Neo-Lutheranism

19th-century revival movement within Lutheranism

Part of a series on

Lutheranism

Background

* Christianity
* Start of the Reformation
* Reformation
* Protestantism

Doctrine and theology

|  Bible

* Old Testament
* New Testament

Creeds

* Apostles' Creed
* Nicene Creed
* Athanasian Creed

Book of Concord

* Augsburg Confession

* Apology of the Augsburg Confession

* Luther's Small / Large Catechism

* Smalcald Articles

* Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope

* Formula of Concord

Distinctive theological concepts

* Theology of Martin Luther

* Justification
* Law and Gospel

* Sola gratia
* Sola scriptura

* Christology
* Sanctification

* Two kingdoms
* catholicity

* Two states of the Church

* Priesthood of all believers

* Divine Providence
* Marian theology

* Theology of the Cross

* Sacramental Union

Other relevant topics

* Homosexuality

* Sacraments and worship

* Baptism
* Eucharist
* Confession
* Confirmation
* Matrimony
* Anointing of the Sick
* Holy Orders
* Divine Service
* Matins
* Vespers
* Liturgical calendar
* Calendar of saints
* Lutheran hymn
* Lutheran hymnwriters
* Normative principle
* Lutheran art

Organization

* Confessional Evangelical
Lutheran Conference

* Global Confessional &
Missional Lutheran Forum

* International Lutheran Council
* Lutheran World Federation
* Denominations
* Lutheranism by region

Movements

* History of Lutheranism
* Crypto-Lutherans
* Gnesio-Lutherans
* Lutheran orthodoxy
* Pietists
* Radical Pietism
* Haugeans
* Laestadians
* Finnish Awakening
* Old Lutherans
* Neo-Lutherans
* High church Lutherans
* Confessional Lutheranism

Key figures

Missionaries

* John Campanius
* Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg
* Hans Egede
* Johann Heinrich Callenberg
* Johann Phillip Fabricius
* Paul Henkel
* John Christian Frederick Heyer
* Karl Graul
* Martti Rautanen
* Wilhelm Sihler
* F. C. D. Wyneken
* Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder
* Lars Olsen Skrefsrud
* Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen
* Onesimos Nesib
* Paul Olaf Bodding
* Johann Flierl
* Christian Keyser
* Jens Christensen

Bible Translators

* Martin Luther
* Casiodoro de Reina
* Kjell Magne Yri
* Onesimos Nesib
* Aster Ganno
* Kristian Osvald Viderø
* Jákup Dahl
* Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg

* Johann Phillip Fabricius

* William Tyndale
* John Rogers
* George Constantine
* Jozef Roháček
* Johannes Avetaranian
* Guðbrandur Þorláksson
* Ludvig Olsen Fossum
* Hans Egede / Paul Egede
* Otto Fabricius
* Nils Vibe Stockfleth
* Olaus Petri / Laurentius Petri
* Martti Rautanen
* Primož Trubar
* Jurij Dalmatin
* Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen
* Sebastian Krelj
* Mikael Agricola

* Norwegian Bible Society
* Swedish Bible Society
* Samuel Ludwik Zasadius
* Stanislovas Rapolionis

* Laurentius Andreae
* Hans Tausen
* Olaf M. Norlie
* Jonas Bretkūnas
* Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder
* Antonio Brucioli
* Mikołaj Jakubica
* Matthias Bel
* Johann Ernst Glück
* William F. Beck

Theologians

* Martin Luther / Katharina von Bora
* Philip Melanchthon
* Johannes Bugenhagen
* Johannes Brenz
* Justus Jonas
* Hans Tausen
* Laurentius Petri
* Olaus Petri
* Mikael Agricola
* Matthias Flacius
* Martin Chemnitz
* Johann Gerhard
* Abraham Calovius
* Johannes Andreas Quenstedt
* Johann Wilhelm Baier
* Philipp Spener
* David Hollaz
* August Hermann Francke
* Henry Muhlenberg
* Lars Levi Laestadius
* Charles Porterfield Krauth
* C. F. W. Walther
* Søren Kierkegaard
* Albrecht Ritschl
* Wilhelm Herrmann
* F. W. Stellhorn
* Rudolf Otto
* Ernst Troeltsch
* Rudolf Bultmann
* Paul Tillich
* Hermann Sasse
* Dietrich Bonhoeffer
* Wolfhart Pannenberg
* Robert Jenson

* v
* t
* e

Neo-Lutheranism was a 19th-century revival movement within Lutheranism which began with the Pietist-driven Erweckung, or Awakening, and developed in reaction against theological rationalism and pietism.[1]

The movement followed the Old Lutheran movement and focused on a reassertion of the identity of Lutherans as a distinct group within the broader community of Christians, with a renewed focus on the Lutheran Confessions as a key source of Lutheran doctrine. Associated with these changes was an Evangelical-Catholic renewed focus on traditional doctrine and liturgy, which paralleled the growth of Anglo-Catholicism in England.[2] It was sometimes even called "German Puseyism".[3] In the Roman Catholic Church in Germany, neo-Lutheranism was paralleled by Johann Adam Möhler. The chief literary organ of the neo-Lutheranism was Evangelische Kirchenzeitung, edited by Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg.

