Neapolitan language

Italo-Romance language spoken in Italy

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Neapolitan

napulitano
Native to| Italy
Region| Campania
Ethnicity| Mezzogiorno Italians

Native speakers

| 5.7 million (2002)[1]

Language family

Indo-European

* Italic
* Latino-Faliscan
* Latinic
* Romance
* Italo-Western
* Italo-Dalmatian
* Italo-Romance
* Intermediate Southern Italian
* Neapolitan

Dialects|

* Arianese
* Barese
* Benevento
* Cilentan
* Irpinian
* Molisan
* Tarantino
* Southern Latian
* Vastese
* Castelmezzano
* Cosentian

Language codes
ISO 639-2| `nap`
ISO 639-3| `nap`
Glottolog| `neap1235`  Continental Southern Italian
`sout3126`  South Lucanian = `(Vd)` Lausberg

Southern Italo-Romance languages

Neapolitan as part of the European Romance languages[image reference needed]

Neapolitan (autonym: ('o n)napulitano [(o n)napuliˈtɑːnə]; Italian: napoletano) is a Romance language of the Italo-Romance group spoken in most of continental Southern Italy. It is named after the Kingdom of Naples, which once covered most of the area, and the city of Naples was its capital. On 14 October 2008, a law by the Region of Campania stated that Neapolitan was to be protected.[2]

While the language group is native to much of continental Southern Italy or the former Kingdom of Naples, the terms Neapolitan, napulitano or napoletano may also instead refer more narrowly to the specific variety spoken natively in the city of Naples and the immediately surrounding Naples metropolitan area and Campania region. The present article mostly deals with this variety, which enjoys a certain degree of prestige and has historically wide written attestations.[3][4]

## Distribution

[edit]

A Neapolitan speaker, recorded in Italy 1895 song in Neapolitan.

Largely due to massive Southern Italian migration in the late 19th century and 20th century, there are also a number of Neapolitan speakers in Italian diaspora communities in the United States, Canada, Australia, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Mexico, and Venezuela[citation needed]. However, in the United States, traditional Neapolitan has had considerable contact with English and the Sicilian languages spoken by Sicilian and Calabrian immigrants living alongside Neapolitan-speaking immigrants and so the Neapolitan in the US is now significantly different from the contemporary Neapolitan spoken in Naples[citation needed]. English words are often used in place of Neapolitan words, especially among second-generation speakers[citation needed]. On the other hand, the effect of Standard Italian on Neapolitan in Italy has been similar because of the increasing displacement of Neapolitan by Standard Italian in daily speech[citation needed].

## Classification

[edit]

Giambattista Basile (1566–1632), author of a collection of fairy tales in Neapolitan that includes the earliest known versions of Rapunzel and Cinderella

Neapolitan is a Romance language and is considered as part of Southern Italo-Romance. There are notable differences among the various dialects, but they are all generally mutually intelligible.

Italian and Neapolitan are of variable mutual comprehensibility, depending on affective and linguistic factors. There are notable grammatical differences, such as Neapolitan having nouns in the neuter form and a unique plural formation, as well as historical phonological developments, which often obscure the cognacy of lexical items.

Its evolution has been similar to that of Italian and other Romance languages from their roots in Vulgar Latin. It may reflect a pre-Latin Oscan substratum, as in the pronunciation of the d sound as an r sound (rhotacism) at the beginning of a word or between two vowels: e.g. doje (feminine) or duje (masculine), meaning "two", is pronounced, and often spelled, as roje/ruje; vedé ("to see") as veré, and often spelled so; also cadé/caré ("to fall") and Madonna/Maronna.[5] Another purported Oscan influence is the historical assimilation of the consonant cluster /nd/ as /nn/, pronounced [nː] (this is generally reflected in spelling more consistently: munno vs Italian mondo "world"; quanno vs Italian quando "when"), along with the development of /mb/ as /mm/~[mː] (tammuro vs Italian tamburo "drum"), also consistently reflected in spelling. Other effects of the Oscan substratum are postulated, but substratum claims are highly controversial. As in many other languages in the Italian Peninsula, Neapolitan has an adstratum greatly influenced by other Romance languages (Catalan, Spanish and Franco-Provençal above all), Germanic languages and Greek (both ancient and modern). The language had never been standardised, and the word for tree has three different spellings: arbero, arvero and àvaro.

Neapolitan has enjoyed a rich literary, musical and theatrical history (notably Giambattista Basile, Eduardo Scarpetta, his son Eduardo De Filippo, Salvatore Di Giacomo and Totò). Thanks to this heritage and the musical work of Renato Carosone in the 1950s, Neapolitan is still in use in popular music, even gaining national popularity in the songs of Pino Daniele and the Nuova Compagnia di Canto Popolare.

