Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

Indian anti-government conflict since 1967

Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

Red Corridor-Naxalite active zones in 2018
| Date| 18 May 1967 (1967-05-18) – present
(58 years, 2 months, 3 weeks and 5 days)

|

Location|

India

Status|  Ongoing as a low-level insurgency[21]
Belligerents

* India[1]
* Indian Armed Forces
* Central Reserve Police Force
* Border Security Force
* State Armed Police Forces
* District Reserve Guard

* * *

Militias: (until 2011)[2]

* Tritiya Prastuti Committee
* Salwa Judum
* Sunlight Sena
* Kuer Sena[3]
* Ranvir Sena[4][5]
* Bhumi Sena
* Lorik Sena

* Naxalites
* CPI (Maoist)
* PLGA
* JJP[6]
* PLFI
* RCC
(2006–2019)[7]
* OMP (2002–2015)[8]
* CPI(ML) Liberation (1974–1992)
* Lal Sena
* CPI(ML) Janashakti (1992–2013)
* CPUSI (1997–2005)[9]
* CPI(ML) ND
* CPI(ML) MM (until 2012)
* ABNES (until 2002)
* TNLA[10]
(until 2005)[11]

Supported by:

*     * ULFA[12]
* NSCN[12]
* PLA-MP
* MCPM
* KCP
* Declared support:
* International Communist League[13]
* CPN (Maoist)
* CPN (2014)[14]
* NPA[15]
* PBSP[16] (until 2021)
* PBCP[17] (until 2021)
* CIC (until 1977)
* CCP (Maoist) (until 1976)[18]
* Khmer Rouge (until 1999)[19]
* Shining Path (from 2004)[20]
* MPCP (alleged)

Commanders and leaders
Droupadi Murmu
Narendra Modi
Amit Shah
Rajeev Rai Bhatnagar
Pranay Sahay[22]
Mahendra Karma X
(Leader of Salwa Judum)
Brahmeshwar Singh X
(Leader of Ranvir Sena)|

Ganapathy
Madvi Hidma
Barsa Deva
Thippiri Tirupathi
Mallujola Venugopal

Past senior commanders:

* Keshava Rao †
Chalpathi †
Charu Majumdar #
Jangal Santhal #
Kanu Sanyal #
Babu Panda (POW)
Azad †
Anand #
Kondapalli Seetharamaiah #
Kosa †
Koteswara Rao †
Kishan (POW)
Ashutosh Tudu (POW)
Naveen Babu †
Narmada Akka †
Deo Kumar Singh #
Milind Teltumbde †
Jagdish Mahto †
Ravindra Singh (POW)
Mahendar Singh †
Shankar Rao †
Vinod Gowda †
Arvind Yadav †

Strength
CRPF: 313,634
State Police Forces: 1,289,900|  600 (2025 est.)[23]
6,500–9,500 insurgents (2013 est.)[24]
10,000–20,000 insurgents (2009–2010 est.)[25][26]
Casualties and losses
2000–2025:
2,713 killed[27]|  2000–2025:
4,875 killed
18,163 surrendered
16,984 captured[27]
2000–2025: 4,119 civilians killed[27]

* v
* t
* e

Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

* Timeline

* * *

* Bara
* Rafiganj
* Lahsuna
* Balimela
* Lalgarh
* Rajnandgaon
* Green Hunt
* Silda
* Jnaneswari
* Dantewada (1st)
* Dantewada (2nd)
* Darbha
* Chhattisgarh
* Sukma (1st)
* Sukma (2nd)
* Gadchiroli
* Sukma-Bujapur
* Dantewada (3rd)
* Kanker
* Abujhmarh
* Bijapur
* Bijapur
* Black Forest

* v
* t
* e

Internal conflict in India

* Northeast India
* Naxalite–Maoist
* Jammu and Kashmir

The Naxalite–Maoist insurgency is an ongoing conflict between the Indian government and left-wing extremist groups. The Naxalites are a group of communist groups, who follow Maoist political sentiment and ideology, and claim to fight a rural rebellion and people's war against the government.[28][29][30]

The insurgency started after the 1967 Naxalbari uprising and the subsequent split of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) leading to the creation of a Marxist–Leninist faction. The faction later splintered into various smaller groups.

The armed wing of the Maoists is called the People's Liberation Guerrilla Army, mostly equipped with small arms. They have conducted multiple attacks on the security forces and government workers, which have resulted in the deaths of more than 4000 civilians and 2500 security force personnel since the 2000s.

The influence zone of the Naxalites is called the red corridor, which consists of about 38 districts, most of them in Central and East India. As of 2025, six districts- Bijapur Kanker, Narayanpur, and Sukma in Chhattisgarh, West Singhbhum in Jharkhand, and Gadchiroli in Maharashtra have been declared as "most affected" by Naxalism. Six districts-Alluri Sitarama Raju in Andhra Pradesh, Balaghat in Madhya Pradesh, Kandhamal, Kalahandi and Malkangiri in Odisha, and Bhadradri-Kothagudem in Telangana are declared as "districts of concern".

The insurgency reached its peak in the late 2000s with almost 180 affected districts and has been suppressed since then due to the counter-insurgency actions and development plans formulated by the Indian government. Naxalite organisations and groups have been declared as terrorist organisations under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act of India (1967).[31][32][33]

## History

[edit]

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Further information: Timeline of the Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

### Formation and early years (late 1960s to 1970s)

[edit]

Further information: Naxalbari uprising

In 1967, a faction of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) led by Charu Majumdar, Kanu Sanyal, and Jangal Santhal called the "Siliguri group" wanted a protracted people's war in India similar to the Chinese Communist Revolution and Majumdar wrote the Historic Eight Documents which became the foundation of the Naxalite movement.[34][35] The party was part of a coalition government in West Bengal. Majumdar believed that the party would support his doctrine with other leaders like land minister Hare Krishna Konar who had been supporting his rhetoric suggesting that "the militant confiscation of land was integral to the party's programme."[36][37] However, the party did not approve of the armed uprising, which led to internal conflict with the sympathizers of the group.[38]

