnam War and Canadian Literature. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 37\. ISBN 9780773551589. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
14. ^ Barber, Katherine (2007). Only in Canada You Say: A Treasury of Canadian Language. Oxford University Press Canada. p. 70. ISBN 9780195427073.
15. ^ "Library and Archives Canada". Library and Archives Canada.
16. ^ "CHILE: 50 AÑOS DEL GOLPE. EL ÁNGEL DE LA LIBERTAD". Rascacielos. September 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
17. ^ "网民为什么会把中国称为"兔子"" [Why do Internet called China a "hare"?]. The Paper (in Chinese). 1 August 2015. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
18. ^ "Animals in Cyprus". AZ Animals. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
19. ^ Abdou, Mona. "Nahdet Misr: A Sculpture That Embodies Egypt At A Glance". Egyptian Streets. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
20. ^ "Mahmoud Mukhtar: Egypt Awakened". University College London. Retrieved 10 April 2025.
21. ^ Hassanabadi, Mahmoud. "Rostam: A Complex Puzzle: A New Approach to the Identification of the Character of Rostam in the Iranian National Epos Shāhnāme".
22. ^ Dallmayr, Fred (25 August 1999). Border Crossings: Toward a Comparative Political Theory. Lexington Books. ISBN 9780739152546.
23. ^ Heck, Isabel. "Le mythe de Siyâvosh: rapports entre l'épopée nationale de ferdowsi et des récits populaires en Iran (The myth of Siyâvosh: relationships between the national epic of Ferdowsi and popular stories in Iran)" (PDF) (in French). Retrieved 2024-02-08.
24. ^ O'Rourke Murphy, M. & MacKillop, J. (2006). An Irish Literature Reader: Poetry, Prose, Drama.
25. ^ "Discovering What's the National Animal of Ireland: A Cultural Emblem Revealed". 3 February 2024. Retrieved 2024-04-24.
26. ^ Minahan, James B. (2009). The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems. ABC-CLIO. p. 436\. ISBN 9780313344978.
27. ^ Blashfield, Jean F. (2009). Italy. Scholastic. p. 33\. ISBN 9780531120996.
28. ^ ""Saint Mark", Franciscan Media". Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
29. ^ Liok Ee Tan (1988). The Rhetoric of Bangsa and Minzu. Monash Asia Institute. p. 14\. ISBN 978-0-86746-909-7.
30. ^ Melanie Chew (1999). The Presidential Notes: A biography of President Yusof bin Ishak. Singapore: SNP Publications. p. 78\. ISBN 978-981-4032-48-3.
31. ^ Minahan, James B. (2009). The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems. Greenwood. p. 101\. ISBN 978-0313344961.
32. ^ Subba, Sanghamitra (29 January 2020). "Love it or hate it, it's abominable".
33. ^ Phillips, Jock. "South African War memorial, Waimate".
34. ^ Dingwall, R. "Southern Man (Dunedin Airport)", Otago Sculpture Trust, 19 November 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
35. ^ A Manifesto from the Provisional Government of Macedonia, 1881, "Our mother Macedonia became now as a widow, lonely and deserted by her sons. She does not fly the banner of the victorious Macedonian army"
36. ^ Bulgarian graphic representation of Bulgaria, East Rumelia and North Macedonia
37. ^ Voortrekker Monument Archived 1 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine, http://www.voortrekkermon.org
38. ^ Brownell, FG (1993). "Nasionale en Provinsiale Simbole". Nasionale Dier van Suid-Afrika: Springbok - Antidorcas Marsupialis. Retrieved 2025-03-03.
39. ^ "Kunstschatten: Mama Sranan - Parbode Magazine". Archived from the original on 2016-04-14. Retrieved 2016-03-30.
40. ^ Valance, Marc. (Baden, 2013) Die Schweizer Kuh. Kult und Vermarktung eines nationalen Symbols, p. 6 ff.
41. ^ "John Bull, symbol of the English and Englishness". Historic UK. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
42. ^ "Britannia and Liberty: Behind the Design". Royal Mint. Retrieved 6 August 2024.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Lionel Gossman. "Making of a Romantic Icon: The Religious Context of Friedrich Overbeck's 'Italia und Germania.'" American Philosophical Society, 2007. ISBN 0-87169-975-3. [1]

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Personifications of nations.