The language has no official status within Italy and is not taught in schools. The University of Naples Federico II offers (from 2003) courses in Campanian Dialectology at the faculty of Sociology, whose actual aim is not to teach students to speak the language but to study its history, usage, literature and social role. There are also ongoing legislative attempts at the national level to have it recognized as an official minority language of Italy. It is a recognized ISO 639 Joint Advisory Committee language with the ISO 639-3 language code of nap.

Here is the IPA pronunciation of the Neapolitan spoken in the city of Naples:

English | Neapolitan (standard)  | Neapolitan (diacritics)[a] | IPA

|
|
|

Our Father who art in heaven,  | Pate nuoste ca staje 'n cielo, | Patë nuóstë ca stajë 'n ciélö, | [ˈpɑːtə ˈnwostə ka ˈstɑːjə nˈdʒjeːlə]
hallowed be thy name  | santificammo 'o nomme tuojo. | santificammö 'o nommë tuójö. | [sandifiˈkamm(ə) o ˈnommə ˈtwoːjə]
Thy kingdom come,  | Faje veni' 'o regno tuojo, | Fajë vëni' 'o régnö tuójö, | [ˈfɑːjə vəˈni o ˈrɛɲɲə ˈtwoːjə]
Thy will be done,  | sempe c'a vuluntà toja, | sèmpë c'a vuluntà tójä, | [ˈsɛmbə ˈkɑ: vulunˈda (t)ˈtɔːjə]
on earth as it is in heaven.  | accussì 'n cielo, accussì 'n terra. | accussì 'n ciélö, accussì 'n terrä. | [akkusˈsi nˈdʒjeːlə akkusˈsi nˈdɛrrə]
Give us this day our daily bread  | Fance ave' 'o pane tutte 'e juorne, | Fancë ave' 'o panë tuttë 'e juórnë, | [ˈfandʒ aˈve o pˈpɑːnə ˈtutt e ˈjwornə]
and forgive us our trespasses  | e liévace 'e riébbete | e liéväcë 'e riébbëtë | [e lˈljeːvəʃ(ə) e ˈrjebbətə]
as we forgive those who trespass against us,  | cumme nuje 'e luvamme all'ate. | cummë nujë 'e luvàmmë all'atë. | [ˈkummə ˈnuːjə e lluwammə alˈlɑːtə]
and lead us not into temptation,  | Nun ce fa' spanteca', | Nun cë fa' spantëca', | [nun dʒə ˈfa ʃpandəˈka]
but deliver us from evil.  | e liévace 'o male 'a tuorno. | e liéväcë 'o malë 'a tuórnö. | [e lˈljeːvəʃ(ə) o mˈmɑːl(ə) a ˈtwornə]
Amen.  | Ammèn. | Ammèn. | [amˈmɛnn(ə)]

## Alphabet and pronunciation

[edit]

Neapolitan orthography consists of 22 Latin letters. Much like Italian orthography, it does not contain k, w, x, or y even though these letters might be found in some foreign words; unlike Italian, it does contain the letter j. The following English pronunciation guidelines are based on General American pronunciation, and the values used may not apply to other dialects. (See also: International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects.)

All Romance languages are closely related. Although Neapolitan shares a high degree of its vocabulary with Italian, the official language of Italy, differences in pronunciation can make the connection unrecognizable to those without knowledge of Neapolitan. The most striking[citation needed] phonological difference is the Neapolitan weakening of unstressed vowels into schwa (schwa is pronounced like the a in about or the u in upon).[a] However, it is also possible (and quite common for some Neapolitans) to speak standard Italian with a "Neapolitan accent"; that is, by pronouncing un-stressed vowels as schwa or by pronouncing the letter s as [ʃ] (like the sh in ship) instead of [s] (like the s in sea or the ss in pass) when the letter representing /s/ is in initial position followed by a consonant, but not when it is followed by a dental occlusive /t/ or /d/ (at least in the purest form of the language) but by otherwise using the vocabulary and grammatical forms of Italian.

Therefore, while pronunciation presents the strongest barrier to comprehension[citation needed], the grammar of Neapolitan is what sets it apart from Italian. In Neapolitan, for example, the gender and number of a word is expressed by a change in the accented vowel because it no longer distinguishes final unstressed /a/, /e/ and /o/ (e.g. luongo [ˈlwoŋɡə], longa [ˈloŋɡə]; Italian lungo, lunga; masc. "long", fem. "long"), whereas in Italian it is expressed by a change in the final vowel. These and other morpho-syntactic differences distinguish the Neapolitan language from the Italian language and the Neapolitan accent.