In March 1967, a few peasant workers seized a plot of land from its jotedar. In May 1967, the Siliguri Kishan Sabha, of which Santhal was the president, declared their support for the movement initiated by Sanyal and their readiness to adopt an armed struggle to redistribute land to the landless.[39] The group advocated initiation of armed struggle and in Naxalbari in West Bengal, the peasants fought when a sharecropper of tribal background, who had been given land by the courts under the tenancy laws, was attacked by the previous landlord's men. When the police arrived, they were ambushed by a group led by Santhal, and in the ensuing fight, 11 people including a police inspector were killed.[40][41][42] In November 1967, a group led by Sushital Ray Chowdhury organised the All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries (AICCCR).[43]

The uprising led to the formation of Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) (CPI-ML) in April 1969, which was announced by Sanyal at a mass meeting in Calcutta.[44] It inspired similar movements in states like Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala.[45] In 1971, Satyanarayan Singh revolted against the leadership and split the CPI-ML into two, forming a separate provisional committee.[46] The Naxalites gained presence among the radical sections of the student groups in Calcutta.[47] Students left school to join the Naxalites and Majumdar declared that the revolutionary warfare was to take place not only in the rural areas as before, but now everywhere and spontaneously. He also declared an "annihilation line" and issued a dictum to assassinate individual "class enemies" such as landlords, businessmen, teachers, police officers, politicians and others.[48][49]

In response, the Government of West Bengal instituted countermeasures against the Naxalites. The insurgents clashed with the West Bengal Police and CPI-M cadres. With the public rejection of Majumdar's calls for extrajudicial killings, Naxalites alleged human rights violations by the state government, which responded that "the state was effectively fighting a civil war and that democratic pleasantries had no place in a war, especially when the opponent did not fight within the norms of democracy and civility".[42] With the support of the central government, Operation Steeplechase was launched with the aid of the paramilitary forces of the Indian Armed Forces, which resulted in the killing and imprisoning of suspected Naxalites and their cadres, including senior leaders.[50][51] In July 1972, Majumdar was arrested by the West Bengal Police and he later died in police custody.[52][53] After his death, the CPI-ML split into further factions such as the Mahadev Mukherjee faction and the CPI-ML Liberation in 1972.[54] By 1973, the main leaders of the Naxalites were either eliminated or arrested.[55][56] As a result of both external repression and a failure to maintain internal unity, the movement degenerated into extreme sectarianism and the original party fractured into more than 40 separate small groups.[57]

### Further growth and government action (1980s to late 1990s)

[edit]

The late 1970s saw the spread of Naxalism to other states of India.[58] Though the first wave of insurgent violence ended badly, it did not eliminate the movement altogether. The insurgency arose in South India in the early 1980s and on 22 April 1980, the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) People's War, commonly called as People's War Group (PWG) was founded by Kondapalli Seetharamaiah.[59] He sought a more efficient structure in attacks and followed the principles of Majumdar. The insurgents kidnapped landlords and forced them to confess to crimes, apologize to villagers, and repay forced bribes. By the early 1980s, the insurgents had established a stronghold and sanctuary along the Andhra Pradesh-Orissa border.[60]

In 1985, the Naxalites began ambushing police forces and killed N.Yadagiri Reddy, a sub-inspector of police in Warangal district of Andhra Pradesh. In response, a special task force called the Greyhounds was formed by the Government of Andhra Pradesh.[61] The governments of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa quelled down the rebels with a variety of counterinsurgency measures. The states established special laws that enabled police to capture and detain Naxalite cadres, fighters and presumed supporters.[62] They invited additional central paramilitary forces, set up organisations to attract youth away from the Naxalites, started rehabilitation programs for those who surrendered.[63] In the 1990s, several incidents of mass murders happened in Bihar wherein Maoists killed members of the land-owning Bhumihar community, who then retaliated through militias.[64][65][66]

### Peak of insurgency (2000s)

[edit]

On 2 December 2000, the armed wing of the Maoists called the People's Liberation Guerrilla Army was founded and mostly equipped with small arms.[67][68][42] On 1 October 2003, the Naxalites attacked a convoy of then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh Chandrababu Naidu en route to Tirumala, in which the Chief Minister was injured.[69] In response, the Andhra Pradesh government embarked on a rapid modernisation of its police force and up-gradation of its technical and operational capabilities to fight the insurgents and about 246 insurgents were killed during the year.[70][27] In September 2004, the CPI-Maoist was founded through the merger of the People's War Group, and the Maoist Communist Centre of India.[71] In January 2005, peace talks between the Andhra Pradesh government and the Maoists broke down after the government had not agreed to the release of prisoners and to redistribution of land.[68] In August 2005, the government of Andhra Pradesh outlawed the CPI-Maoist party and other affiliated organisations and arrested suspected members and sympathizers of the group.[72][73]

The Maoists orchestrated several attacks on government facilities across various states. They freed prisoners after attacks on prisons and stole weapons from government facilities.[74][75][76] They also attacked anti-Maoist protesters, took hostages and killed those who opposed them.[77][78][79] Police men and security forces were targeted in ambushes using automatic weapons and improvised explosive devices.[80] In 2007, the Maoists killed Member of Parliament Sunil Mahato in Jharkhand and a local leader in Andhra Pradesh.[81][82] They were also involved in local protests against the establishment of Special Economic Zones and killed tribal youths of counter militia organisations.[83][84] In 2008, Naxal attacks increased in Orissa, which inflicted multiple casualties on the security forces.[85][86][87][88] On average, 700 people were killed in the conflict every year from 2005 to 2008.[27]

Between 2009 and 2010 the conflict escalated turning these two years into the deadliest with more than 1000 casualties annually.[27] The Indian government announced a nationwide initiative called the Integrated Action Plan for broad coordinated operations aimed at combatting and undermining support for the Naxalites in selected states. The plan included funding for grass-roots economic development projects in the affected areas and increased special police funding for containment and reduction of Naxalite influence.[89][90]

### Counter-action and decline (2010s–present)

[edit]

