Native American tribes in Iowa

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1718 Guillaume Delisle map, showing locations of the Ioway (Aiouez au Pauotez), the Omaha (Maha), the Otoe (Octotata), and the Kaw (Cansez), and the main voyageur trail (Chemin des voyageurs).

Several Native American tribes hold or have held territory within the lands that are now the state of Iowa.[1][2][3]

Iowa, defined by the Missouri River and Big Sioux River on the west and Mississippi River on the east, marks a shift from the Central Plains and the Eastern Woodlands. It fits within the Prairie cultural region; however, this region is seldom used, and the region is more commonly split between Great Plains and Northeastern Woodlands.

Many tribes have migrated through or been forcibly removed through the region.

## Today

[edit]

Today, there are four federally recognized tribes in Iowa: the Omaha Tribe of Nebraska, the Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa, the Ponca Tribe of Nebraska and the Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska.

## Precontact era

[edit]

### Chiwere-Siouan speaking tribes

[edit]

Iowa, 1861

* Ho-Chunk (Winnebago)
* Iowa (Baxoje)
* Missouria
* Otoes

The precontact Oneota culture may have included Chiwere language–speaking peoples. At the time of contact with European explorers, their range covered most of Iowa. The Ho-Chunk ranged primarily east of the Mississippi in southern Wisconsin, the Ioway/Baxoje ranged in northern Iowa, the Otoe in central and southern Iowa, and the Missouria in far southern Iowa.[4][5][6] All these tribes were also active during the historic period.

### Dhegihan Siouan–speaking tribes

[edit]

Moni Chaki, Ponca, 1898

The following tribes arrived in the late prehistoric period:

* Kaw (Kansa)
* Omaha
* Osage
* Ponca

The Dhegihan Siouan peoples lived near the Missouri River in the very Late precontact and post-contact periods; they appear to have migrated to the region from the south or southeast. Their origin location is debated.[7][8]

### Other Western Siouan language–speaking tribes

[edit]

The following tribes also had an early presence in Iowa:

* Hidatsa
* Mandan

These may be descendants of the Mill Creek culture who flourished from 1100 to 1300 CE and whose territory extended into northwest Iowa.[2] Their territory was wide. The Lewis and Clark expedition reported on Mandan villages on the upper Missouri River.

### Dakota Siouan–speakers

[edit]

* Santee Dakota
* Yankton Dakota

The Dakota pushed southward into much of Iowa in the 18th and 19th centuries. They often encountered European-American settlers.[3] In 1840, the translator Isaac Galland noted several Dakota groups in or near Iowa, including Wahpekute, North Sisseton, South Sisseton, East Wahpetonwan, West Wahpetonwan, Yankton, and Mdewakantonwan.[9]

## Post-contact

[edit]

### Caddoan speaking–tribes

[edit]

Iowa, 1798, showing several tribes, including Pawnee (Panis/Panibousa), Iowa (Aiaouez/Aioureoua and Paoute/Paoutaoua), Dakota, and Omaha (Maha); approximate state highlighted. Mandan and Arikara delegation

* Arikara
* Pawnee

These may descend from the Central Plains tradition cultures (ca. 1000–1780 CE) who lived in southwest Iowa, especially around the present-day Glenwood area. The Pawnee (Panis) are shown in southwest Iowa on a 1798 map, although they ranged primarily to the west.[2]

### Algonquian speakers

[edit]

Sauk family, 1899

Tribes from the early contact period:

* Illinois Confederacy (including Moingona, Peoria, and Piankashaw)
* Kickapoo. A subgroup occupied the Upper Iowa River region in the late 17th century and early 18th century. They may have been called the Mahouea.[10]
* Mascouten
* Meskwaki (Fox)
* Sauk (Thâkînâwe)

The encroachment of Europeans and long-term conflict among Algonquian and Iroquoian tribes in the east pushed many eastern tribes into the Midwest. Many Meskwaki remained in Iowa, even after Indian Removal in 1846. They established a recognized Settlement.[1][3]

### Iroquoian speakers

[edit]

