Nationalist historiography

For the historiography of nationalism, see nationalism studies.

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Historiography is the study of how history is written. One pervasive influence upon the writing of history has been nationalism, a set of beliefs about political legitimacy and cultural identity. Nationalism has provided a significant framework for historical writing in Europe and in those former colonies influenced by Europe since the nineteenth century. Typically official school textbooks are based on the nationalist model and focus on the emergence, trials and successes of the forces of nationalism.[1]

## Origins

[edit]

The eighteenth and nineteenth century saw the emergence of nationalist ideologies.[2][3][4] John Breuilly notes how the "historical grounding of nationalism was reinforced by its close ties with the emergence of professional academic historical writing."[5] During the French Revolution a national identity was crafted, identifying the common people with the Gauls. In Germany historians and humanists, such as Johann Gottfried Herder and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, identified a linguistic and cultural identity of the German nation, which became the basis of a political movement to unite the fragmented states of this German nation.[6]

A significant historiographical outcome of this movement of German nationalism was the formation of a "Society for Older German Historical Knowledge", which sponsored the editing of a massive collection of documents of German history, the Monumenta Germaniae Historica. The sponsors of the MGH, as it is commonly known, defined German history very broadly; they edited documents concerning all territories where German-speaking people had once lived or ruled. Thus, documents from Italy to France to the Baltic were grist for the mill of the MGH's editors.[7]

This model of scholarship focusing on detailed historical and linguistic investigations of the origins of a nation, set by the founders of the MGH, was imitated throughout Europe. In this framework, historical phenomena were interpreted as they related to the development of the nation-state; the state was projected into the past. National histories are thus expanded to cover everything that has ever happened within the largest extent of the expansion of a nation, turning Mousterian hunter-gatherers into incipient Frenchmen. Conversely, historical developments spanning many current countries may be ignored, or analysed from narrow parochial viewpoints[citation needed].

The efforts of these nineteenth century historians provided the intellectual foundations for both justifying the creation of new nation states and the expansion of already existing ones.[8] As Georg Iggers notes, these historians were often highly partisan and "went into the archives to find evidence that would support their nationalistic and class preconceptions and thus give them the aura of scientific authority."[9] Paul Lawrence concurs, noting how – even with nationalisms still without states – historians "often sought to provide a historical basis for the claims to nationhood and political independence of states that did not yet exist."[10]

## Time depth and ethnicity

[edit]

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Further information: National myth

The difficulty faced by any national history is the changeable nature of ethnicity. That one nation may turn into another nation over time, both by splitting (colonization) and by merging (syncretism, acculturation) is implicitly acknowledged by ancient writers; Herodotus describes the Armenians as "colonists of the Phrygians", implying that at the time of writing clearly separate groups originated as a single group. Similarly, Herodotus refers to a time when the "Athenians were just beginning to be counted as Hellenes", implying that a formerly Pelasgian group over time acquired "Greekness". The Alamanni are described by Asinius Quadratus as originally a conglomerate of various tribes which acquired a common identity over time. All these processes are summarized under the term ethnogenesis.

In ancient times, ethnicities often derived their or their rulers' origin from divine or semi-divine founders of a mythical past (for example, the Anglo-Saxons deriving their dynasties from Woden; see also Euhemerism). In modern times, such mythical aetiologies in nationalist constructions of history were replaced by the frequent attempt to link one's own ethnic group to a source as ancient as possible, often known not from tradition but only from archaeology or philology, such as Armenians claiming as their origin the Urartians, the Albanians claiming as their origin the Pelasgians (supposedly including Illyrians, Epirotes, and Ancient Macedonians), the Georgians claiming as their origin the Mushki—all of the mentioned groups being known only from either ancient historiographers or archaeology.

## Nationalism and ancient history

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Further information: Indigenism

See also: Nationalization of history

Nationalist ideologies frequently employ results of archaeology and ancient history as propaganda, often significantly distorting them to fit their aims, cultivating national mythologies and national mysticism. Frequently this involves the uncritical identification of one's own ethnic group with some ancient or even prehistoric (known only archaeologically) group,[11] whether mainstream scholarship accepts as plausible or reject as pseudoarchaeology the historical derivation of the contemporary group from the ancient one. The decisive point, often assumed implicitly, that it is possible to derive nationalist or ethnic pride from a population that lived millennia ago and, being known only archaeologically or epigraphically, is not remembered in living tradition.