## Repristination versus Erlangen school

[edit]

Neo-Lutheranism developed as a reaction against the Prussian Union[4] in a similar manner to the development of Tractarianism against the British government's decision to reduce the number of Irish bishoprics. The term has been defined different ways to distinguish it from the Old Lutherans movement, which was a schism in areas where a church union was enforced.

A distinction developed in neo-Lutheranism whereby one side held to repristination theology, which attempted to restore historical Lutheranism, while the other held to the theology of the Erlangen School coming out of the University at Erlangen. The repristination theology group was represented by Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg, Carl Paul Caspari, Gisle Johnson, Friedrich Adolf Philippi, C. F. W. Walther, and others.[4] Repristination theology is more similar to later Confessional Lutheranism. In contrast, confessionalism to the Erlangen School was not to be static, but dynamic. The Erlangen School tried to combine Reformation theology with new learning and included Franz Hermann Reinhold von Frank, Theodosius Harnack, Franz Delitzsch, Johann Christian Konrad von Hofmann, Karl Friedrich August Kahnis, Christoph Ernst Luthardt, and Gottfried Thomasius.[4]

## High Church Lutheranism

[edit]

Main article: High Church Lutheranism

Neo-Lutheranism is sometimes limited only to the theology and activity represented by Theodor Friedrich Dethlof Kliefoth, August Friedrich Christian Vilmar, Johann Konrad Wilhelm Löhe, August Friedrich Otto Münchmeyer, and Friedrich Julius Stahl, who had particularly high ecclesiology. They were against the idea of the invisible church, strongly contending that the church was an outward, visible institution of salvation.

They emphasised the ordained ministry instituted by Christ and the significance of the sacraments over the Word as Means of Grace. However, unlike the Erlangen School, this type of neo-Lutheranism did not have a lasting influence on Lutheran theology. Properly speaking, High Church Lutheranism began in Germany much later, with the creation of the Hochkirchliche Vereinigung Augsburgischen Bekenntnisses in 1918, inspired by 95 theses Stimuli et Clavi of 1917, exactly 100 years after Claus Harms' 95 theses.

Neo-Lutheranism is distinct from the term "neo-Protestantism", which is an exclusively liberal theology represented, for example, by Adolf von Harnack and his followers.

## See also

[edit]

* Christianity portal

* Evangelical Catholic
* Gottlieb Christoph Adolf von Harless
* Fredrik Gabriel Hedberg
* Gisle Johnson
* U. V. Koren
* Charles Porterfield Krauth
* Ludwig Adolf Petri
* Herman Amberg Preus
* Andreas Gottlob Rudelbach

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Schubert, Anselm; Mühling, Markus (2011). "Neo-Lutheranism". Religion Past and Present. doi:10.1163/1877-5888_rpp_COM_024078.
2. ^ Scherer, James A. (1993). "The Triumph of Confessionalism in Nineteenth-Century German Lutheran Missions" (PDF). Missio Apostolica. 2: 71–78. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 20, 2005. An extract from Scherer's 1968 Ph.D. thesis, "Mission and Unity in Lutheranism". Scherer was Professor of World Mission and Church History at the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago until his retirement.
3. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Lutheranism" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
4. ^ a b c "Lutheran Theology After 1580", Christian Cyclopedia, LCMS

## Further reading

[edit]

* Lee II, James Ambrose (2022). Confessional Lutheranism and German Theological Wissenschaft: Adolf Harleß, August Vilmar, and Johannes Christian Konrad von Hofmann, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. 978-3110760538.

* v
* t
* e

History of Lutheranism

Start of the
Reformation|

| Events|

* Ninety-five Theses
* Heidelberg Disputation
* Leipzig Debate
* Marburg Colloquy
* Diet of Speyer (1529)
* Protestation at Speyer
* Articles of Schwabach
* Presentation of the Augsburg Confession
* Nuremberg Religious Peace

Reformation in|

* Denmark–Norway and Holstein
* Finland
* Germany
* Iceland
* Sweden

Reformers|

* Martin Luther
* Katharina von Bora
* Philip Melanchthon
* Johannes Bugenhagen
* Johannes Brenz
* Justus Jonas
* Argula von Grumbach
* Petrus Särkilahti
* Mikael Agricola
* Stephan Agricola
* Nicolaus von Amsdorf
* Laurentius Andreae
* Olaus Petri
* Laurentius Petri
* Stephan Praetorius
* Johann Pfeffinger
* Frederick the Wise