* A scholarly case study of the evolution of Deutscher Michel
* Kirsten Stirling: "The Image of the Nation as a Woman in Twentieth Century Scottish Literature"

* v
* t
* e

National personifications

Africa|

| Kenya|

* Wanjiku

|

America

*     * Personification of the Americas

| Argentina|

* Effigies of Argentina
* Gaucho

|

Brazil|

* Efígie da República

Canada|

* Johnny Canuck

Chile|

* Huaso
* Roto

Colombia|

* Juan Valdez

Dominican Republic|

* Conchoprimo

Haiti|

* Ezili Dantor
* Catherine Flon

Mexico|

* es:Alegoría de la Patria Mexicana

Peru|

* Madre Patria

United States|

* Billy Yank
* Northern states
* Brother Jonathan
* Columbia
* Johnny Reb
* Southern states
* Lady Justice
* Lady Liberty
* Statue of Liberty
* Uncle Sam

Uruguay|

* es:Representaciones alegóricas del Uruguay

Venezuela|

* Juan Bimba
* obsolete

Asia|

| Afghanistan|

* Rostam

|

Armenia|

* Mother Armenia

Bangladesh|

* Bangamata

Cambodia|

* Preah Thong and Neang Neak

China|

* Chinese dragon
* Jade Emperor
* Panda
* Snow Lion
* Tibet

Georgia|

* Kartvlis Deda

India|

* Bharat Mata
* Indian elephant
* The Common Man

Indonesia|

* Ibu Pertiwi

Iran|

* Rostam

Israel|

* Srulik

Japan|

* Yamato-hime
* samurai

Korea|

* Korean tiger

Kyrgyzstan|

* Manas

Lebanon|

* Abu Abed

Malaysia|

* Hang Tuah

Pakistan|

* Shaheen
* Māder-e Millat

Palestine|

* Handala

Philippines|

* Juan dela Cruz
* Maria Clara

Singapore|

* Merlion

Thailand|

* Siam Devadhiraj

Tajikistan|

* Rostam

Turkmenistan|

* Oghuz Khagan

Europe

*     * Europa
* Europa regina

| Albania|

* Mother Albania

|

Belgium|

* Manneken Pis
* es:La Belgique (alegoría)
* Leo Belgicus

Croatia|

* Mother Croatia

Czech Republic|

* Čechie
* Czech Vašek
* Švejk

Denmark|

* Holger Danske
* Mother Denmark

Finland|

* Finnish Maiden

France|

* Gallic rooster
* Marianne

Germany|

* Deutscher Michel
* Germania

Greece|

* Hellas

Hungary|

* Lady of Hungaria
* Prince Csaba
* Székely Land
* Turul

Iceland|

* Lady of the Mountain

Ireland|

* Ériu
* Hibernia
* Kathleen Ni Houlihan

Italy|

* Italia turrita
* Roma

Malta|

* Melita

Netherlands|

* Dutch Maiden
* Leo Belgicus

Norway|

* no:Mor Norge
* Nór
* Ola Nordmann

Poland|

* Polonia

Portugal|

* Efígie da República
* Angel of Portugal
* Zé Povinho

Serbia|

* Kosovo Maiden
* Mother Serbia

Spain|

* Hispania
* es:León hispano

Sweden|

* Mother Svea

Switzerland|

* Helvetia

Russia|

* Mother Russia
* Russian Bear
* Russian Winter

Ukraine|

* Cossack Mamay
* Mother Ukraine

United Kingdom|

* Britannia
* John Bull
* Dame Wales
* Scota
* Welsh Dragon

Oceania|

| Australia|

* Boxing kangaroo
* Digger
* Little Boy from Manly

|

New Zealand|

* Southern man (South Island)
* Zealandia

* Countryballs
* Symbols of Liberty

* v
* t
* e

National symbols (list)

Topics|

* Coat of arms
* Colour
* Deity
* Dish
* Emblem
* Father
* Flag
* Flower
* Myth
* Patron saint
* Personification
* Poetry
* Epic
* Poets
* Religion
* Sport

Lists|

* Animals
* birds
* Anthems
* Dances
* Founders
* Fruits
* Instruments
* Drinks
* liquors
* Mottos
* Trees

Galleries|

* Country coats of arms
* State flags

* v
* t
* e

Personal names and anthroponymy

Personal name|

* Birth name
* Given name
* Surname
* patrilineal
* matrilineal
* affixes
* nobiliary particle