Examples include Kurds claiming identity with the Medes,[12] Albanians claiming as their origin the Pelasgians,[13] Bulgarians claiming identity with the Thracians, Iraqis with Sumer,[14] Georgians claiming as their origin the Mushki, all of the mentioned groups being known only from either ancient historiographers or archaeology. In extreme cases, nationalists will ignore the process of ethnogenesis altogether and claim ethnic identity of their own group with some scarcely attested ancient ethnicity known to scholarship by the chances of textual transmission or archaeological excavation.

Historically, various hypotheses regarding the Urheimat of the Proto-Indo-Europeans has been a popular object of patriotic pride, quite regardless of their respective scholarly values:

* Albanian nationalism: The descent from the Pelasgians (supposedly including Illyrians, Epirotes, and Ancient Macedonians)
* Romanian nationalism: Dacianism or Dacomania
* Greek nationalism: The supposedly Greek origins of the ancient Thracians, Illyrians and of the Minoan civilization.
* Northern European origins of an Aryan race (Germanic mysticism, Nazi mysticism, Ahnenerbe)
* Lithuanian Sarmatism: The Lithuanian origins of the Goths, Sarmatians and other Eastern European peoples.
* Pan-Turkism and Neo-Eurasianism postulate mythical origins of humanity or culture in Central Asia, (Sun Language Theory, Arkaim)
* Slavic nationalisms: Polish Sarmatism, Macedonism, Illyrian movement, Thracomania, etc.[15]
* Slovene nationalists and venetic theory
* Armenian nationalism: Armenia, Subartu and Sumer
* Antiquization: claims continuity between ancient Macedonia and modern North Macedonia
* Indian Indigenous Aryanism: believes that the Indo-European peoples originated in South Asia instead of Eastern Europe

## Study

[edit]

Nationalism was so much taken for granted as the "proper" way to organize states and view history that nationalization of history was essentially invisible to historians until fairly recently.[dubious - discuss] Then scholars such as Ernest Gellner, Benedict Anderson, and Anthony D. Smith made attempts to step back from nationalism and view it critically. Historians began to ask themselves how this ideology had affected the writing of history.

Smith, for instance, develops the concept of 'historicism' to describe an emerging belief in the birth, growth, and decay of specific peoples and cultures, which - in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries - became "increasingly attractive as a framework for inquiry into the past and present and [...] an explanatory principle in elucidating the meaning of events, past and present".[16]

Speaking to an audience of anthropologists, the historian E. J. Hobsbawm pointed out the central role of the historical profession in the development of nationalism:

> Historians are to nationalism what poppy-growers in Pakistan are to the heroin-addicts: we supply the essential raw material for the market. Nations without a past are contradictions in terms. What makes a nation is the past, what justifies one nation against others is the past, and historians are the people who produce it. So my profession, which has always been mixed up in politics, becomes an essential component of nationalism.[17]

Martin Bernal's much debated book Black Athena (1987) argues that the historiography on ancient Greece has been in part influenced by nationalism and ethnocentrism.[18] He also claimed that influences by non-Greek or non-Indo-European cultures on Ancient Greek were marginalized.[18]

According to the medieval historian Patrick J. Geary:

> [The] modern [study of] history was born in the nineteenth century, conceived and developed as an instrument of European nationalism. As a tool of nationalist ideology, the history of Europe's nations was a great success, but it has turned our understanding of the past into a toxic waste dump, filled with the poison of ethnic nationalism, and the poison has seeped deep into popular consciousness.[19]

## By country

[edit]

Nationalist historiographies have emerged in a number of countries and some have been subject to in-depth scholarly analysis.