Neapolitan has had a significant influence on the intonation of Rioplatense Spanish spoken in Buenos Aires and the surrounding region of Argentina and in the entire country of Uruguay.[6]

### Vowels

[edit]

While there are only five graphic vowels in Neapolitan, phonemically, there are eight. Stressed vowels e and o can be either "closed" or "open" and the pronunciation is different for the two. The grave accent (à, è, ò) is used to denote open vowels, and the acute accent (é, í, ó, ú) is used to denote closed vowels, with alternative ì and ù. However, accent marks are not commonly used in the actual spelling of words except when they occur on the final syllable of a word, such as Totò, arrivà, or pecché, and when they appear here in other positions, it is only to demonstrate where the stress, or accent, falls in some words. Also, the circumflex is used to mark a long vowel where it would not normally occur (e.g. sî "you are").

Vowels  | Front | Central | Back

|
|
|

High | i |  | u
High-mid | e | ə | o
Low-mid | ɛ | ɔ
Low |  | a
Letter  | IPA | Pronunciation guide

|
|

a | /a/~[ɑ]
/ə/ | a is usually open and is pronounced like the a in father
when it is the final, unstressed vowel, its pronunciation is indistinct and approaches the sound of the schwa
e | /ɛ/
/e/
/ə/ | stressed, open e is pronounced like the e in bet
stressed, closed e is pronounced like the a in fame except that it does not die off into ee
unstressed e is pronounced as a schwa
o | /ɔ/
/o/
/ə/ | stressed, open o is pronounced like the o in often
stressed, closed o is pronounced like the o in closed except that it does not die off into oo
unstressed o is pronounced as a schwa
i | /i/
/j/ | i is always closed and is pronounced like the ee in meet
when it is initial, or preceding another vowel
u | /u/
/w/ | u is always closed and is pronounced like the oo in boot
when it is initial, or preceding another vowel

### Consonants

[edit]

| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Post-
alveolar | Palatal | Velar

|
|
|
|
|

central | sibilant
Nasal | m | n |  |  | ɲ | (ŋ)
Plosive/
Affricate | voiceless | p | t | t͡s | t͡ʃ |  | k
voiced | b | d | (d͡z)  | d͡ʒ |  | ɡ
Fricative | voiceless | f |  | s | ʃ |  |
voiced | v |  | (z) | (ʒ)  | ʎ |
Lateral |  | l |  |  |
Approximant | w |  |  |  | j |
Trill/Tap |  | r ~ ɾ |  |  |  |
Letter  | IPA | Pronunciation guide

|
|

p | /p/
[b] | pronounced the same as the p in English spill (not as the p in pill, which is aspirated)
voiced after m
b | /b/ | pronounced the same as in English, always geminated when preceded by another vowel
t | /t/
[d] | dental version of the English t as in stop (not as the t in top, which is aspirated)
voiced after n
d | /d/ | dental version of the English d
c | /t͡ʃ/~[ʃ]
[d͡ʒ]
/k/
[ɡ] | when followed by e or i the pronunciation is somewhere between the sh in share and the ch in chore, especially after a vowel
otherwise it is like the k in scan (not like the c in can, which is aspirated)
in both cases voiced after n
g | /d͡ʒ/,
/ɡ/ | when followed by e or i the pronunciation is like the g of gem, always geminated when preceded by another vowel
otherwise it is like the g in get
f | /f/ | pronounced the same as in English
v | /v/ | pronounced the same as in English
s | /s/
[d͡z]
[z] | pronounced the same as in English sound unless it comes before a consonant other than /t d n r l/
pronounced as ds in lads after n
pronounced as English z before d or after n
/ʃ/
[ʒ][7] | pronounced sh when followed by a voiceless consonant (except /t/)
zh when followed by a voiced consonant (except /n d r l/)
z | /t͡s/
[d͡z] | unvoiced z (not occurring after n) is pronounced like the ts in jetsam
voiced z is pronounced like the ds in lads after n
j | /j/ | referred to as a semi-consonant, is pronounced like English y as in yet
l | /l/ | pronounced the same as in English
m | /m/ | pronounced the same as in English
n | /n/ | pronounced the same as in English; if followed by a consonant, it variously changes its point of articulation
r | /r/~[ɾ] | when between two vowels it sounds very similar to the American t in later; it is a single tap of a trilled r
when at the beginning of a word or when preceded by or followed by another consonant, it is trilled
q | /kʷ/ | represented by orthographic qu, pronounced similarly as in English, but more accurately described as pronouncing k and w simultaneously rather than sequentially
h |  | h is always silent and is used to differentiate words pronounced the same and otherwise spelled alike (e.g. a, ha; anno, hanno)
and placed after g or c to indicate the hard sound when e or i follows (e.g. ce, che; gi, ghi)
x | /k(ə)s/ | pronounced like the cks in backs or like the cus in raucus; this consonant sequence does not occur in native Neapolitan or Italian words

### Digraphs and trigraphs

[edit]

The following clusters are always geminated if vowel-following.