By sequence|

* Given name
* list
* Middle name
* Surname
* list

By trait|

* Diminutive
* Double-barrelled
* Epithet
* animal
* common
* plant
* Eponymic
* Matronymic
* Metonymic
* Mononymic
* Occupational
* Patronymic
* surname
* Sobriquet
* Teknonymic
* Toponymic
* surname
* Patrial
* Unisex
* Virtue

By life situation|

* Aptronym
* Birth name
* Code name
* Maiden and married names
* Necronym
* Posthumous name
* Temple name
* Placeholder name
* Notname
* Regnal name
* Slave name

Pseudonyms (list)|

* Art name
* bugō
* Nicknames
* list
* hypocorism
* list of monarchs
* nom de guerre
* Pen name
* heteronym
* Ring name
* shikona
* Stage name
* list
* list of mononyms
* Username

By culture (surnames)|

| East Asia|

* Amami
* Chinese
* art
* courtesy
* generation
* titles
* Hong Kong
* Formosan
* Japanese
* Korean
* Okinawan
* Vietnamese

|

Northern Asia
and Central Asia|

* Kalmyk
* Manchu
* Mongolian
* Sakha
* Tibetan

North Africa
and Western Asia|

* Afghan
* Arabic
* Azerbaijani
* Berber
* Coptic
* Hebrew
* Mandaean
* Pashtun
* Persian
* Somali
* Tatar
* Turkish

Oceania|

* Australian Aboriginal
* Fijian
* Hawaiian
* Māori
* Vanuatuan

Sub-Saharan Africa|

* Ashanti
* Congolese
* Eritrean and Ethiopian
* Ewe
* Ghanaian
* Igbo
* Yoruba
* Zimbabwean

Europe,
Americas,
and Australasia|

| Baltic|

* Latvian
* Lithuanian

|

Celtic|

* Cornish
* Irish
* Manx
* Scottish
* Welsh

Germanic|

* Dutch
* English
* American
* African-American
* Canadian
* German
* Gothic
* Icelandic
* Scandinavian
* Swedish

Romance|

* Catalan
* French
* Italian
* Occitan
* Portuguese
* Roman
* praenomen
* nomen
* cognomen
* agnomen
* Romanian
* Spanish
* Latin America

Slavic|

* Bulgarian
* Croatian
* Czech
* East Slavic
* Belarusian
* Russian
* Ukrainian
* Kashubian
* Macedonian
* Polish
* Serbian
* Slovak
* Suffixes

Uralic|

* Estonian
* Finnish
* Hungarian

Other|

* Albanian
* Armenian
* Basque
* Georgian
* Greek
* ancient
* Cypriot

South and Southeast Asia|

* Balinese
* Bengali
* Bhutanese
* Burmese
* Filipino
* Indonesian
* Chinese
* Javanese
* Cambodian
* Malaysian
* Mizo (Lushai)
* Indian
* Lao
* Pakistani
* Sindhi
* Sinhalese
* Tamilian
* Thai

By religion|

* Christian
* biblical
* papal
* saint
* Buddhist surname
* Dharma
* Jewish
* Hebrew
* surname
* Mandaean
* Theophoric

Manners of address (list)
Of authority and of honour|

| Styles|

* Honorific
* diplomatic
* imperial, royal, and noble
* judiciary
* religious
* ecclesiastical
* Pre-nominal letters
* Suffix
* emeritus
* Post-nominal letters
* academic
* orders, decorations, and medals

|

Titles|

* Academic
* Imperial, royal and noble
* chivalric
* courtesy
* false
* hereditary
* subsidiary
* substantive
* Military
* professional
* Academic
* educational
* honorary
* Corporate
* Diplomatic
* Judicial
* Religious
* ecclesiastical
* papal

Related traditions|

* Baptism
* Name day
* Calendar of saints

Related|

* Acronym
* Anonymity
* Anthropomorphism
* personification
* national
* Call sign
* Deadnaming
* Endonym and exonym
* Family
* Galton–Watson process
* Legal name
* name change
* Namesake
* Naming taboo
* Nomenclature
* nomen nescio
* Misnomer
* Onomastics
* -onym
* Personal identity
* identifier
* Proper noun
* Signature
* monogram
* royal cypher
* khelrtva
* signum manus
* tughra
* Surnames by country

*[lit.]: literal translation
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