Further information: Operation Green Hunt

In 2009, the Indian government launched a massive military offensive, code named Operation Green Hunt and planned to deploy nearly 50,000 soldiers over two years, with the objectives of eliminating Naxal insurgents and bringing stability to the regions.[91] The Maoists targeted security personnel involved in the operations against them with major attacks such as the Silda camp attack, Dantewada ambush and 2010 Dantewada bus bombing.[92][93][94] They also killed civilians suspected of helping the government and those who were involved in building public infrastructure.[95][96][97] Naxalites carried out a series of attacks, including shootings and bombings across Indian states and the security forces retaliated in response.[98][99] Naxalites were also suspected of attempted train derailments.[100][101]

In early 2010s, Karnataka was removed from the list of Naxal-affected states.[102] The Government of Madhya Pradesh claimed that the Naxal insurgency has reduced in the state and attributed its success to the rural development schemes.[103] In July 2011, the central government announced that the number of Naxal-affected areas were reduced to 83 districts across nine states.[104] Senior Maoist leaders were killed by the security forces, and many were arrested.[105][106] In early 2012, the Naxalites kidnapped foreign nationals and a Member of the Legislative Assembly in Odisha to force the government to release its cadres held as prisoners.[107] In May 2013, a Naxal attack in Chhattisgarh resulted in the deaths of 24 Indian National Congress leaders including the former state minister Mahendra Karma and the Chhattisgarh Congress chief Nand Kumar Patel.[108]

In the later 2010s, while the Maoists continued to carry out planned attacks such as the 2014 Chhattisgarh attack, the 2017 Sukma attack and the 2018 Sukma attack, the security forces were able to retaliate in response.[109][110][111][112] The security forces engaged in multiple gun battles which resulted in more than 1000 Maoists being killed in the late 2010s.[27][113][114] In September 2018, the Naxalites killed Member of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Kidari Sarveswara Rao and former member Siveri Soma in Araku Valley.[115] The Kerala Police eliminated the presence of Maoists in Kerala in 2019.[116]

Sporadic attacks such as the 2021 Sukma–Bijapur attack and 2023 Dantewada bombing on security personnel and civilians continued into the 2020s.[117][118][119][120] The anti-insurgency operations also intensified with higher success rate resulting in the death or capture of several insurgent leaders.[121][122][123] The Naxal influence reduced to about 70 districts in 2021 of which only 25 were most affected from a high of 180 districts in the late 2000s.[124][125] Though there was a sporadic increase in Naxal activity in parts of Telangana, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh,[126][127][128][129] the Maoist activity have relatively suppressed due to the increase in anti-terror operations conducted by the security forces in 2024. Operations like the 2024 Kanker clash and the 2024 Abujhmarh clash resulted in a great loss of personnel and material for the Maoists.[130][131] In 2025 an IED attack in Bijapur District left 9 people killed.

On 14 May 2025, Indian authorities declared a 21-day anti-Maoists operation named Operation Black Forest (Operation Kagar) has ended with 31 insurgents killed. The Home Minister declared the operation which took place at the Karregutta (Kurraguttalu) Hills, one of the last critical Naxal stronghold on the Chhattisgarh-Telangana border, is one the biggest ever operation against Naxalism.[132] The operation involving over 20,000 personels with the help of drones and helicopters determined to flush out more than 1,000 fighters belong to the Batallion 1 of the People's Liberation Guerrilla Army (PLGA) along with others from the Maoist Dandakaranya Committee (DKSZC) and the Telangana Committee (TSC). [133] Three Greyhound commandos were killed by a mine blast during the operation. [134] Other anti-Naxilites operations are being carried out in the Abujhmarh forest area and the south-east region of Bastar district. On 21 May, Nambala Keshava Rao, also known as Basavaraju, was killed alongside 26 other Naxals.[135] His death was hailed by the Indian security establishment as one of the "most decisive blows to the Maoist insurgency" in recent history.[136] He is said to be the "mastermind" behind some major attacks including the 2018 Sukma IED attack, the 2019 Gadchiroli landmine blast, and the 2025 Bijapur IED attack.[137]

## Geography

[edit]

Main article: Red corridor

Areas with Naxalite activity in 2007 (left), in 2013 (centre), and in 2018 (right)

The influence zone of the Naxalites is called the red corridor consisting of about 25 most affected and 70 total affected districts in Central and East India in 2021.[125] The most affected districts accounted for 85% of the left wing extremist incidents in India.[125][138] The insurgency was its peak in the late 2000s with nearly 180 affected districts across an area of 92,000 km2 (36,000 sq mi) and has been on the decline since then.[124] In April 2018, 35 districts were classified as most affected amongst the 126 affected districts.[139][140]

As of the early 2020s, the Naxal activity is largely concentrated in two clusters, the first in and round the forested remote hilly areas of Dandakaranya spread across Chhattisgarh and Odisha and the second in the border region of Jharkhand-Bihar-West Bengal.[141][142] As of 2024, 38 districts across nine states were declared as naxal affected districts.[143] In April 2025, the union home minister Amit Shah declared that six districts- Bijapur Kanker, Narayanpur, and Sukma in Chhattisgarh, West Singhbhum in Jharkhand, and Gadchiroli in Maharashtra as "most affected" by Naxalism.[144] The number of such affected districts reduced from 12 districts in 2024.[145] Six districts-Alluri Sitarama Raju in Andhra Pradesh, Balaghat in Madhya Pradesh, Kandhamal, Kalahandi and Malkangiri in Odisha, and Bhadradri-Kothagudem in Telangana are declared as "districts of concern".[146]

Naxal affected districts (2024)[124] State | No. of districts in the state  | No. of districts affected  | Districts affected

|
|
|

Chhattisgarh | 28 | 14  | 2 Districts (Bijapur and Narayanpur) remained extremely affected; 3 Districts (Dantewada, Kanker, and Sukma) were highly-affected; 3 Districts (Dhamtari, Kondagaon and Mohla-Manpur-Ambagarh Chowki) were moderately affected; while 5 Districts (Bastar, Gariaband, Kabirdham, Jashpur, and Rajnandgaon), remained marginally affected
Odisha | 30 | 7  | Bolangir, Kalahandi, Kandhamal,Malkangiri, Nabrangpur, Nuapada, Rayagada
Jharkhand | 24 | 5  | Giridih, Gumla, Latehar, Lohardaga, West Singhbhum
Madhya Pradesh | 55 | 3  | Balaghat, Mandla, Dindori
Maharashtra | 36 | 2  | Gadchiroli, Gondia
Kerala | 14 | 2  | Kannur, Wayanad
Telangana | 33 | 2  | Bhadradri Kothagudem, Mulugu
Andhra Pradesh | 26 | 1  | Alluri Sitarama Raju
West Bengal | 23 | 1  | Jhargram
Total  | 256  | 38  |

