Network security

Control of access to computer networks

Network security is an umbrella term to describe security controls, policies, processes and practices adopted to prevent, detect and monitor unauthorized access, misuse, modification, or denial of a computer network and network-accessible resources.[1] Network security involves the authorization of access to data in a network, which is controlled by the network administrator. Users choose or are assigned an ID and password or other authenticating information that allows them access to information and programs within their authority. Network security covers a variety of computer networks, both public and private, that are used in everyday jobs: conducting transactions and communications among businesses, government agencies and individuals. Networks can be private, such as within a company, and others which might be open to public access. Network security is involved in organizations, enterprises, and other types of institutions. It does as its title explains: it secures the network, as well as protecting and overseeing operations being done. The most common and simple way of protecting a network resource is by assigning it a unique name and a corresponding password.

## Network security concept

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Network security starts with authentication, commonly with a username and a password. Since this requires just one detail authenticating the user name—i.e., the password—this is sometimes termed one-factor authentication. With two-factor authentication, something the user 'has' is also used (e.g., a security token or 'dongle', an ATM card, or a mobile phone); and with three-factor authentication, something the user 'is' is also used (e.g., a fingerprint or retinal scan).

Once authenticated, a firewall enforces access policies such as what services are allowed to be accessed by the network users.[2][3] Though effective to prevent unauthorized access, this component may fail to check potentially harmful content such as computer worms or Trojans being transmitted over the network. Anti-virus software or an intrusion prevention system (IPS)[4] help detect and inhibit the action of such malware. An anomaly-based intrusion detection system may also monitor the network like wireshark traffic and may be logged for audit purposes and for later high-level analysis. Newer systems combining unsupervised machine learning with full network traffic analysis can detect active network attackers from malicious insiders or targeted external attackers that have compromised a user machine or account.[5]

Communication between two hosts using a network may be encrypted to maintain security and privacy.

Honeypots, essentially decoy network-accessible resources, may be deployed in a network as surveillance and early-warning tools, as the honeypots are not normally accessed for legitimate purposes. Honeypots are placed at a point in the network where they appear vulnerable and undefended, but they Network security involves the authorization of access to data in a network, which is controlled by the network administrator. Users choose or are assigned an ID ...are actually isolated and monitored.[6] Techniques used by the attackers that attempt to compromise these decoy resources are studied during and after an attack to keep an eye on new exploitation techniques. Such analysis may be used to further tighten security of the actual network being protected by the honeypot. A honeypot can also direct an attacker's attention away from legitimate servers. A honeypot encourages attackers to spend their time and energy on the decoy server while distracting their attention from the data on the real server. Similar to a honeypot, a honeynet is a network set up with intentional vulnerabilities. Its purpose is also to invite attacks so that the attacker's methods can be studied and that information can be used to increase network security. A honeynet typically contains one or more honeypots.[7]

Previous research on network security was mostly about using tools to secure transactions and information flow, and how well users knew about and used these tools. However, more recently, the discussion has expanded to consider information security in the broader context of the digital economy and society. This indicates that it's not just about individual users and tools; it's also about the larger culture of information security in our digital world.[8]

## Security management

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Security management for networks is different for all kinds of situations. A home or small office may only require basic security while large businesses may require high-maintenance and advanced software and hardware to prevent malicious attacks from hacking and spamming. In order to minimize susceptibility to malicious attacks from external threats to the network, corporations often employ tools which carry out network security verifications]. Andersson and Reimers (2014) found that employees often do not see themselves as part of their organization's information security effort and often take actions that impede organizational changes.[9]

### Types of attack

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Networks are subject to attacks from malicious sources. Attacks can be from two categories: "Passive" when a network intruder intercepts data traveling through the network, and "Active" in which an intruder initiates commands to disrupt the network's normal operation or to conduct reconnaissance and lateral movements to find and gain access to assets available via the network.[10]

Types of attacks include:[11]

* Passive
* Network
* Wiretapping – Third-party monitoring of electronic communicationsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
* Passive Port scanner – Application designed to probe for open ports
* Idle scan
* Encryption – Process of converting plaintext to ciphertext
* Traffic analysis – Process of intercepting and examining messages
* Active:
* Network virus (router viruses)
* Eavesdropping – Act of secretly listening to the private conversation of others
* Data modification

* Denial-of-service attack
* Active Port scanner – Application designed to probe for open ports
* DNS spoofing – Cyberattack using corrupt DNS data
* Man in the middle – Form of message tampering
* ARP poisoning – Cyberattack which associates the attacker's MAC address with the IP address of another hostPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
* VLAN hopping – Method of attacking networked resources on a virtual LAN
* Smurf attack – Type of attack on a computer network
* Buffer overflow – Anomaly in computer security and programming
* Heap overflow – Software anomaly
* Format string attack – Type of software vulnerabilityPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
* SQL injection – Computer hacking technique
* Phishing – Form of social engineering
* Cross-site scripting – Security issue for web applications
* CSRF – Malicious website exploit where unauthorized commands are transmitted from a trusted userPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
* Cyber-attack – Attack on a computer systemPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

## See also

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* Cloud computing security – Methods used to protect cloud based assets
* Computer security – Protection of computer systems from information disclosure, theft or damage
* Crimeware – Class of malware designed specifically to automate cybercrime
* IT security standards – Technology standards and techniquesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
* Data loss prevention software – Concept of data breach protection
* Greynet – Malicious softwarePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
* Identity-based security – Access control by authenticated ID
* IDN homograph attack – Visually similar letters in domain names
* Metasploit Project – Computer security testing toolPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
* Mobile security – Security risk and prevention for mobile devices
* Network enclave – Limited access computer network
* Network Security Toolkit
* TCP Gender Changer – Method in computer networking
* TCP sequence prediction attack – Cyberattack involving counterfeit packets
* List of security hacking incidents – Data incident security hacking
* Wireless security – Aspect of wireless networks
* Dynamic secrets
* Low Orbit Ion Cannon – Network testing and denial-of-service app
* High Orbit Ion Cannon – Denial-of-service attack tool
* Gordon–Loeb model – Method for optimizing information security investments