Letter  | IPA | Pronunciation Guide

|
|

gn | /ɲ/ | palatal version of the ni in the English onion
gl(i) | /ʎ/~[ʝ] | palatal version of the lli in the English million, most commonly realized like a strong version of y in the English yes.
sc | /ʃ/ | when followed by e or i it is pronounced as the sh in the English ship

## Grammar

[edit]

Neapolitan text at the Scampìa Carnival; note the definite article 'o.

### Definite articles

[edit]

The Neapolitan classical definite articles (corresponding to the English word "the") are ’a (feminine singular), ’o (masculine singular) and ’e (plural for both). They are traditionally spelled with the apostrophe to signify the elided sound l.

Before a word beginning with a consonant:

| Singular  | Plural

|
|

Masculine | ’o | ’e
Feminine | ’a | ’e C:
Neuter | ’o C:  | ∅

"C:" = the initial consonant of the following word is geminated if followed by a vowel.

These definite articles are always pronounced distinctly.

Before a word beginning with a vowel, l’ or ll’ are used for both masculine and feminine, singular and plural. Although both forms can be found, the ll’ form is by far the most common.

In Neapolitan, the gender of a noun is not easily determined by the article, so other means must be used. In the case of ’o, which can be either masculine singular or neuter singular (there is no neuter plural in Neapolitan), the initial consonant of the noun is doubled when it is neuter. For example, the name of a language in Neapolitan is always neuter, so if we see ’o nnapulitano we know it refers to the Neapolitan language, whereas ’o napulitano would refer to a Neapolitan man.

Likewise, since ’e can be either masculine or feminine plural, when it is feminine plural, the initial consonant of the noun is doubled. For example, consider ’a lista, which in Neapolitan is feminine singular, meaning "the list". In the plural, it becomes ’e lliste.

There can also be problems with nouns whose singular form ends in e. Since plural nouns usually end in e whether masculine or feminine, the masculine plural is often signaled orthographically, that is, by altering the spelling. As an example, consider the word guaglione, which means "boy" or (in the feminine form) "girl":

| Singular  | Plural

|
|

Masculine | ’o guaglione | ’e guagliune
Feminine | ’a guagliona | ’e gguaglione

More will be said about these orthographically changing nouns in the section on Neapolitan nouns.

A couple of notes about consonant doubling:

* Doubling is a function of the article (and certain other words), and these same words may be seen in other contexts without the consonant doubled. More will be said about this in the section on consonant doubling.
* Doubling only occurs when a vowel follows the consonant. No doubling occurs if it is followed by another consonant, such as in the word spagnuolo (Spanish).

### Indefinite articles

[edit]

The Neapolitan indefinite articles, corresponding to the English a or an, are presented in the following table:

| Masculine  | Feminine

|
|

Before words beginning with a consonant | nu | na
Before words beginning with a vowel | n’

### Verbal conjugation

[edit]

In Neapolitan there are four finite moods: indicative, subjunctive, conditional and imperative, and three non-finite modes: infinitive, gerund and participle. Each mood has an active and a passive form. The only auxiliary verbs used in the active form is (h)avé (Eng. "to have", It. avere), which contrasts with Italian, in which the intransitive and reflexive verbs take èssere for their auxiliary. For example, we have:

Neapolitan

Aggio

AUX.have.1SG.PRES

stato

be.PTCP.PAST

Napule

Naples

ajere.

yesterday

Aggio stato a Napule ajere.

AUX.have.1SG.PRES be.PTCP.PAST in Naples yesterday

I was in Naples yesterday.

Italian

Sono

AUX.be.1S.PRES

stato

be.PTCP.PAST

Napoli

Naples

ieri.

yesterday

Sono stato a Napoli ieri.

AUX.be.1S.PRES be.PTCP.PAST in Naples yesterday

I was in Naples yesterday.

### Doubled initial consonants

[edit]

In Neapolitan, many times the initial consonant of a word is doubled. This is called syntactic gemination (raddoppiamento sintattico in Italian). This linguistic phenomenon occurs also in Italian and in Finnish.