## Government response

[edit]

### Infrastructure and development

[edit]

Then Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh called the Naxalites the "single biggest internal security challenge ever faced by our country" and in June 2011, he said, "Development is the master remedy to win over people", adding that the government was "strengthening the development work in the 60 Maoist-affected districts.[147] In 2010, Home secretary Gopal Krishna Pillai acknowledged that there were legitimate grievances regarding the local people's access to the forest land and produce and the distribution of benefits from mining and hydropower developments. However, he claimed that the Naxalites' long-term goal was to establish an Indian communist state and the government wanted to tackle the Naxalites head-on to take back the lost areas.[148]

The Indian government launched three schemes-Special Central Assistance (SCA), Security Related Expenditure (SRE), and Special Infrastructure Scheme (SIS) for the economic development of the Naxal-affected areas. As of July 2021, ₹375 million (US$4.4 million) had been sanctioned for more than 10,000 projects, of which 85% were complete. About ₹276 million (US$3.3 million) of the funds were earmarked for the most affected districts. Under these SCA and SIS schemes, construction of about 17,600 km (10,900 mi) roads and 234 Eklavya Model Residential Schools were planned. The plan also included the establishment of 5000 mobile telephone towers and 3114 post offices. As a means of financial inclusion of people, 1077 ATMs and 1236 bank branches were operationalised.[149]

### Security

[edit]

In 2018, the central government sought to stem insurgency by earmarking development funds for revolt-hit areas and improving policing. The government planned a ₹250 billion (US$3.0 billion) scheme for the modernisation of central and state police forces in the next three years.[150] Under the SRE scheme, 400 fortified police stations were established at the cost of ₹140 million (US$1.7 million). In addition, funds were utilised to hire helicopters, media services, and for other public relations and community activities.[151] Women self-help groups and industries were established by various state governments. Government of Madhya Pradesh aided 23,113 women self-help groups covering 274,000 families in the affected districts and established 18 industries that would employ 4000 people. Additionally, loans to tribals were waived, and land right ownership documents were granted.[152]

### Militia and vigilante groups

[edit]

Since late 1990, several armed anti-insurgency vigilante groups have been backed by the government to fight against the Maoists. In Chhattisgarh, Salwa Judum was formed as an anti-insurgency vigilante group aimed at countering the violence in the region in 2005. The militia consisted of local tribal youth, who received support and training from the Government of Chhattisgarh.[153] Various other paramilitary vigilante groups had emerged in other states such Andhra Pradesh. These groups were accused of extra-judicial murders of civil liberties activists.[154]

The Chhattisgarh government came under criticism from pro-Maoist activist groups for the same.[155][156] The groups were claimed to have involved in violence against women, employment of child soldiers, and looting and destruction of property.[157][158][159][160] According to the Institute of Peace and Conflict studies, while Naxal groups recruited children in different capacities and exposed them, the same accusation was levelled at Salwa Judum and the special police officers assisting the government security forces.[161] The allegations were rejected by a fact-finding commission of the National Human Rights Commission of India in 2008. The commission, which had been appointed by the Supreme Court of India, determined that the Salwa Judum was a spontaneous reaction by tribals against Maoist atrocities perpetrated against them.[162]

On 5 July 2011, the Supreme Court declared these militia groups to be illegal and unconstitutional and ordered its disbandment. The court directed the government to recover all the firearms, ammunition and accessories given to the groups. The court criticised the use of these groups, which had complaints of human rights violations and employment of poorly trained youth against them. The court also ordered the government to investigate all instances of alleged criminal activities of the groups.[163]

## Casualties

[edit]

The Naxalites have conducted multiple attacks on the security forces, government workers and civilians, with casualties on both sides.[164] To enforce their control over the population, the Maoists have often convened kangaroo courts to mete out summary justice, death, beatings, or exile.[165] As per the South Asia Terrorism portal, the conflict has resulted in the deaths of more than 11500 people including 4000 civilians, 2500 security force personnel and 4500 Naxalites since the 2000s.[27] As per the BBC, more than 6,000 people were killed in the 20 years between 1990 and 2010.[166][167] Al Jazeera estimated the total death toll as 10,000 between 1980 and 2011.[168]

Casualties by year[27][169] Year  | Incidents  | Deaths

|
|

Civilians  | Security Forces  | Maoists  | Not Specified  | Total
1996 | — | — | — | — | —  | 156
1997 | — | 202 | 44 | 102 | —  | 348
1998 | — | 118 | 42 | 110 | —  | 270
1999 | — | 502 | 96 | 261 | —  | 859
2000 | — | 452 | 98 | 254 | —  | 804
2001 | 199 | 130 | 116 | 169 | 44  | 459
2002 | 182 | 123 | 115 | 163 | 30  | 431
2003 | 319 | 193 | 114 | 246 | 30  | 583
2004 | 127 | 89 | 82 | 87 | 22  | 280
2005 | 343 | 259 | 147 | 282 | 24  | 712
2006 | 248 | 249 | 128 | 343 | 14  | 734
2007 | 274 | 218 | 234 | 195 | 25  | 672
2008 | 246 | 184 | 215 | 228 | 19  | 646
2009 | 407 | 368 | 319 | 314 | 12  | 1013
2010 | 481 | 630 | 267 | 265 | 18  | 1180
2011 | 302 | 259 | 137 | 210 | 0  | 606
2012 | 235 | 156 | 96 | 125 | 1  | 378
2013 | 186 | 164 | 103 | 151 | 0  | 418
2014 | 185 | 127 | 98 | 121 | 4  | 350
2015 | 171 | 90 | 56 | 110 | 0  | 256
2016 | 263 | 122 | 62 | 250 | 0  | 434
2017 | 200 | 107 | 76 | 152 | 0  | 335
2018 | 218 | 108 | 73 | 231 | 0  | 412
2019 | 176 | 99 | 49 | 154 | 0  | 302
2020 | 138 | 61 | 44 | 134 | 0  | 239
2021 | 124 | 58 | 51 | 128 | 0  | 237
2022 | 107 | 53 | 15 | 66 | 0  | 134
2023 | 113 | 61 | 31 | 57 | 0  | 149
2024 | 161 | 80 | 21 | 296 | 0  | 397
2025 | 84 | 37 | 24 | 264 | 0  | 325
Total | 5490+ | 5241+ | 2931+ | 5163+ | 243+  | 13734+

