Nepalese Muslims

Demographic classification in Nepal

Ethnic group

Nepalese Muslims

नेपाली मुसलमान

Total population
1,483,060[1]
(5.09% of the Nepal's population)[2]
Regions with significant populations
Nepal •  India • Middle East Countries
Nepal| 1,483,060[3]
Sikkim, India| Unknown[4][5]
Languages
Nepali • Awadhi • Bhojpuri • Maithili (majority) • Urdu (lingua-franca)
Religion
Islam
Related ethnic groups
Kashmiri Muslims, Bihari Muslims, Madheshis,[6] Gorkhali Muslims

Nepalese Muslims (Nepali: नेपाली मुसलमान; Nepali/Nepalese Musalman/Muslims) also known as Gorkhali Muslims are Nepalis who follow Islam. Their ancestors arrived in Nepal from different parts of South Asia, Central Asia and Tibet during different epochs, and have since lived amidst the numerically dominant Hindus and Buddhists. About 80% of the Muslim community live in the Terai region, while the other 20% are found mainly in the city of Kathmandu and Gorkha and the western hills. The community numbers 1,418,677, about 5.09% of the total population of Nepal according to 2021 Census. According to 2011 Census, districts with large Muslim population include Banke (19.2%), Kapilvastu (18.2%), Rupandehi (8.3%), Parsa (14.5%), Bara (14.4%), Rautahat (19.7%), and Sarlahi (7.9%) in the western Terai and Mahottari (13.4%), Dhanusha (8.4%), Siraha (7.5%), Saptari (8.9%) and Sunsari (11.5%) in the eastern Terai.[7]

## History

[edit]

Muslims have lived in Nepal for long period of time and have shared common historical experiences with the Hindu majority, and as such have developed a stronger identification with the Nepali state. However, the Terai Muslims, on the other hand, like other Terai communities, also continue to have strong ties across the border and receive cultural sustenance from the larger Muslim population of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Historians believe that the first Muslims settled in Kathmandu during King Ratna Malla's reign in the late 15th century.[8] These Muslims were Kashmiri merchants that were given permission by Ratna Malla to settle in Kathmandu.[8]

The Chaubise rajas of west Nepal also employed Afghan and Indian Muslims to train Nepali soldiers to use firearms and ammunition. Ratna Malla's envoy to Lhasa invited Kashmiri Muslims to Kathmandu in an attempt to profit from the rugs, carpets, shawls and woollen goods they traded between Kashmir, Ladakh, and Lhasa. The first batch of Muslims came with a Kashmiri saint who built the first mosque, Kashmiri Taquia, in 1524, writes Shamima Siddika in her book Muslims of Nepal.[9]

Influenced by the system of Mughal courts in Delhi, the Mallas also invited Indian Muslims to work as courtiers and counsellors, leading to rivalry with Newar nobles of the Malla courts. While the Muslim courtiers did not last long and returned to India, other Muslims stayed on. The Mallas also got Indian Muslims from the Mughal Empire to join their courts as musicians and specialists on perfumes and ornaments. Historian Baburam Acharya believes they were also there to protect King Ratna Malla from rebellious relatives and senior court officials.

Following Nepal's unification, King Prithvi Narayan Shah also encouraged Muslim traders to settle down with their families. Besides trade, the Muslims from Afghanistan and India were experts in manufacturing guns, cartridges, and cannons, while others were useful in international diplomacy because of their knowledge of Persian and Arabic.

Many Muslims, especially Kashmiri traders, are said to have fled to India during the economic blockade that Prithvi Narayan Shah imposed on the Valley. Fearing persecution from a Hindu king due to their religion and their ties with the Mallas, the traders left despite assurances that they would come to no harm. By 1774, only a handful of Kashmiri merchants remained. Even so, Kashmiri traders proved to be a great help during the unification process. Historians say that Prithvi Narayan Shah employed them as spies and informants as they had personal contacts with the Malla rulers. After his victory, he gave them permission to build a mosque, now near Tri-Chandra Campus (Nepali Jame Masjid, Ghantaghar).

During Jang Bahadur Rana's regime, a large number of Muslims migrated to the Terai from India fleeing persecution by the British army during the Sepoy Mutiny in 1857. These refugees settled in the Terai region, selling leather goods or working as agricultural labourers. A senior courtier to the Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar also fled to Kathmandu. Later, he renovated the Jama Masjid and was buried there. During the Sepoy Mutiny, Begum Hazrat Mahal, wife of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah of Lucknow, also escaped to Kathmandu via Nepalganj and was allowed by Jang Bahadur to take refuge in Nepal. She settled down at the Thapathali Durbar and later died in Kathmandu and was also buried at the Nepali mosque.