* All feminine plural nouns, preceded by the feminine plural definite article, ’e, or any feminine plural adjective, have their initial consonant doubled.
* All neuter singular nouns, when preceded by the neuter singular definite article, ’o, or by a neuter singular adjective, have their initial consonant doubled.
* In addition, other words also trigger this doubling. Below is a list of words that trigger the doubling of the initial consonant of the following word.

However, when there is a pause after the "trigger" word, the phonological doubling does not occur (e.g. tu sî (g)guaglione, "You are a boy", where sî is a "trigger" word causing doubling of the initial consonant in guaglione, but in the phrase ’e do sî, guaglió? "Where are you from, boy?", no doubling occurs. Neither does doubling occur when the initial consonant is followed by another consonant (other than l or r), e.g. ’o ttaliano "the Italian language", but ’o spagnuolo "the Spanish language", where ’o is the neuter definite article). This doubling phenomenon happens phonologically (in pronunciation), and the doubling is not always represented in spelling. However, many Neapolitan-language editions do represent syntactic gemination in writing, resulting in many words spelled with initial double consonants. So, je so’ pazzo ("I am crazy") may also be spelled je so’ ppazzo (regardless of the spelling, it is pronounced with syntactic gemination). In Italian and Finnish, syntactic gemination is not reflected in writing.

#### Words that trigger doubling in pronunciation

[edit]

Viola Carofalo wearing a T-shirt with Neapolitan je so’ pazzo ("I am crazy.")

* The conjunctions e and né but not o (e.g. pane e (c)caso; né (p)pane né (c)caso; but pane o caso)
* The prepositions a, pe, cu (e.g. a (m)me; pe (t)te; cu (v)vuje)
* The negation nu, short for nun (e.g. nu ddicere niente)
* The indefinites ogne, cocche (e.g. ogne (c)casa; cocche (c)cosa)
* Interrogative che and relative che but not ca (e.g. che (p)piense? che (f)femmena! che (c)capa!)
* accussí (e.g. accussí (b)bello)
* From the verb "essere", so’; sî; è but not songo (e.g. je so’ (p)pazzo; tu sî (f)fesso; chella è (M)Maria; chilli so’ (c)cafune but chilli songo cafune)
* chiú (e.g. chiú (p)poco)
* The number tre (e.g. tre (s)segge)
* The neuter definite article ’o (e.g. ’o (p)pane, but nu poco ’e pane)
* The neuter pronoun ’o (e.g. ’o (t)tiene ’o (p)pane?)
* Demonstrative adjectives chistu and chillu which refer to neuter nouns in indefinite quantities (e.g. chistu (f)fierro; chillu (p)pane) but not in definite quantities (e.g. Chistu fierro; chillu pane)
* The feminine plural definite article ’e (e.g. ’e (s)segge; ’e (g)guaglione)
* The plural feminine pronoun ’e, e.g., ’e (g)guaglione ’e (c)chiamme tu? "
* The plural masculine pronoun ’e preceding a verb, but not when ’e is an article; in ’e guagliune ’e (c)chiamme tu?, the first 'e is an article, so it does not trigger doubling; the second 'e does trigger doubling because it is a masculine plural pronoun.
* The locative lloco (e.g. lloco (s)sotto)
* From the verb stà: sto’ (e.g. sto’ (p)parlanno)
* From the verb puté: può; pô (e.g. isso pô (s)sapé)
* Special case Spiritu (S)Santo

## See also

[edit]

* Languages portal
* Italy portal

* Languages of Italy
* Oscan language
* Sicilian language

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Neapolitan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
2. ^ "Tutela del dialetto, primo via libera al Ddl campano" Archived 27 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine ("Bill to protect dialect green-lighted") from Il Denaro, economic journal of South Italy, 15 October 2008 Re Franceschiello. L'ultimo sovrano delle Due Sicilie
3. ^ Ledgeway, Adam. 2009. Grammatica diacronica del napoletano. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, pp. 3, 13-15
4. ^ Radtke, Edgar. 1997. I dialetti della Campania. Roma: Il Calamo. pp. 39ff
5. ^ Sornicola, Rosanna (2006). "Campania" (PDF). In Maiden, Martin; Parry, Mair (eds.). The dialects of Italy. London: Routledge. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
6. ^ Colantoni, Laura, and Jorge Gurlekian."Convergence and intonation: historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish", Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, Volume 7, Issue 02, August 2004, pp. 107–119, Cambridge Journals Online
7. ^ Canepari, Luciano (2005), Italia (PDF), Manuale di fonetica, Lincom Europa, pp. 282–283, ISBN 3-89586-456-0, archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2011 (in Italian)