## In popular culture

[edit]

### Film

[edit]

* Kaattu Vithachavar is a 2018 Malayalam film about the Emergency period mentioning the Naxal movement and uprisings, police brutality, Uruttal, Kakkayam torture camp and the famous Rajan case, who was falsely arrested as a Naxal terrorist.[170][171]
* Chakravyuh is a 2012 Hindi film based on the naxal insurgency in an imaginary village of NandiGhat.
* Bastar: The Naxal Story is a 2024 Hindi film based on the naxal insurgency in the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh.[172]

## See also

[edit]

* Timeline of the Naxalite–Maoist insurgency
* Separatist movements of India
* Terrorism in India
* Terrorist incidents in India
* Communist parties in India
* Nepalese Civil War
* Maoist insurgency in Bangladesh
* Naxalism

Portals:

* India
* Politics
* Communism
* Socialism
* Organized Labour
* Anarchism

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129. ^ "Naxal movement in Kanha National Park" (in Hindi). 27 May 2022. Archived from the original on 31 August 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
130. ^ "Security forces kill 30 Maoists in encounter in Chhattisgarh's Narayanpur". The Hindustan Times. 4 October 2024. Archived from the original on 6 October 2024. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
131. ^ "12 Maoists killed in Chhattisgarh encounter, 2024 toll reaches 103". The Indian Express. 11 May 2024. Archived from the original on 6 October 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
132. ^ "31 Maoists killed in 21-day anti-Naxal operations at Karregutta hills; Amit Shah hails 'historic breakthrough'". mint.
133. ^ "Battle of Karregutta Hills: 24,000 jawans closing in on 1,000 Naxals in biggest-ever operation". indiatvnews.
134. ^ "3 Greyhounds commandos killed in landmine blast triggered by Maoists in Telangana". The Times of India. 8 May 2025.
135. ^ "Naxal leader Basava Raju killed in encounter. Is this the end of the Maoist movement?". Firstpost. 21 May 2025. Retrieved 23 May 2025.
136. ^ "Maoist Basavaraju killed: How 50-hour-long Op Kagar ended era of red terror". India Today. 21 May 2025. Retrieved 23 May 2025.
137. ^ "An engineer by training, behind most audacious Naxal attacks: Story & significance of Basavaraju, dreaded Maoist leader allegedly killed in encounter". The Indian Express. 22 May 2025. Retrieved 23 May 2025.
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## Further reading

[edit]

* Chakravarti, Sudeep (2008). Red Sun: Travels In Naxalite Country (Rev. ed.). New Delhi: Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0670081332.
* Mukherjee, Shivaji (2021). Colonial Institutions and Civil War: Indirect Rule and Maoist Insurgency in India. Cambridge University Press.
* Roy, Arundhati (2011). Walking With The Comrades. New Delhi: Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0670085538.
* Shah, Alpa (2019). Nightmarch: Among India's Revolutionary Guerrillas. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226590165.
* Verghese, A. (2016). "British Rule and Tribal Revolts in India: The curious case of Bastar." Modern Asian Studies, 50(5), 1619–1644.

## External links

[edit]

* Naxal insurgency in India, CivilServiceIndia.com.
* Data on Naxalite-Maoist Insurgency fatalities in India, Institute for Conflict Management (South Asia), SATP.
* The political economy of the Maoist conflict in India : an empirical analysis, Joseph Gomes (2012), University of Madrid, Spain.
* Hearts and mines: A district-level analysis of the Maoist conflict in India, Kristian Hoelscher et al., University of Oslo, Norway, doi:10.1177/2233865912447022.
* Targets of Violence: Evidence from India’s Naxalite Conflict Oliver Vanden Eynde (2013), Paris School of Economics.
* India’s Naxalite Insurgency: History, Trajectory, and Implications for U.S.-India Security Cooperation on Domestic Counterinsurgency by Thomas F. Lynch III – Institute for National Strategic Studies.

* v
* t
* e

Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

Events|

* Naxalbari uprising
* Operation Green Hunt
* Operation Lalgarh
* 1992 Bara massacre
* 2002 Rafiganj train wreck
* 2004 Lahsuna massacre
* 2009 Rajnandgaon ambush
* 2010 Silda camp attack
* 2010 Dantewada ambush
* 2010 Dantewada bus bombing
* 2010 Jnaneswari train derailment
* 2013 Darbha valley attack
* 2014 Chhattisgarh attack
* 2017 Sukma attack
* 2018 Sukma attack
* 2019 Gadchiroli Naxal bombing
* 2021 Sukma–Bijapur attack
* 2023 Dantewada bombing
* 2024 Kanker clash
* 2024 Abujhmarh clash
* Operation Black Forest

Naxalite–Maoist|

| CPI-Maoist|

* Maoist Communist Centre
* People's Liberation Guerrilla Army
* People's War Group

|

CPI Marxist–Leninist|

* Ajmer Group
* Central Team
* Class Struggle
* Janashakti
* Liberation
* Mukherjee
* Naxalbari
* New Democracy
* Organizing Committee
* Provisional Central Committee
* Rao
* Red Flag
* Red Star
* Re–organizing Committee
* Shantipal

Others|

* All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries
* Centre of Indian Communists
* Communist Ghadar Party
* Communist Party of Bharat
* Communist Party of United States of India
* Lal Jhanda Dal
* Maoist Communist Party of Manipur
* Revolutionary Communist Centre
* Revolutionary Communist Unity Centre