## Classification

[edit]

The history of the Muslim community in Nepal is in fact the history of four distinct groups, the Tibetans, Hindustanis, Kashmiris, and Madheshis.[10][11] Muslims are treated as a ethnicity rather than a religious group in Nepal.[1]

### Newar Muslims

[edit]

A small number of Newars in the Kathmandu Valley identify as Muslims, commonly referred to as Newar Muslims.[12][13][14] While the majority of Newars follow Hinduism or Buddhism, this minority practices Islam while continuing to speak Nepal Bhasa and participate in elements of Newar social life.[15][16] The community is primarily concentrated in areas such as Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, and Lalitpur. Despite their distinct religious identity, Newar Muslims are generally integrated into the broader Newar society and maintain cultural ties within the community.[17][18]

### Kashmiri Muslims

[edit]

According to the Vamshavalis, Kashmiri Muslims arrived in Kathmandu during the reign of King Rama Malla (1484-1520 AD). They built a mosque, the Kashmiri Takia, and engaged in different occupations such as scribes to correspond with the Delhi Sultanate, and as scent manufacturers, musicians, and bangle suppliers.[8] Some were admitted as courtiers to the Malla durbar, and many traded with Tibet. The descendants of these migrants live in Kathmandu, numbering about two thousand. They tend to be well-educated and speak a mixture of Nepali and Urdu at home rather than Kashmiri.[citation needed]

### Tibetan Muslims

[edit]

Further information: Tibetan Muslims

Muslim migrants of Tibetan origin include both Ladakhis and those from Tibet proper. The latter arrived mostly after the Chinese Communist takeover in 1959, and in their language and dress these Tibetan Muslims are indistinguishable from their Tibetan Buddhist counterparts. Today, many are engaged in the trade of Chinese consumer durables and selling curios. On the whole, this groups tends to be more affluent than the other Muslim communities.[19][20]

The story of the Tibetan Muslims is that of a unique community, that has blended different cultural strains to forge a distinct identity, that has been kept alive even in the face of adversity. According to the community's traditions, Islam arrived almost a thousand years ago in Tibet, a region that has always been synonymous with a monolithic Buddhist culture. Sometime in the 12th century, it is believed, a group of Muslim traders from Kashmir and Ladakh came to Tibet as merchants. Many of these traders settled in Tibet and married Tibetan women, who later converted to the religion of their husbands. Author Thomas Arnold, in his book, The Preaching of Islam says that gradually, marriages and social interactions led to an increase in the Tibetan Muslim population until a sizable community came up around Lhasa, Tibet’s capital.[21][22]

### Madhesi Muslims

[edit]

Further information: Madhesi people

While the smaller groups provide diversity, the largest community of Islam adherents, more than 74 percent of the Muslims are found in the Madhesh region, a narrow Terai plain lying between the lower hills of the Himalaya and the border with India. Concentrated in the Madhesh districts of Banke, Kapilvastu, Rupandehi, Parsa, Bara, and Rauthat, some of the Madhesi Muslims were present here at the time of Nepal´s unification while others migrated from India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkey, Arabia, Tibet, and Egypt from the 19th century onwards as wage labourers. While most are small-time proprietor farmers, a substantial number still work as tenants and agricultural labourers. At home they do speak Urdu, but also Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Maithili, and Nepali, depending on whether they are of the Western or Central or Eastern Madhesh.[23]

The Muslim society in the Madhesh (Terai) region is organized along the principles of caste, but differs in many respects from the caste system found among the Madhesi Nepali Hindus. Although Muslim groupings are endogamous, and there are elements of hierarchy, there are no religious and ideological principles providing a foundation for the concept of caste. For example, there is no question of ritual pollution by touch or restriction on interdining. But each grouping does maintain a separate and distinct identity, especially with regard to intermarriage. Below is a brief description of the larger groupings:[24]

Members of Madhesh-based Muslim communities reside in the Kathmandu valley and are the leaders of a revival and reform of Islam informed by global Islamist discourses and enabled and promoted by petrodollars and new technologies of communication linking them with Muslims communities around the world.[25] The movement has both religious and political dimensions (though the two intertwine significantly in Islam), each represented by distinct organizations with their internal hierarchies and rules for membership. They provide scholarships for Muslim youth, support for mosques and madrasas, and religious trainings. These organizations have centers in the Terai as well, but the national centers are in the Kathmandu valley. Their ideological influences range from the Muslim Brotherhood, to Salafism, to the Jamaat-e Islami.[26]

## Notable people

[edit]