Early turmoil|

| Events|

* Dissemination of the Augsburg Confession Variata
* Colloquy of Worms (1540–1541)
* Diet of Regensburg
* Regensburg Interim
* Schmalkaldic War
* Augsburg Interim
* Leipzig Interim
* Peace of Passau
* Peace of Augsburg
* Colloquy of Worms (1557)
* Counter-Reformation
* Council of Trent § Protestant response
* Publication of the Magdeburg Centuries
* Adiaphoristic controversies (first
* second)
* Controversy on the Descent into Hell
* Presentation of the Greek Augsburg Confession
* Signing of the Formula of Concord
* Liturgical struggle
* Uppsala Synod

|

People|

* Philip Melanchthon
* Matthias Flacius
* Nicolaus Gallus
* Cyriacus Spangenberg
* Joachim Westphal
* Andreas Musculus
* Victorinus Strigel
* Johannes Agricola
* Andreas Osiander
* John the Magnanimous

Factions|

* Crypto-Calvinism
* Sacramentarians
* Philippists
* Ubiquitarians
* Gnesio-Lutherans
* Crypto-Lutherans

Orthodox and
Scholastic
periods|

| Early|

* Acceptance of the Book of Concord
* Martin Chemnitz
* Colloquy of Mumpelgart
* Jakob Andreae
* Nikolaus Selnecker
* David Chytraeus
* Matthias Hafenreffer
* Leonhard Hutter
* Aegidius Hunnius
* Stephan Praetorius

|

High|

* Johann Gerhard
* J. A. Quenstedt
* Abraham Calovius
* Georg Calixtus
* Nicolaus Hunnius
* Jesper Brochmand
* Salomo Glassius
* Johann Hülsemann
* J. C. Dannhauer
* J. F. König
* Johannes Musaeus
* J. W. Baier
* Thirty Years' War

Late|

* David Hollatz
* Christian Scriver
* V. E. Löscher
* J. M. Goeze
* Salzburg Protestants
* Landlers

Speculative

or critical

theologies|

| Wolffian|

* Johann Salomo Semler
* Johann David Michaelis
* Johann Christoph Döderlein

|

Old Tübingen school|

* Gottlob Christian Storr
* Friedrich Gottlieb Süskind
* Johann Friedrich Flatt

Kantian|

* Christoph Friedrich von Ammon
* Julius Wegscheider
* Wilhelm Gesenius
* Albrecht Ritschl
* Adolf von Harnack
* Wilhelm Herrmann

Hegelian|

* Karl Daub
* Philip Marheineke
* David Strauss
* Ferdinand Christian Baur
* Richard Adelbert Lipsius
* Otto Pfleiderer

Moderate|

* Franz Volkmar Reinhard
* Karl Gottlieb Bretschneider
* Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette

Transitional|

* Johann Gottfried Herder
* Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi
* Friedrich Schleiermacher

Revivals|

| Pietist|

* Martin Moller
* Johann Arndt
* Jakob Böhme
* J. V. Andreae
* P. J. Spener
* J. W. Petersen
* A. H. Francke
* J. F. Buddeus
* J. A. Bengel
* G. C. Knapp

|

Awakening|

* J. G. Hamann
* Hans Nielsen Hauge
* Haugeanism
* Paavo Ruotsalainen
* Finnish Awakening
* Claus Harms
* Lars Levi Laestadius
* Laestadianism
* Carl Olof Rosenius
* N. F. S. Grundtvig
* August Tholuck
* Zillertal Valley expulsion

Neo-Lutheran|

| Repristination|

* E. W. Hengstenberg
* F. A. Philippi
* F. G. Hedberg
* Carl Paul Caspari
* C. P. Krauth
* L .A. Gotwald

|

Erlangen|

* G. C. A. von Harless
* J. W. F. Höfling
* Gottfried Thomasius
* J. C. K. von Hofmann
* Franz Delitzsch
* K. F. A. Kahnis
* Theodosius Harnack
* C. E. Luthardt
* F. H. R. von Frank
* Paul Althaus
* Werner Elert

High Church|

* A. F. C. Vilmar
* F. J. Stahl
* A. F. O. Münchmeyer
* J. K. W. Löhe
* Theodor Kliefoth
* Heinrich Hansen

Old Lutheran|

| Germany|

* Old Lutheran schism
* Background
* J. G. Scheibel
* Eduard Huschke
* Henrik Steffens
* H. E. F. Guericke
* G. P. E. Huschke
* Free churches

|

Australia / New Guinea|

* August Kavel
* Gotthard Fritzsche
* Johann Flierl
* Lutheran Church of Australia

United States|

* Martin Stephan
* J. A. A. Grabau
* Wilhelm Sihler
* F. C. D. Wyneken
* C. F. W. Walther
* H. A. Preus
* F. W. Stellhorn
* Synodical Conference of North America

Present|

* Confessional Lutheranism
* Homosexuality

Authority control databases: National |

* Germany

|

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template