## Additional sources

[edit]

* Iandolo, Carlo (2001). A lengua 'e Pulecenella: Grammatica napoletana (in Italian). Sorrento: Franco Di Mauro. ISBN 978-8885263710.
* De Blasi, Nicola; Imperatore, Luigi (2001). Il napoletano parlato e scritto: Con note di grammatica storica [Written and Spoken Neapolitan: With Notes on Historic Grammar] (in Italian) (2nd ed.). Napoli: Dante & Descartes. ISBN 978-8888142050.
* Del Vecchio, Emilano (3 July 2014). "Neapolitan: A Great Cultural Heritage". TermCoord.
* Verde, Massimiliano (17 June 2017). "Consegnato il primo Certificato Europeo di Lingua Napoletana" [Granted the first European Certificate of the Neapolitan language]. NapoliToday (in Italian). First Course of Neapolitan Language according to the QCER CEFR with the Patronage of City of Naples realized by Dr.Massimiliano Verde "Corso di Lingua e Cultura Napoletana" with a document of study in Neapolitan Language by Dr.Verde

First public document in Neapolitan Language of the XXI century according to a text of Dr.Verde; the touristic Map of the III Municipality of Naples in Neapolitan Language:

* Palmieri, Paola (22 June 2017). "Napoli per turisti: arriva la prima mappa con info in napoletano e italiano!" [Naples for tourists: Released the first map with text in Neapolitan and Italian!]. Grandenapoli (in Italian).
* "A Napoli nasce la prima mappa turistica con info in italiano e napoletano". Vesuvio Live (in Italian). 21 June 2017.

## External links

[edit]

Neapolitan language at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Definitions from Wiktionary
* Media from Commons
* Texts from Wikisource
* Textbooks from Wikibooks
* Neapolitan edition of Wikipedia
* Data from Wikidata

* Neapolitan recognized by UNESCO (in Italian)
* Websters Online Dictionary Neapolitan–English
* Interactive Map of languages in Italy
* Neapolitan on-line radio station
* Neapolitan glossary on Wiktionary
* Italian-Neapolitan searchable online dictionary
* Neapolitan basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
* Grammar primer and extensive vocabulary for the Neapolitan dialect of Torre del Greco[usurped]
* Neapolitan language and culture (in Italian)
* Prosodic detail in Neapolitan Italian by Francesco Cangemi. Berlin: Language Science Press. pp. 187 Free download.
* Consegnato il primo Certificato Europeo di Lingua Napoletana (in Italian)
* Salvatore Argenziano. Il Dialetto Napoletano- Appunti di Grafia e Grammatica (in Italian)

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Naples

Geography|

* Quarters
* Metropolitan City
* Municipalities
* Metropolitan area
* Naples Metro
* Underground geothermal zone
* Port

History (timeline)|

* Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples
* Army
* Neapolitan Republic (1647)
* Kingdom of Naples
* Consorts
* Monarchs
* Viceroys
* Dukes
* Duchy of Naples
* Four Days of Naples
* Jews in Naples
* Bishops
* Bombings in WWII

Politics and
government|

* Elections in Naples
* 2016
* 2021
* Mayors

Culture|

* Cinema
* Music
* Conservatories
* Canzone napoletana
* Flag
* Coat of arms
* Historic Centre
* Museums
* Cuisine
* Architecture
* Tallest buildings, Villas, Fountains, Stairways
* Economy
* Neapolitan tailoring
* Theaters
* Language
* State Archives of Naples
* Radio stations
* Patron saints

Event|

* 2500th Anniversary of the Foundation of Neapolis

Outline Category

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Languages of Italy

Historical linguistic minorities: Albanian, Catalan, Croatian, French, Franco-Provençal, Friulian, German, Greek, Ladin, Occitan, Romani, Sardinian, Slovene

| Italo-Romance|

| Italian|

* Regional Italian

|

Venetian[b]|

* Venetian
* Fiuman
* Triestine

Tuscan|

* Florentine

Central Italian|

* Central-Northern Latian
* Marchigiano
* Marinese
* Romanesco
* Sabino

Intermediate Southern (Neapolitan)|

* Beneventano
* Barese
* Castelmezzanese
* Cilentan
* Cosentino
* Irpinian
* Arianese
* Molisan
* Southern Latian
* Tarantino
* Vastese