People|

* Azad
* Ashutosh Tudu
* Charu Majumdar
* Deo Kumar Singh
* Dipankar Bhattacharya
* Ganapathy
* Jagdish Mahto
* Jangal Santhal
* Kanu Sanyal
* Katakam Sudarshan
* Kondapalli Seetharamaiah
* Koora Rajanna
* Kosa
* Kishenji
* Mahendar Prasad Singh
* Milind Teltumbde
* Nambala Keshava Rao
* Narmada Akka
* P. C. Unnichekkan
* Prashant Bose
* Ravindra Singh Kushwaha
* Sabitha Kumari
* Sabyasachi Panda
* Santosh Rana
* Satyanarayan Singh
* Shankar Rao
* Sushital Ray Chowdhury
* Yalavarthi Naveen Babu

Government and
counterinsurgency|

| Central agencies|

* Border Security Force
* Central Armed Police Forces
* Central Reserve Police Force
* Commando Battalion for Resolute Action
* Rapid Action Force
* National Security Guard
* Special Protection Group

|

State armed and
tactical units|

* Andhra Pradesh
* Greyhounds
* Bihar
* Chhattisgarh
* Jharkhand
* Karnataka
* Kerala
* Kerala Thunderbolts
* Madhya Pradesh
* Maharashtra
* Force One
* Odisha
* Special Operation Group
* Special Tactical Unit
* Tamil Nadu
* Telangana
* West Bengal
* Counter Insurgency Force

Militia|

* Bajrang Dal
* Bhumi Sena
* Kuer Sena
* Lorik Sena
* Ranvir Sena
* Salwa Judum
* Sunlight Sena
* Tritiya Prastuti Committee

People|

* Brahmeshwar Singh
* Mahendra Karma
* Pranay Sahay
* R. R. Bhatnagar

Related topics|

* Historic Eight Documents
* People's war
* Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
* Red corridor

* v
* t
* e

Separatist movements in India

Movements|

* Dravida Nadu
* Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
* Insurgency in Northeast India
* Arunachal Pradesh
* Assam
* Meghalaya
* Manipur
* Nagalim movement
* Khalistan movement
* Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

Separatist organisations|

* All Tripura Tiger Force
* Babbar Khalsa
* Bhindranwala Tigers Force of Khalistan
* Bodo Liberation Tigers Force
* Dal Khalsa
* Dashmesh Regiment
* International Sikh Youth Federation
* Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
* Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (Yasin Malik)
* Kamtapur Liberation Organization
* Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup
* Khalistan Liberation Army
* Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front
* Khalistan Zindabad Force
* Mizo National Front
* Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam
* National Socialist Council of Nagaland
* National Democratic Front of Bodoland
* People's Liberation Army of Manipur
* People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak
* Tamil Nadu Liberation Army
* Tehreek-e-Hurriyat
* Tripura National Volunteers
* United Liberation Front of Asom
* United National Liberation Front
* United People's Democratic Solidarity
* Waris Punjab De

Political parties|

* All-India Muslim League
* Bodoland People's Front
* All Parties Hurriyat Conference
* All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference
* Jammu and Kashmir Democratic Freedom Party
* Jammu Kashmir Democratic Liberation Party
* United Kashmir People's National Party

People|

* Abhizeet Asom
* Amanullah Khan
* Angami Zapu Phizo
* Anup Chetia
* Arabinda Rajkhowa
* Ayub Thakur
* Biswamohan Debbarma
* Fateh Singh
* Hashim Qureshi
* Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale
* Lakhbir Singh Brar Rode
* Mirwaiz Umar Farooq
* Mohammad Abbas Ansari
* Muppala Lakshmana Rao
* Paresh Baruah
* Ranjit Debbarma
* Sheikh Abdul Aziz
* Syed Ali Shah Geelani
* Sukhdev Singh Babbar
* Talwinder Singh Parmar

Controversies|

* Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir
* Human rights issues in Northeast India
* Human rights abuses in Punjab

* v
* t
* e

India topics

History

| Overviews|

* Timeline
* Years

* Astronomy
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* Coinage
* Economics
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|

Ancient |

* Stone Age
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* Mahajanapadas
* Mauryas
* Indo-Greek Kingdom
* Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley
* Indo-Parthian kingdom
* Kushan Empire
* Alchon Huns
* Seleucid–Mauryan war

Middle Kingdoms|

* Middle kingdoms
* Chola

Middle Ages|

* Medieval India
* Hoysala
* Pala
* Kakatiya
* Delhi Sultanate
* Vijayanagara

Early Modern|

* Mughals
* Marathas
* European trade
* Bengal War

Late modern|

* Colonial
* Princely state
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* Plassey
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* Economy
* Army
* Commander-in-Chief
* Zamindari
* Bengal Renaissance
* Political reforms
* Partition of Bengal
* Independence movement
* 1943 famine
* World War II
* Partition

Republic|

* Integration
* Non-Aligned Movement
* Five-Year Plans
* Sino-Indian War
* Indo-Pakistani wars
* Green Revolution
* White Revolution
* Naxal Insurgency
* Smiling Buddha
* Space programme
* The Emergency
* Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)

Contemporary|

* History of India (1947–present)
* Economic liberalisation
* Pokhran-II
* COVID-19 pandemic

Geography

| Geology|

* Fossil Parks
* Geology of India
* Indian Plate

|

Heritage|

* National Geological Monuments of India
* Sacred groves of India
* Sacred mountains of India
* Sacred rivers of India
* Stones of India

Environment|

* Biogeographic classification
* Biosphere reserves
* Climate
* Climate change
* Earthquakes
* Ecoregions
* Environmental issues
* Fauna
* Forests
* Flora
* Geology
* National parks
* Protected areas
* Wildlife
* sanctuaries

Landforms|

* Beaches
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* Coasts
* Desert
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* Extreme points
* Glaciers
* Highest point by states
* Islands
* Lakes
* Mountains
* Mountain passes
* Plains
* Indo-Gangetic
* Eastern coastal
* Western coastal
* Rivers
* Valleys
* Volcanoes
* Waterfalls

Regions|

* Central
* East
* North
* Northwest
* Northeast
* South
* Southwest
* Southeast
* West

Subdivisions|

* Autonomous administrative divisions
* Borders
* Towns
* Cities
* Districts
* Municipalities
* States and union territories