The Wyandot (Huron) were Iroquoian speakers from the early post-contact period. Again, the encroachment of Europeans and the long-term conflict between Algonquian and Iroquoian tribes in the east pushed these tribes into the Midwest.[1][3]

### Anishinaabeg

[edit]

Pierre-Jean De Smet's map of the Council Bluffs, Iowa area, 1839. The area labeled 'Caldwell's Camp' was a Potawatomi village led by Sauganash. This was later developed as Council Bluffs.[11]

These tribes moved to Iowa during the historic period:

* Potawatomi
* Ojibwe (Chippewa)
* Odawa (Ottawa)

The forced relocation of tribes in the 19th century from east of the Mississippi led to some eastern tribes living in and near Iowa. Their former territory had been around the Great Lakes.[1] Potawatomi Chief Sauganash founded the village that eventually grew into Council Bluffs.[11]

## Southern Plains tribes

[edit]

* Plains Apache and Comanche traveled through the region from the 17th century to 19th century.[1]

## Indian settlements and claimed lands in Iowa

[edit]

* Meskwaki Settlement, Iowa
* Blackbird Bend

## Notable Indians who lived in Iowa

[edit]

Taimah (Chief Tama)

* Appanoose
* Antonine Barada (White Horse)
* Black Hawk
* Douglas Spotted Eagle
* Inkpaduta
* Keokuk
* Mahaska "White Cloud"
* Neapope
* Maria Pearson
* Poweshiek[12]
* Quashquame
* John Raymond Rice
* Sauganash (Billy Caldwell)
* Sidominadota
* Taimah (Tama)
* Wabansi
* Wapello
* Watseka
* Ray Young Bear
* Notchininga "No Heart"[13]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e Foster, Lance M. (2009). The Indians of Iowa. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. ISBN 1-58729-817-1.
2. ^ a b c Alex, Lynn M. (2000). Iowa's Archaeological Past. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. ISBN 978-0-87745-681-0. Archived from the original on 2009-11-20. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
3. ^ a b c d Peterson, Cynthia L. (2009). "Historical Tribes and Early Forts". In W.E. Whittaker (ed.). Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. pp. 12–29\. ISBN 1-58729-882-1. Archived from the original on 2009-08-05. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
4. ^ Mildred Mott (1938) "The Relation of Historic Indian Tribes to Archaeological Manifestations in Iowa", Iowa Journal of History and Politics 36:227-314.
5. ^ Late Prehistoric Oneota Population Movement into the Central Plains, by Lauren W. Ritterbush and Brad Logan. Plains Anthropologist Vol. 45, No. 173, pp. 257-272, 2000.
6. ^ "The Milford Site (13DK1): A Postcontact Oneota Village in Northwest Iowa", by Joseph A. Tiffany and Duane Anderson. Plains Anthropologist Vol. 38, No. 145, pp. 283-306, 1993.
7. ^ Susan C. Vehik, "Dhegiha Origins and Plains Archaeology", Plains Anthropologist Vol. 38, No. 146, pp. 231-52, 1996.
8. ^ Alfred E. Johnson, "Kansa Origins: An Alternative", Plains Anthropologist Vol. 36, no. 133, pp. 57-65, 1991.
9. ^ Isaac Galland, 1840, Galland's Iowa Emigrant: Containing a Map, and General Descriptions of Iowa Wm. Jones, Chillicothe
10. ^ Colin M., Betts. "Rediscovering the Mahouea". Journal of the Iowa Archeological Society. 58: 23–33.
11. ^ a b Whittaker (2008): "Pierre-Jean De Smet’s Remarkable Map of the Missouri River Valley, 1839: What Did He See in Iowa?", Journal of the Iowa Archeological Society 55:1-13.
12. ^ Poweshiek
13. ^ Lance M. Foster The Indians of Iowa 2009\. Quote: "The most famous of these maps was presented by Chief No Heart in connection with the treaty of 1837. It showed clearly the antiquity of Ioway villages along most of Iowa's major rivers; the United States decided in favor of the claims of the more numerous and powerful Sioux, Sauk, and Meskwaki."

## External links

[edit]

* Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa, official website

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