* Basir Ahamad \- Nepali cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut on 1 May 2022, for Nepal against Zimbabwe A.
* Mehboob Alam-Nepalese cricketer & is a world record holder who has his name in the Guinness World Records for single-handedly bowling out an opponent, which he did by picking up 10 wickets for 12 runs in 7.5 overs bundling out Mozambique for just 19 runs during the 2008 ICC World Cricket League Division Five in Jersey.
* Shahab Alam-Nepalese cricketer. He represents the Nepal Army Club in domestic cricket.
* Mohna Ansari \- Human rights activist, and Nepal's only female attorney from the Muslim community.[27]
* Najir Hussain \- is a Nepali actor born to Muslim Father & Hindu Mother and also the only Nepali Muslim Actor in the film industry.
* Abdul Khan \- Nepalese politician, belonging to the Janamat Party. He is currently serving as a member of the 2nd Federal Parliament of Nepal.
* Rashid Khan-Nepalese cricketer.He Belong to team Lalitpur Patriots of Nepal's Premier League called 2021 Everest Premier League.
* Lalbabu Raut-Also Known as Mohammad Lalbabu Raut is the first Chief Minister of Madhesh Province, one of the seven federal Provinces of Nepal.He is the parliamentary party leader of People's Socialist Party, Nepal for Madhesh Province[28][29]
* Asif Shah -Nepalese TV presenter, director, producer, actor, singer, and rapper.
* Aarif Sheikh \- Nepali cricketer, the vice-captain of the Nepal national under-19 cricket team.
* Aasif Sheikh \- Nepali wicket-keeper batter who won the ICC Spirit of Cricket award while playing against Ireland.[30]

## See also

[edit]

* Islam in Nepal

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b "National Population Census 2021". Central Bureau of Statistics, Nepal. Government of Nepal. p. 114. Retrieved 20 June 2025.
2. ^ "Religions in Nepal | PEW-GRF".
3. ^ National Statistics Office (2024). National Population and Housing Census 2021: Population Composition of Nepal (PDF). National Statistics Office, Nepal. p. 52. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
4. ^ Ahmed, Dr. Syed (2013-06-30). "Muslims in Sikkim". TwoCircles.net. Retrieved 2025-06-17.
5. ^ "The Ethnic People of Sikkim". PIB.NIC.in. 5 December 2003. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
6. ^ "Muslims of Nepal's Terai" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04.
7. ^ Dastider, Mollica (2007). Understanding Nepal: Muslims in a Plural Society. Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 978-81-241-1271-7.
8. ^ a b c Sijapati, Megan Adamson (2011). "Muslims in Nepal: The Local and Global Dimensions of a Changing Religious Minority". Religion Compass. 5 (11): 656–665\. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00314.x. ISSN 1749-8171.
9. ^ Siddika, Shamima (1993). Muslims of Nepal. Gazala Siddika.
10. ^ "How the cresent fares in Nepal". Archived from the original on 2012-03-20. Retrieved 2011-04-07.
11. ^ Ojha, Niranjan (January 2022). "Historical Study on the Classification of Nepali Muslisms" (PDF). International Journal of Humanities & Social Science. 10 (2). Dept. of Bengali, Karimganj College, Karimganj, Assam, India: 121–129\. eISSN 2278-5264. ISSN 2321-9319.
12. ^ Prashanta (2016-06-21). "Nepali Muslim Food in Kathmandu". The Nepali Food Blog | theGundruk.com. Retrieved 2025-07-14.
13. ^ Manandhar, Razen (2024-05-28). "Religions of the Newars: A Short Observation". Medium. Retrieved 2025-07-14.
14. ^ "'Newa Muslims' embrace Kathmandu's culture yet expect more reforms to strengthen harmony - OnlineKhabar English News". 2023-04-21. Retrieved 2025-07-14.
15. ^ Gellner, David N. The Anthropology of Buddhism and Hinduism: Weberian Themes. Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 303–305.
16. ^ "Nepal Muslims group demands preservation of Sanatan Hindu culture". The Week. Retrieved 2025-07-14.
17. ^ Drechsler, Wolfgang; Chafik, Salah; Kattel, Rainer (2025-05-14). Islamic Public Value: Theory, Practice, and Administration of Indigenous Cooperative Institutions. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-0353-3364-6.
18. ^ Sharma, Bal Gopal. "Religious Syncretism in Nepal." ''Contributions to Nepalese Studies'', Vol. 18, No. 2, 1991, pp. 243–250.
19. ^ "How the cresent fares in Nepal". Archived from the original on 2012-03-20. Retrieved 2011-04-07.
20. ^ Hennig, Clare. "A minority within a minority | Nepali Times Buzz | Nepali Times". archive.nepalitimes.com. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
21. ^ Arnold, Sir Thomas Walker (1913). The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith. C. Scribner's sons. ISBN 978-1-56744-185-7. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
22. ^ Times, Nepali (2018-05-23). "There are Muslims in Tibet, too". nepalitimes.com. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
23. ^ Understanding Nepal : Muslims in a plural society by Mollica Dastider ISBN 978-81-241-1271-7
24. ^ Caste Hierarchy and Interethnic Stratification in the Muslim Society of Nepal by Shanker Thapa, Tribhuvan University Journal Volume XVIII, June 1995
25. ^ Sijapati, Megan Adamson (2011). Islamic Revival in Nepal: Religion and a New Nation. London and New York: Routledge.
26. ^ Sijapati, Megan Adamson (June 2012). "Mawdudi's Islamic Revivalist Ideology and the Islami Sangh Nepal". Studies in Nepali History and Society. 17 (1): 41–61.
27. ^ Sayyed, Jenifer (2016-04-26). "Meet Nepal's First Female Muslim Lawyer: Mohna Ansari Is Making History". MVSLIM. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
28. ^ CM, Setopati :: Muslim Raut set to become Province 2. "Muslim Raut set to become Province 2 CM". Muslim Raut set to become Province 2 CM.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
29. ^ "Paradoxical Madhes". kathmandupost.com.
30. ^ "Watch: Nepal wicketkeeper Aasif Sheikh wins ICC Spirit of Cricket award for this incredbile gesture". India Today. 26 January 2023. Retrieved 2023-06-30.