### Cuba

[edit]

In 2007, Kate Quinn presented an analysis of the Cuban nationalist historiography.[20]

### Indonesia

[edit]

In 2003, Rommel Curaming analyzed the Indonesian nationalistic historiography.[21]

### South Korea

[edit]

Nationalist historiography in South Korea has been the subject of 2001 study by Kenneth M. Wells.[22]

### Thailand

[edit]

In 2003, Patrick Jory analyzed the Thai nationalistic historiography.[23]

### Zimbabwe

[edit]

In 2004, Terence Ranger noted that "Over the past two or three years there has emerged in Zimbabwe a sustained attempt by the Mugabe regime to propagate what is called ‘patriotic history’."[24]

## See also

[edit]

* Afrocentrism
* Gothicism
* Historical revisionism
* Historical negationism
* Irredentism
* Methodological nationalism
* Nationalisms Across the Globe
* National myth
* Nationalism and archaeology
* Nationalization of history
* Nazi archaeology
* Primordialism
* Romantic nationalism
* Politics of archaeology in Israel and Palestine

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Umut Özkirimli, Umut. (2005). Contemporary Debates on Nationalism: A Critical Introduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p.180.
2. ^ Gellner, Ernest (1983). Nations and Nationalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9263-7.
3. ^ Anderson, Benedict (1991). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (2nd ed.). London: Verso. ISBN 0-86091-546-8.
4. ^ Hobsbawm, Eric (1992). Nations and Nationalism since 1780. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43961-2.
5. ^ Breuilly, John (2013). "Introduction: Concepts, Approaches, Theories". In Breuilly, John (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 2\. ISBN 978-0-19-876820-3.
6. ^ Geary 2002, p. 21-25.
7. ^ Geary 2002, p. 26-29.
8. ^ Vasilev, George (2019). "Methodological nationalism and the politics of history-writing: how imaginary scholarship perpetuates the nation" (PDF). Nations and Nationalism. 25 (2): 499–522. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
9. ^ Lawrence, Paul (2013). "Nationalism and Historical Writing". In Breuilly, John (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 716\. ISBN 978-0-19-876820-3.
10. ^ Lawrence, Paul (2013). "Nationalism and Historical Writing". In Breuilly, John (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 717\. ISBN 978-0-19-876820-3.
11. ^ "Methodological Delusions. Antiquity Frenzy". UMass. 27 February 2004. Archived from the original on 29 May 2007. Retrieved 29 September 2007.
12. ^ van Bruinessen, Martin (9 July 2014). "The Ethnic Identity of the Kurds in Turkey Martin van Bruinessen" (PDF). Universiteit Utrecht. pp. 1–11\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2017.
13. ^ Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, ernd Jürgen (2002). Albanian Identities: Myth and History. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 73–74\. ISBN 9781850655725.
14. ^ Harkhu, Umangh (2005). Scholtz, Leopold; Pretorius, Joelien; N'Diaye, Boubacar; Heinecken, Lindy; Gueli, Richard; Neethling, Ariane; Liebenberg, Ian (eds.). "Does History Repeat Itself? The Ideology of Saddam Hussein and the Mesopotamian Era" (PDF). South African Journal of Military Studies. 33 (1): 47–71\. ISSN 1022-8136. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2005. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
15. ^ Todorović, Miloš (2019). "Nationalistic Pseudohistory in the Balkans". Skeptic Magazine. 24 (4). Retrieved 26 January 2020.
16. ^ Smith, A.D. (1991). National Identity. Penguin. p.87.
17. ^ Hobsbawm, E. J. 1992. "Ethnicity and Nationalism in Europe Today" Anthropology Today 8(1): 3–8.
18. ^ a b Arvidsson, Stefan (15 September 2006). Aryan Idols: Indo-European Mythology as Ideology and Science. Translated by Wichmann, Sonia. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 50–51\. ISBN 0-226-02860-7.
19. ^ Geary 2002, p. 15.
20. ^ Quinn, Kate (2007). "Cuban Historiography in the 1960s: Revisionists, Revolutionaries and the Nationalist Past". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 26 (3): 378–398\. doi:10.1111/j.1470-9856.2007.00230.x. ISSN 1470-9856.
21. ^ "Towards Reinventing Indonesian Nationalist Historiography | Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia". kyotoreview.org. 20 March 2003. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
22. ^ Wells, Kenneth M. (2001). "The Nation, the World, and the Dissolution of the Shin'ganhoe: Nationalist Historiography in South Korea". Korean Studies. 25 (2): 179–206\. ISSN 0145-840X. JSTOR 23718902.
23. ^ "Problems in Contemporary Thai Nationalist Historiography | Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia". kyotoreview.org. 17 March 2003. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
24. ^ Ranger, Terence (1 June 2004). "Nationalist Historiography, Patriotic History and the History of the Nation: the Struggle over the Past in Zimbabwe". Journal of Southern African Studies. 30 (2): 215–234\. doi:10.1080/0305707042000215338. ISSN 0305-7070. S2CID 143874509.