See also|

* National monuments of India
* National parks of India
* Nature worship in Indian-origin religions
* World Heritage Sites in India
* Culture of India
* History of India
* Tourism in India

Politics

| Government|

* Agencies
* Energy policy
* Foreign relations
* Parliament
* Lok Sabha
* Rajya Sabha
* President
* Vice President
* Prime Minister
* Union Council of Ministers
* Civil Services
* Cabinet Secretary
* State governments
* State legislative assemblies
* State legislative councils
* Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators
* Chief Ministers
* Chief Secretaries

|

Law|

* Constitution
* Penal Code
* Fundamental rights, principles and duties
* Human rights
* Supreme Court
* Chief Justice
* High Courts
* District Courts

Enforcement|

| Federal|

* Border Security Force (BSF)
* Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
* Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
* Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
* National Security Guard (NSG)
* Railway Protection Force (RPF)
* Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
* Special Protection Group (SPG)

|

Intelligence|

* Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)
* Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
* Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)
* Enforcement Directorate (ED)
* Intelligence Bureau (IB)
* Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)
* Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)
* National Investigation Agency (NIA)
* Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)

Military|

* Army
* Navy
* Air Force

Politics|

* Censorship
* Citizenship
* Elections
* Democracy
* Nationalism
* Political parties
* Reservations
* Scandals
* Scheduled groups
* Secularism
* Women in politics

Economy

| Companies|

* BSE SENSEX
* NIFTY 50
* NIFTY Next 50
* NIFTY 500
* GIFT Nifty

|

Governance|

* Ministry of Finance
* Finance ministers
* Ministry of Commerce and Industry
* Finance Commission
* Economic Advisory Council
* Central Statistical Office
* Securities and Exchange Board of India
* Enforcement Directorate
* External debt
* Foreign trade
* Foreign direct investment
* Foreign exchange reserves
* Remittances
* Taxation
* Subsidies
* Industrial licensing
* Voluntary guidelines
* NITI Aayog
* Make in India
* Atmanirbhar Bharat

Currency|

* Indian rupee
* Sign
* History
* Historical Forex
* Digital rupee
* Coinage
* Paisa
* Reserve Bank of India
* Governor
* Mint
* Inflation

Financial services|

* Banking
* Insurance
* Multi Commodity Exchange
* Bullion
* BSE
* NSE
* India INX

History|

* COVID-19 impact
* Economic development
* Liberalisation
* Licence Raj
* Green revolution
* Government initiatives
* Numbering system

People|

* By net worth
* Demography
* Income
* Poverty
* Labour law
* Pensions
* EPFO
* NPS
* PPF

States|

* Andhra Pradesh
* Assam
* Bihar
* Delhi
* Goa
* Gujarat
* Haryana
* Himachal Pradesh
* Jammu and Kashmir
* Jharkhand
* Karnataka
* Kerala
* Ladakh
* Madhya Pradesh
* Maharashtra
* Mizoram
* Odisha
* Punjab
* Rajasthan
* Tamil Nadu
* Telangana
* Uttarakhand
* Uttar Pradesh
* West Bengal

Sectors|

* Agriculture
* Livestock
* Fishing
* Automotive
* Chemical
* Construction
* Defence
* Education
* Energy
* Electricity
* Nuclear
* Oil and gas
* Solar
* Wind
* Electronics and semiconductor
* Entertainment
* Forestry
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* Healthcare
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* Information technology
* Media
* Cinema
* FM Radio
* Television
* Printing
* Mining
* Coal
* Iron and Steel
* Pharmaceuticals
* Pulp and paper
* Retail
* Science and technology
* Biotechnology
* Space
* Telecommunications
* Textiles
* Tourism
* Transport
* Aviation
* Civil
* Ports
* Rail
* Roads
* Electricity
* Water
* Power

Regulator|

* IRDAI
* RBI
* SEBI
* IBBI
* PFRDA

Other|

* NCLT
* NCLAT
* BIFR
* IBBI
* IBC
* SARFESI Act
* Income Tax Act
* Companies Act
* Banking Act
* Insurance Act
* FEMA
* Mumbai Consensus

* Society and culture

| Society|

* Caste system
* Corruption
* Crime
* Demographics
* Indians
* Education
* Universities in India
* Medical colleges in India
* Law colleges in India
* Engineering colleges in India
* Ethnic relations
* Health
* Languages
* Life expectancy
* Literacy
* Poverty
* Prisons
* Religion
* Socio-economic issues
* Standard of living
* Water supply and sanitation
* Women
* Sexuality
* Youth

|

Culture|

* Arts and entertainment
* Architecture
* Blogging
* Cinema
* Comics
* Webcomics
* Cuisine
* wine
* Dance
* Dress
* Folklore
* Festivals
* Literature
* Media
* television
* Martial arts
* Music
* Painting
* Physical culture
* Public holidays
* Sculpture
* tallest
* Sport
* Traditional

* v
* t
* e

Ongoing armed conflicts

Africa|

| Central|

* Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
* Anglophone Crisis
* Bakassi conflict
* Cabinda War
* Central African Republic Civil War
* Insurgency in Chad
* Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Ituri conflict
* Western DR Congo clashes
* Kivu conflict
* M23 campaign
* Lord's Resistance Army insurgency

|

East|

* ADF insurgency
* Ethiopian civil conflict
* OLA insurgency
* Oromo conflict
* War in Amhara
* Ethnic violence in South Sudan
* Insurgency in Mozambique
* Somali Civil War
* Operation Atalanta

North|

* Insurgency in Egypt
* Insurgency in the Maghreb
* War in the Sahel
* Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso
* Jihadist insurgency in Niger
* Libyan crisis
* Sudanese civil war
* Sudanese nomadic conflicts
* Ethnic violence in South Sudan
* Western Sahara conflict
* Western Saharan clashes

West|

* Communal conflicts in Nigeria
* Boko Haram insurgency
* Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria
* Nigerian bandit conflict
* Religious violence in Nigeria
* Conflict in the Niger Delta
* Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria
* Bakassi conflict
* Mali War
* Western Togoland Rebellion