## References

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1. ^ "What is Network Security?". Forcepoint. 2018-08-09. Retrieved 2020-12-05.
2. ^ A Role-Based Trusted Network Provides Pervasive Security and Compliance \- interview with Jayshree Ullal, senior VP of Cisco
3. ^ Macfarlane, Richard; Buchanan, William; Ekonomou, Elias; Uthmani, Omair; Fan, Lu; Lo, Owen (2012). "Formal security policy implementations in network firewalls". Computers & Security. 31 (2): 253–270\. doi:10.1016/j.cose.2011.10.003.
4. ^ Dave Dittrich, Network monitoring/Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) Archived 2006-08-27 at the Wayback Machine, University of Washington.
5. ^ "Dark Reading: Automating Breach Detection For The Way Security Professionals Think". October 1, 2015.
6. ^ "What is a honeypot? How it protects against cyber attacks". SearchSecurity. Retrieved 2021-03-04.
7. ^ "Honeypots, Honeynets". Honeypots.net. 2007-05-26. Retrieved 2011-12-09.
8. ^ Krawczyk-Sokołowska, Izabela; Caputa, Wiesława (2023-05-01). "Awareness of network security and customer value – The company and customer perspective". Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 190: 122430. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122430. ISSN 0040-1625. PMC 9982364. PMID 36883131.
9. ^ Reimers, Karl; Andersson, David (2017). Post-secondary Education Network Security: the End User Challenge and Evolving Threats. ICERI2017 Proceedings. Vol. 1. IATED. pp. 1787–1796. doi:10.21125/iceri.2017.0554. ISBN 978-84-697-6957-7. ISSN 2340-1095
10. ^ Wright, Joe; Jim Harmening (2009) "15" Computer and Information Security Handbook Morgan Kaufmann Publications Elsevier Inc p. 257
11. ^ "BIG-IP logout page" (PDF). Cnss.gov. 1970-01-01. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-27. Retrieved 2018-09-24.

## Further reading

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* Case Study: Network Clarity Archived 2016-05-27 at the Wayback Machine, SC Magazine 2014
* Cisco. (2011). What is network security?. Retrieved from cisco.com Archived 2016-04-14 at the Wayback Machine
* Security of the Internet (The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications vol. 15. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1997, pp. 231–255.)
* Introduction to Network Security Archived 2014-12-02 at the Wayback Machine, Matt Curtin, 1997.
* Security Monitoring with Cisco Security MARS, Gary Halleen/Greg Kellogg, Cisco Press, Jul. 6, 2007. ISBN 1587052709
* Self-Defending Networks: The Next Generation of Network Security, Duane DeCapite, Cisco Press, Sep. 8, 2006. ISBN 1587052539
* Security Threat Mitigation and Response: Understanding CS-MARS, Dale Tesch/Greg Abelar, Cisco Press, Sep. 26, 2006. ISBN 1587052601
* Securing Your Business with Cisco ASA and PIX Firewalls, Greg Abelar, Cisco Press, May 27, 2005. ISBN 1587052148
* Deploying Zone-Based Firewalls, Ivan Pepelnjak, Cisco Press, Oct. 5, 2006. ISBN 1587053101
* Network Security: PRIVATE Communication in a PUBLIC World, Charlie Kaufman | Radia Perlman | Mike Speciner, Prentice-Hall, 2002. ISBN 9780137155880
* Network Infrastructure Security, Angus Wong and Alan Yeung, Springer, 2009. ISBN 978-1-4419-0165-1

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Information security

Threats|

* Adware
* Advanced persistent threat
* Arbitrary code execution
* Backdoors
* Bombs
* Fork
* Logic
* Time
* Zip
* Hardware backdoors
* Code injection
* Crimeware
* Cross-site scripting
* Cross-site leaks
* DOM clobbering
* History sniffing
* Cryptojacking
* Botnets
* Data breach
* Drive-by download
* Browser Helper Objects
* Viruses
* Data scraping
* Denial-of-service attack
* Eavesdropping
* Email fraud
* Email spoofing
* Exploits
* Fraudulent dialers
* Hacktivism
* Infostealer
* Insecure direct object reference
* Keystroke loggers
* Malware
* Payload
* Phishing
* Voice
* Polymorphic engine
* Privilege escalation
* Ransomware
* Rootkits
* Scareware
* Shellcode
* Spamming
* Social engineering
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* Trojan horses
* Hardware Trojans
* Remote access trojans
* Vulnerability
* Web shells
* Wiper
* Worms
* SQL injection
* Rogue security software
* Zombie

vectorial version

Defenses|

* Application security
* Secure coding
* Secure by default
* Secure by design
* Misuse case
* Computer access control
* Authentication
* Multi-factor authentication
* Authorization
* Computer security software
* Antivirus software
* Security-focused operating system
* Data-centric security
* Software obfuscation
* Data masking
* Encryption
* Firewall
* Intrusion detection system
* Host-based intrusion detection system (HIDS)
* Anomaly detection
* Information security management
* Information risk management
* Security information and event management (SIEM)
* Runtime application self-protection
* Site isolation

Related
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topics|

* Computer security
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* Cybercrime
* Cybersex trafficking
* Computer fraud
* Cybergeddon
* Cyberterrorism
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* Electronic warfare
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* Internet security
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