Extreme Southern|

* Central-Southern Calabrian
* Salentino
* Manduriano
* Sicilian
* Pantesco

Other Italo-Dalmatian
languages|

* Corsican
* Gallurese
* Sassarese

Sardinian|

| Sardinian|

* Campidanese
* Logudorese

|

Occitano-Romance|

| Catalan|

* Algherese

|

Occitan|

* Vivaro-Alpine
* Mentonasc
* Niçard
* Gardiol

Gallo-Romance|

| French|

* Aostan

|

Franco-Provençal|

* Valdôtain
* Faetar
* Cellese

Gallo-Italic|

| Ligurian|

* Brigasc
* Genoese
* Intemelio
* Monégasque
* Royasc
* Tabarchino

|

Lombard|

* Western Lombard
* Brianzöö dialects
* Canzés
* Bustocco and Legnanese
* Legnanese
* Comasco-Lecchese dialects
* Comasco
* Laghée
* Vallassinese
* Lecchese
* Milanese
* Ticinese
* Ossolano
* Varesino
* Southwestern Lombard
* Pavese
* Novarese
* Cremunés
* Spasell
* Eastern Lombard
* Bergamasque
* Cremish

Emilian–Romagnol|

* Emilian
* Bolognese
* Parmigiano
* Romagnol
* Forlivese

Other Gallo-Italic
languages|

* Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
* Gallo-Italic of Sicily
* Judeo-Italian
* Judaeo-Piedmontese
* Piedmontese

Rhaeto-Romance|

| Rhaeto-Romance|

* Friulian
* Ladin
* Cadorino
* Fornes
* Nones

|

* Italy portal

| Albanian|

| Arbëresh language|

* Arbëresh
* Vaccarizzo Albanian

|

South Slavic|

| Slovenian|

* Brda
* Gail Valley
* Inner Carniolan
* Istrian
* Karst
* Natisone Valley
* Resian
* Torre Valley

|

Serbo-Croatian|

* Croatian
* Montenegrin
* Slavomolisano
* Triestine Serbian

Greek|

| Italiot Greek|

* Calabrian Greek
* Griko

|

German|

| Bavarian|

* Cimbrian
* Mòcheno
* Southern Bavarian
* South Tyrolean

|

Other German dialects|

* Austrian German
* Walser
* Yiddish

Others|

* Hebrew
* Italian Hebrew
* Italian Sign Language
* Romani
* Sinte Romani
* Wenzhounese

1. ^ a b In recent studies on Neapolitan variants in Campania, there has been a tendency to mark vowels pronounced as schwa ⟨ə⟩ with diaeresis (◌̈). While it may help novice speakers, it is not an established trait of the Neapolitan orthography.
2. ^ Venetian is either grouped with the rest of the Italo-Dalmatian or the Gallo-Italic languages, depending on the linguist, but the major consensus among linguists is that in the dialectal landscape of northern Italy, Veneto dialects are clearly distinguished from Gallo-Italic dialects.

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Romance languages (classification)

Major branches|

* Eastern
* Italo-Western
* Italo-Dalmatian
* Western
* Southern

Eastern|

* Aromanian
* Istro-Romanian
* Megleno-Romanian
* Daco-Romanian
* dialects
* Banat
* Bukovinian
* Crișana
* Maramureș
* Moldavian
* Oltenian
* Transylvanian
* Wallachian

Italo-
Dalmatian|

| Central|

* Central Italian
* Central Marchigiano
* Ancona
* Fabriano
* Macerata
* Central−Northern Latian
* Romanesco
* Sabino
* Corsican
* Gallurese
* Italian
* Italo-Australian
* Maltese Italian
* Regional Italian
* Swiss Italian
* Sassarese
* Tuscan
* Florentine

|

Southern|

* Extreme Southern Italian
* Central−Southern Calabrian
* Salentino
* Manduriano
* Sicilian
* Pantesco
* Neapolitan–Calabrese
* Neapolitan
* Barese
* Benevento
* Castelmezzano
* Cilentan
* Irpinian
* Arianese
* Molisan
* Southern Latian
* Tarantino
* Vastese
* Northern Calabrian

Others|

* Dalmatian Romance
* Dalmatian
* Istriot
* Judeo-Italian

Western|

| Gallo-Italic|

* Emilian–Romagnol
* Emilian
* Bolognese
* Judeo-Mantuan
* Parmigiano
* Romagnol
* Forlivese
* Old Romagnol
* Sammarinese
* Ferrarese
* Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
* Gallo-Italic of Sicily
* Gallo-Picene
* Ligurian
* Brigasc
* Genoese
* Intemelio
* Monégasque
* Royasc
* Tabarchino
* Judeo-Italian
* Lombard
* Eastern
* Bergamasque
* Cremish
* Old Lombard
* Western
* Brianzöö
* Canzés
* Bustocco–Legnanese
* Legnanese
* Comasco–Lecchese
* Comasco
* Laghée
* Lecchese
* Vallassinese
* Milanese
* Ossolano
* Southwestern
* Cremunés
* Novarese
* Pavese
* Ticinese
* Varesino
* Piedmontese
* Judeo-Piedmontese