## Further reading

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### Nationalism in general

[edit]

* Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, 2nd. ed. London: Verso, 1991. ISBN 0-86091-546-8
* Bond, George C. and Angela Gilliam (eds.) Social Construction of the Past: Representation as Power. London: Routledge, 1994. ISBN 0-415-15224-0
* Díaz-Andreu, Margarita. A World History of Nineteenth-Century Archaeology. Nationalism, Colonialism and the Past. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-19-921717-5
* Díaz-Andreu, Margarita and Champion, Tim (eds.) Nationalism and Archaeology in Europe. London: UCL Press; Boulder, Co.: Westview Press, 1996. ISBN 1-85728-289-2 (UCL Press); ISBN 0-8133-3051-3 (hb) & 978-0813330518 (pb) (Westview)
* Ferro, Marc. The Use and Abuse of History: Or How the Past Is Taught to Children. London:Routledge, 2003, ISBN 0-415-28592-5
* Geary, Patrick J. (2002). The Myth of Nations: The Medieval Origins of Europe. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11481-1.
* Gellner, Ernest. Nations and Nationalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983. ISBN 0-8014-9263-7
* Hobsbawm, Eric. Nations and Nationalism since 1780. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-521-43961-2
* Hobsbawm, Eric J. and Terence Ranger, ed.. The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992 ISBN 0-521-43773-3
* Kohl, Philip L. "Nationalism and Archaeology: On the Constructions of Nations and the Reconstructions of the Remote past", Annual Review of Anthropology, 27, (1998): 223–246.
* Smith, Anthony D. The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1988. ISBN 0-631-16169-4
* Suny, Ronald Grigor. "Constructing Primordialism: Old Histories for New Nations", The Journal of Modern History, 73, 4 (Dec, 2001): 862–896.
* Bergunder, Michael Contested Past: Anti-Brahmanical and Hindu nationalist reconstructions of Indian prehistory, Historiographia Linguistica, Volume 31, Number 1, 2004, 59–104.
* G. Fagan (ed.), Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public Routledge (2006), ISBN 0-415-30593-4.
* Kohl, Fawcett (eds.), Nationalism, Politics and the Practice of Archaeology, Cambridge University Press (1996), ISBN 0-521-55839-5
* Bruce Lincoln, Theorizing Myth: Narrative, Ideology, and Scholarship, University of Chicago Press (2000), ISBN 0-226-48202-2.

### Specific nationalisms

[edit]

Baltic

* Krapauskas, Virgil. Nationalism and Historiography: The Case of Nineteenth-Century Lithuanian Historicism. Boulder, Colo.: East European Monographs, 2000. ISBN 0-88033-457-6

Celtic

* Chapman, Malcolm. The Celts: The Construction of a Myth. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992. ISBN 0-312-07938-9
* Dietler, Michael. "'Our Ancestors the Gauls': Archaeology, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Manipulation of Celtic Identity in Modern Europe". American Anthropologist, N.S. 96 (1994): 584–605.
* James, Simon. The Atlantic Celts: Ancient People or Modern Invention? London: British Museum Press, 1999. ISBN 0-7141-2165-7

Chinese

* Duara, Prasenjit. Rescuing History from the Nation: Questioning Narratives of Modern China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997 ISBN 0-226-16722-4

Israeli

* Abu El-Haj, Nadia. Facts on the Ground: Archaeological Practice and Territorial Self-Fashioning in Israeli Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0226001951
* Uri Ram, The Future of the Past in Israel – A Sociology of Knowledge Approach, in Benny Morris, Making Israel, the University of Michigan Press, 2007.

Pakistan

* Raja, Masood Ashraf. Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity, 1857–1947, Oxford 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-547811-2

Spanish

* Díaz-Andreu, Margarita 2010. "Nationalism and Archaeology. Spanish Archaeology in the Europe of Nationalities". In Preucel, R. and Mrozowksi, S. (eds.), Contemporary Archaeology in Theory and Practice. London, Blackwell: 432–444.