* v
* t
* e

Ethnic groups in Nepal by language family

Sino-Tibetan
(Trans-Himalayan)|

| Tibetic|

* Darchula Bhotiya
* Bhotiya
* Sherpa
* Hyolmo
* Jirel
* Nepalese Central Tibetic
* Central Tibetans
* Kachee

|

Kiranti|

* Western Rai
* Bahing
* Sunuwar Koich
* Central Rai
* Khambu Rai
* Kulung
* Bantawa
* Eastern Rai
* Lohorung
* Yakkha
* Limbu (Yakthung)

Tamangic|

* Chhantyal
* Gurung
* Tamu
* Manange
* Ghale
* Tamang
* Lama clan (Tamang)
* Thakali
* Kaike Magar

* Newaric
* Newar
* Newar Muslim
* Thangmi Kham
* Baram
* Magar
* Dhut
* Kham/Pang
* Chepang
* Bhujel
* Raji–Raute
* Raji
* Raute
* Rawat
* Dura
* Lepcha (Rong)
* Dhimal

Indo-Aryan|

| Pahari|

* Khas

* Jumli-speakers
* Palpali-speakers
* Gorkhali-speakers (standard Nepali dialect)

* Kumaunis
* Kashmiris

|

Madheshi|

* Maithil
* Maithil Brahmin
* Yadav
* Kayastha
* Dhanuk
* Eastern Majhi
* Bajji
* Malla
* Anga

Newars|

*     * Over 25 distinct castes, major being Shresthas, Chathariya, Jyapu, Vajracharya, Rajopadhyaya Brahmins, Chitrakar, Khadgi, Manandhar, Dhobi, Pode, Ranjitkar, Mali, etc.
* Newar Muslim

Indian Madheshi|

* Indian Maithil
* Bihari
* Bhojpuri
* Bajjika
* etc.
* Awadhi
* other Madheshi
* H
* U

* Kumal
* Kushbadiya (Guhari)
* Miyan

Indo-Aryan
of a distinct origin|

* Danuar Rai
* Bote
* Western Majhi
* Darai
* Tharu
* Hill Khadiya/Bankariya
* Rajbanshi
* Kisan of Oraon Sadri
* Kushbadiya (Guhari)

Other peoples (M, D, i)
of Indus-Ganga|

* Kusunda
* Munda
* Satar
* Dudh and Dhelki Khadiya/Bankariya
* Jangad/Dhangad/Uraun
* Kisan

Other basis|

| By geography|

* Mountain people (Buddhist/Animism)
* Hill people (Eastern Paharis and Newars, Buddhist
* Kirati (East, mostly Mundhum)
* Terai (Madheshi, Tharu, Danuwar and Dhimal) (Lowland)
* Western Nepal (Hindu dominant)
* Nepali Muslim (South)

|

By law|

* Janajati
* Madheshi Janajati

Misc|

* Adivasi
* Simantakrit

By caste|

* Kshetri
* Bahun
* Thakuri
* Rajopadhyaya
* Shresthas
* Jyapu
* Vajracharya
* Pulami
* Kami
* Damai/Dholi
* Rajdhoves
* Sarki
* Unspecified Dalit
* Kalwar
* Dhobi
* Mali
* Gaine/Gandarbha

Immigrants|

* Filipinos
* Indians
* Japanese
* Jews
* Koreans
* Pakistanis
* Russians

Nepal portal

## External links

[edit]

* A minority within a minority: Nepal’s Tibetan Muslims mark Ramadan
* A Refugee’s Ramadan
* Nepalese Muslim Society elects new working committee
* Zuordnung von Familiennamen und Bevölkerungsgruppen in Nepal

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