Americas|

| North|

* Jamaican political conflict
* Mexican drug war
* Salvadoran gang crackdown
* Honduran gang crackdown
* Gang war in Haiti

|

South|

* Colombian conflict
* Ecuadorian security crisis
* Insurgency in Paraguay
* Internal conflict in Peru
* Mapuche conflict
* Armed conflict for control of the favelas

Asia|

| East|

* Korean conflict

|

Central|

* Xinjiang conflict

South|

* Afghan conflict
* Islamic State–Taliban conflict
* Republican insurgency

* Internal conflict in Bangladesh

* Insurgency in Northeast India
* Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
* Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

* Insurgency in Pakistan
* Insurgency in Balochistan
* Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
* Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts
* Insurgency in Sindh
* Sectarian violence in Pakistan

South-
east|

* Myanmar conflict
* Myanmar civil war
* Rakhine offensive
* Kachin conflict
* Kalay clashes
* Karen conflict
* Karen–Mon conflict
* Conflict in Rakhine State
* Rohingya conflict
* Conflicts in the Philippines
* Communist
* Drug war
* Papua conflict
* South Thailand insurgency

West|

* Abkhazia conflict
* Georgian–Ossetian conflict
* Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency
* Iraq conflict
* Islamic State insurgency in Iraq
* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war
* Qatif conflict
* Yemeni crisis
* Saudi–led intervention
* Yemeni civil war
* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* Gaza–Israel conflict
* Gaza War
* Hezbollah–Israel conflict
* Kurdish separatism in Iran
* Iran–PJAK conflict
* Western Iran clashes
* Maoist insurgency in Turkey
* DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey
* Syrian civil war
* Turkish intervention

Europe|

| East|

* Abkhazia conflict
* Georgian–Ossetian conflict
* Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus
* Russo-Ukrainian War
* Russian invasion of Ukraine

|

West|

* Dissident Irish republican campaign
* Loyalist feud

* v
* t
* e

Post–Cold War conflicts in Asia

South Asia|

| India|

* Kashmir conflict (1947–present)
* 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
* 2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
* 2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
* Kargil War (1999)
* Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)
* Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present)
* Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995)
* Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present)
* Religious violence in India

|

Pakistan|

* Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
* Kashmir conflict (1947–present)
* 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
* India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015)
* India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018)
* Kargil War (1999)
* Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)
* Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present)
* Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present)
* Insurgency in Sindh (2010–present)
* Religious violence in Pakistan

Sri Lanka|

* JVP insurrection (1971)
* Sri Lankan civil war (1983–2009)
* JVP insurrection (1987–1989)

Others|

* Maldives political crisis (2011–2013)
* Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006)
* Operation All Clear

East Asia|

| China|

* Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)
* Xinjiang conflict (1960s–present)
* Tibetan unrest (2008)

|

Korea (North
and South)|

* Korean conflict
* Maritime border incidents
* 1994 North Korean nuclear crisis
* 2017–2018 crisis

Taiwan|

* Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)

Southeast Asia|

| Cambodia|

* Cambodian–Thai border
* 2008–2013 crisis
* 2025–present conflict

|

Indonesia|

* Papua conflict (1962–present)
* Insurgency in Aceh (1976–2005)
* East Indonesia Mujahideen insurgency (2015–2022)

Myanmar|

* Myanmar conflict (1948–present)
* Karen conflict
* Kachin conflict
* Rohingya conflict
* Civil war (2021–present)

Philippines|

* Moro Conflict (1968-2019)
* ISIL Insurgency (2014-present)
* New People's army conflict (1969-present)

Thailand|

* South Thailand insurgency (2004–present)
* Cambodian–Thai border
* 2008–2013 crisis
* 2025–present conflict

East Timor|

* Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)
* East Timor genocide
* 1999 crisis
* 2006 crisis

Others|

* Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)
* FULRO insurgency (1964–1992)
* Laotian insurgency (1975–2022)
* 2013 Lahad Datu standoff

Central Asia|

| Afghanistan|

* Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
* Afghan conflict
* Civil War
* 1989–1992
* 1992–1996
* 1996–2001
* 2001–2021 War
* Republican insurgency

|

Kazakhstan|

* Ethnic conflicts

Kyrgyzstan|

* 1990 Osh clashes
* 2010 Kyrgyz Revolution
* 2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes

Tajikistan|

* Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997)
* Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015)

Uzbekistan|

* Fergana massacre (1989)
* Andijan massacre (2005)

West Asia|

| Azerbaijan|

* Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024)
* First War
* 2016 conflict
* Second War

|

Bahrain|

* Bahraini uprising (2011)

Iran|

* Kurdish separatism in Iran
* KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)
* Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011)
* Western Iran clashes (2016–present)
* Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)
* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war (1979–present)
* Qatif conflict
* Iran–Israel (1985–present)
* South Lebanon (1985–2000)
* Lebanon War (2006)
* Syrian arena (2012–2024)
* Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present)

Iraq|

* Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1918–2003)
* Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997
* Iraqi conflict
* Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003)
* Iraq War (2003–2011)
* Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
* War in Iraq (2013–2017)
* ISIL insurgency (2017–present)

Israel|

* Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)
* Second Intifada (2000–2005)
* Gaza–Israel (2006–present)
* Iran–Israel (1985–present)
* Syrian arena (2012–2024)

Lebanon|

* South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)
* Lebanon War (2006)
* Conflict in Northern Lebanon (2007)
* Lebanon conflict (2008)

Palestine|

* Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)
* Second Intifada (2000–2005)
* Gaza–Israel (2006–present)
* Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008)

Saudi Arabia|

* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war (1979–present)
* Qatif conflict
* Persian Gulf crisis (2019–2021)

Syria|

* Syrian Civil War (2011–present)
* Regional spillover

Turkey|

* Maoist insurgency
* DHKP/C insurgency
* Kurdish–Turkish conflict
* Turkey–ISIL conflict

Yemen|

* Civil war (1994)
* al-Qaeda (1998–2015)
* Houthi (2004–2015)
* South Yemen (2009–2015)
* Yemeni crisis (2011–present)
* Houthi takeover (2014–2015)
* Civil War (2014–present)

Inter-continental
conflict|

* Sinai insurgency (2011–present)

Related topics|

* War on terror
* Operation Inherent Resolve
* Arab Spring
* Arab Winter
* Colour revolutions

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