### Recent conferences

[edit]

* Nationalism, Historiography and the (Re)construction of the Past, University of Birmingham, 10–12 September 2004

## External links

[edit]

Wikiquote has quotations related to Nationalist historiography.

* "Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions", comprehensive collection of new articles by modern scholars

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|

Concepts

| General|

* Change and continuity
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|

Specific|

* Black legend
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modern history|

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|

By country or region

| Africa|

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|

Americas|

* Canada
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| Latin America|

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|

United States|

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Eurasia|

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| Ancient Rome|

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|

China|

* 5000-year civilization assertion
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France|

* Cordon sanitaire
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* Lyon [fr]
* Historiography of Vichy France

Germany|

* Alltagsgeschichte
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India|

* Greater Magadha
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Ireland|

* Great Famine
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* Revisionism
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Italy|

* Fascist Italy
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Poland|

* Golden Liberty
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Russia|

* Anti-Normanism
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* Skeptic School [ru]
* Soviet Union
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* Causes of the Holodomor
* Holodomor genocide question
* Holodomor in modern politics

Spain|

* Black legend / White legend
* Hispanism
* Carlism in the Francoist era
* Convivencia
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* Reconquista
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* Revisionist
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* Ser de España [es]

Turkey|

* Kemalist
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United
Kingdom|

* Poor Laws
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* Westminster Stone
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* Suffragette Campaign
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| British
Empire|

* Cambridge School
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|

Oceania|

* Colonial Australia

By war, conflict

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Military historiography

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conflicts|

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18th and 19th
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| Coalition Wars
(1792–1815)|

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|

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World War I|

* Causes (Color books / Fischer thesis)
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* Patriotic consent
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* Powder keg of Europe
* Schlieffen Plan
* Spirit of 1914 / 1917
* Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Germany imposed this on Russia in 1918

| Treaty of
Versailles|

* Reparations
* War guilt question
* Article 231
* Reichstag inquiry

|

Interwar period|

* Burning of Smyrna
* Polish–Soviet War
* Causes
* Spanish Civil War
* Background

World War II|

* Causes
* "Blitzkrieg" concept
* Broad vs. narrow front
* German resistance to Nazism
* Nazi foreign policy debate

| Eastern Front|

* Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
* Soviet offensive plans
* Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising
* Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
* Winter War
* Background
* Spirit

|

The Holocaust|

* Auschwitz bombing debate
* Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe
* Functionalism–intentionalism debate
* In relation to the Armenian genocide / Nakba
* Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
* Pius Wars
* "Polish death camp"
* Responsibility
* Slovakia
* Uniqueness

Pacific War|

* Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
* "Battle for Australia"
* Bengal famine
* Second Sino-Japanese War
* Nanjing Massacre

Western Front|

* Battle of France
* Guilty Men
* Résistancialisme
* Vichy France

Cold War|

* Origins
* 1948 Palestine war
* Palestinian expulsion and flight / Ongoing Nakba
* Zionism as settler colonialism
* New Historians
* Malayan Emergency
* Causes
* Algerian War
* Six-Day War
* Origins
* Iranian revolution
* Causes
* Iran–Iraq War
* Falklands War
* Sovereignty dispute
* Sri Lankan civil war
* Origins

Post-Cold War|

* Russo-Georgian War
* Background
* Responsibility
* Syrian revolution
* Causes

Related|

* Conflict thesis
* Gunpowder and gun transmission
* War and genocide

* Category

By person

| Political
leaders|

* Adolf Hitler
* Alexander the Great
* Amin al-Husseini
* Aurangzeb
* Cato the Younger
* Che Guevara
* Chiang Ching-kuo [zh]
* Chiang Kai Shek [zh]
* Constantine the Great
* Gregory Palamas
* Horatio Nelson
* Hypatia
* Jiang Zemin [zh]
* Joseph Stalin [ru]
* José de San Martín
* Juan Manuel de Rosas
* Klemens von Metternich
* Leonid Brezhnev
* Louis Riel
* Mao Zedong [zh]
* Muammar Gaddafi
* Napoleon
* Neville Chamberlain
* Pedro II of Brazil
* Simon Bolivar
* Cult of personality [es]
* Bolivarianism
* Saladin
* Sun Yat-sen [zh]
* Thomas Aquinas
* Thomas Jefferson
* Ulysses S. Grant
* Warren G. Harding
* Yuan Shikai [zh]
* Zhou Enlai [zh]
* Zhuge Liang [zh]