|

Gallo-
Romance|

| Langues
d'oïl|

* Angevin
* Berrichon
* Bourbonnais
* Burgundian
* Champenois
* Ardennais
* Rémois
* Frainc-Comtou
* Gallo
* French
* Jersey Legal
* Meridional
* North American dialects
* Canadian
* Acadian
* Chiac
* St. Marys Bay French
* Brayon
* Newfoundland
* Quebec
* Joual
* Magoua
* Franco-Ontarian
* Métis
* Muskrat
* New England
* Frenchville
* Louisiana
* Missouri
* Creoles
* Lorrain
* Gaumais
* Vosgien
* Welche
* Mayennais
* Moselle Romance
* Norman
* Anglo-Norman
* Auregnais
* Guernésiais
* Jèrriais
* Sercquiais
* Law French
* Augeron
* Cauchois
* Cotentinais
* Orléanais
* Paydret
* Picard
* Poitevin–Saintongeais
* Poitevin
* Saintongeais
* Walloon
* West Walloon
* Wisconsin Walloon

|

* Franco-Provençal/Arpitan
* Faetar
* Savoyard
* Valdôtain
* Old Gallo-Romance

Ibero-
Romance
(West
Iberian)|

| Asturleonese|

* Asturian
* Eastern
* Western
* Cantabrian
* Leonese
* Bercian
* Paḷḷuezu
* Palra
* Riberan
* Riunorese
* Mirandese
* Old Leonese

|

Galician–Portuguese|

* Fala
* Galician
* Galician–Asturian/Eonavian
* Portuguese
* dialects
* African
* Asian
* Brazilian
* Mineiro
* European
* Alentejan
* Oliventine
* Estremenho
* Minderico
* Northern
* Uruguayan
* Creoles
* Portugis
* Judeo-Portuguese

Castilian|

* Extremaduran
* Judeo-Spanish
* Haketia
* Tetuani
* Spanish
* dialects
* Equatoguinean
* Latin American
* Chilean
* Chilote
* Peruvian
* Peruvian Ribereño
* Rioplatense
* Peninsular
* Andalusian
* Llanito
* Castilian
* Castrapo
* Castúo
* Murcian
* Philippine
* Saharan
* Creoles
* Old Spanish

Pyrenean–Mozarabic|

* Andalusi Romance
* Navarro-Aragonese
* Aragonese
* Central
* Eastern
* Ribagorçan
* Benasquese
* Judeo-Aragonese
* Southern
* Somontanés
* Navalese
* Western
* Aisinian
* Ansó
* Aragüés
* Hecho
* Community of Villages Aragonese
* Ebro Valley Aragonese
* Navarrese
* Old Riojan
* Valencian Aragonese

Others|

* Barranquenho (mixed Portuguese–Spanish)
* Caló (mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)

Occitano-
Romance|

* Catalan
* dialects
* Eastern
* Algherese
* Balearic
* Mallorcan
* Menorcan
* Central
* Northern
* Judeo-Catalan
* Patuet
* Western
* Ribagorçan
* Valencian
* Gardiol
* Occitan
* Auvergnat
* Gascon
* Aranese
* Béarnese
* Aas whistled
* Landese
* Judeo-Gascon
* Judeo-Provençal
* Languedocien
* Limousin
* Provençal
* Niçard
* Vivaro-Alpine
* Gardiol
* Mentonasc
* Old Occitan
* Old Catalan

Rhaeto-
Romance|

* Friulian
* Fornes
* Ladin
* Cadorino
* Nones
* Romansh
* Jauer
* Putèr
* Surmiran
* Sursilvan
* Tuatschin
* Sutsilvan
* Vallader

Others|

* Franco-Italian
* Mediterranean Lingua Franca (Western Romance-based pidgin)
* Venetian (unknown further classification)
* Chipilo
* Fiuman
* Talian
* Triestine

Others|

* African Romance
* British Latin
* Pannonian Latin
* Sardinian
* Campidanese
* Logudorese
* Dialects of Latin

Reconstructed|

* Proto-Romance
* Proto-Eastern Romance

* Italics indicate extinct languages
* Bold indicates languages with more than 5 million speakers
* Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.

Authority control databases: National |

* Germany

|

*[AUX]: auxiliary verb
*[1SG]: first person, singular
*[PRES]: present tense
*[PTCP]: participle
*[PAST]: past tense
*[1S]: first person, singular
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