| Historical
rankings|

* Australia
* Canada
* Modern Germany
* Netherlands
* United Kingdom
* United States

|

Others|

* The Beatles
* Charles Darwin
* Friedrich Nietzsche
* H. P. Lovecraft
* Jane Austen
* Muhammed
* Historicity
* Judaism
* Medieval Christian
* Jesus
* Historicity
* Resurrection
* Religious perspectives
* Christianity
* Judaism
* Islam
* J. R. R. Tolkien
* The Lord of the Rings
* Madonna
* Robert Falcon Scott
* Socrates
* Søren Kierkegaard
* William Shakespeare

Other topics

* Bears in antiquity
* Crisis of historiography [pt]
* Feudalism
* Library of Alexandria
* Nationalism in the Middle Ages
* Professionalization and institutionalization of history
* Salons
* Western European colonialism and colonization
* Desacralization of knowledge

| Economics|

* Industrial Revolution
* Great Recession
* Great Depression
* School of Thoughts
* Historical school of economics
* English historical school of economics

|

Religion|

* Avestan geography
* Early Christianity
* Background
* Historical reliability of the Gospels
* Primacy of Peter
* Opposition to Papal supremacy
* Proto-orthodox Christianity
* Early Islam
* Criticism of the Quran
* Succession to Muhammad
* Islamic golden age
* Kharijites
* Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church
* Second Vatican Council
* Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II [it]
* Hesychast controversy
* Protestant Reformation
* Proto-Protestantism
* Criticism of Protestantism
* Protestant work ethic
* Jesuit historiography
* Modern Jewish history
* Wissenschaft des Judentums
* Schools of thought
* Biblical criticism
* Catholic theology
* Panbabylonism
* Urreligion
* Perennial
* Religionsgeschichtliche Schule
* Roman
* Revisionist school of Islamic studies

Science /
Technology|

* Merton thesis
* Protestant Ethic and Capitalism
* Heroic theory of invention and scientific development
* Gunpowder and gun transmission
* Torsion mangonel myth

Organizations, publications

* Heritage registers
* Historical society (list)
* History institutes
* History journals
* template

Related

* Commemorative plaque
* Documentary film
* Hagiography
* Historical fiction
* Historical realism
* Historiographic metafiction
* Historical geographic information system

* Category
* Multimedia

* v
* t
* e

Nationalism

Development|

* Nationalism in Antiquity
* Nationalism in the Middle Ages
* Anthem
* Colours
* Flag
* Epic
* God
* Identity
* Language
* Music
* Myth
* Religion
* Sport
* Symbol
* Animal
* Emblem
* Flower
* Treasure

By type|

* African
* Anarchist
* Blind
* Bourgeois
* Business
* Welfare
* Civic
* Constitutional patriotism
* Corporate-
* Cyber-
* Ecological
* Economic
* Ethnic
* European
* Expansionist
* Palingenetic ultranationalism
* Homo-
* Integral
* Left-wing
* Communist
* Linguistic
* Mystic
* Neo-/New
* Pan-
* Queer
* Right-wing
* Racial
* Arab
* Berber
* Black
* Korean
* White
* Zionism
* Religious
* Christian
* Catholic
* Clerico-
* Mormon
* Hindu
* Hindutva
* Islamic
* Resource
* Revolutionary
* Ethnocacerism
* National syndicalist
* Falangism
* Fascism
* List of fascist movements
* Romantic
* Technological
* Territorial
* Terrorism
* Trans-
* Ultra-
* Japan

Organizations|

* List of nationalist organizations
* Nationalist Clubs

Related concepts|

* Anarchism and nationalism
* Anationalism
* Anti-nationalism
* Banal nationalism
* Cultural nationalism
* Diaspora politics
* Eliminationism
* Exceptionalism
* Gastronationalism
* Gender and nationalism
* Historiography and nationalism
* Internationalism
* Irredentism
* Jingoism
* Nation-building
* National indifference
* National question
* National revival
* Nation state
* Nationalism studies
* Natural border
* Plurinationalism
* Principle of nationalities [fr]
* Revanchism
* State-building
* Wars of national liberation

Authority control databases

National|

* United States
* Israel

Other|

* Yale LUX

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