Neurological disorder

Any disorder of the nervous system

Neurological disorders represent a complex array of medical conditions that fundamentally disrupt the functioning of the nervous system. These disorders affect the brain, spinal cord, and nerve networks, presenting unique diagnosis, treatment, and patient care challenges. At their core, they represent disruptions to the intricate communication systems within the nervous system, stemming from genetic predispositions, environmental factors, infections, structural abnormalities, or degenerative processes.

The impact of neurological disorders is profound and far-reaching. Conditions like epilepsy create recurring seizures through abnormal electrical brain activity, while multiple sclerosis damages the protective myelin covering of nerve fibers, interrupting communication between the brain and body. Parkinson's disease progressively affects movement through the loss of dopamine-producing nerve cells, and strokes can cause immediate and potentially permanent neurological damage by interrupting blood flow to the brain. Diagnosing these disorders requires sophisticated medical techniques. Neuroimaging technologies like MRI and CT scans and electroencephalograms provide crucial insights into the intricate changes occurring within the nervous system. Treatment approaches are equally complex, involving multidisciplinary strategies, including medications to manage symptoms, control brain activity, or slow disease progression, coupled with neurological rehabilitation to help patients develop compensatory strategies.

Medical condition

Neurological disorder

Neurons in person with epilepsy, 40x magnified
Specialty| Neurology

Ideally, a neurological disorder is any disorder of the nervous system. Structural, biochemical or electrical abnormalities in the brain, spinal cord, or other nerves can result in a range of symptoms. Examples of symptoms include paralysis, muscle weakness, poor coordination, loss of sensation, seizures, confusion, pain, tauopathies, and altered levels of consciousness. There are many recognized neurological disorders; some are relatively common, but many are rare.

Interventions for neurological disorders include preventive measures, lifestyle changes, physiotherapy or other therapy, neurorehabilitation, pain management, medication, operations performed by neurosurgeons, or a specific diet.[1][2] The World Health Organization estimated in 2006 that neurological disorders and their sequelae (direct consequences) affect as many as one billion people worldwide and identified health inequalities and social stigma/discrimination as major factors contributing to the associated disability and their impact.[3]

## Causes

[edit]

Part of the causal chain leading to Alzheimer's disease

Although the brain and spinal cord are surrounded by tough membranes, enclosed in the bones of the skull and spinal vertebrae, and chemically isolated by the blood-brain barrier, they are very susceptible if compromised. Nerves tend to lie deep under the skin but can still become exposed to damage. Individual neurons, the neural circuits, and the nerves into which they form are susceptible to electrochemical and structural disruption. Neuroregeneration may occur in the peripheral nervous system and thus overcome or work around injuries to some extent, but it is thought to be rare in the brain and spinal cord.[citation needed]

The specific causes of neurological problems vary but can include genetic disorders, congenital abnormalities or disorders, infections, lifestyle, or environmental health problems such as pollution, malnutrition, brain damage, spinal cord injury, nerve injury, or gluten sensitivity (with or without intestinal damage or digestive symptoms).[2][4] Metal poisoning, where metals accumulate in the human body and disrupt biological processes, has been reported to induce neurological problems, at least in the case of lead.[4] The neurological problem may start in another body system that interacts with the nervous system. For example, cerebrovascular disease involves brain injury due to problems with the blood vessels (cardiovascular system) supplying the brain; autoimmune disorders involve damage caused by the body's own immune system; lysosomal storage diseases such as Niemann–Pick disease can lead to neurological deterioration. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommends considering the evaluation of underlying coeliac disease in people with unexplained neurological symptoms, particularly peripheral neuropathy or ataxia.[5]

In a substantial minority of cases of neurological symptoms, no neurological cause can be identified using current testing procedures, and such "idiopathic" conditions can invite different theories about what is occurring.[citation needed] Generally speaking, a substantial number of neurological disorders may have originated from a previous clinically not recognized viral infection. For example, it is thought that infection with the Hepatitis E virus, which is often initially asymptomatic may provoke neurological disorders,[6] but there are many other examples as well.

Numerous examples have been described of neurological disorders that are associated with mutated DNA repair genes (for reviews see[7]). Inadequate repair of DNA damages can lead directly to cell death and neuron depletion as well as disruptions in the pattern of epigenetic alterations required for normal neuronal function.[citation needed]

### DNA damage

[edit]

Neurons are highly oxygenated cells and as a consequence DNA damage caused by chronic exposure to endogenous reactive oxygen species is a substantial challenge for neurons.[8] Germline mutations deficient in the repair of DNA damages cause neuronal dysfunction and are etiologically linked to many neurological disorders.[8] For example, the neurological disorders, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are linked to DNA damage accumulation and DNA repair deficiency.[9]

## Classification

[edit]

Deaths due to neurological conditions per million persons 2012

18-52

53-68

69-84

85-99

100-131

132-157

158-186

187-243

244-477

478-1,482

Neurological disorders can be categorized according to the primary location affected, the primary type of dysfunction involved, or the primary type of cause. The broadest division is between central nervous system disorders and peripheral nervous system disorders. The Merck Manual lists brain, spinal cord disorders, and nerve disorders in the following overlapping categories:[10]

Nervous system

Human nervous system

Identifiers
MeSH| D009422
Anatomical terminology

[edit on Wikidata]

* Brain:
* Brain dysfunction according to type:
* Apraxia (patterns or sequences of movements)
* Agnosia (identifying things or people)
* Amnesia (memory)
* Aphasia (language)
* Dysarthria (speech)
* Spinal cord disorders
* Peripheral nervous system disorders (e.g., Peripheral neuropathy)
* Cranial nerve disorder (e.g., trigeminal neuralgia)
* Autonomic nervous system disorders (e.g., dysautonomia, multiple system atrophy)
* Epilepsy
* Movement disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS),[failed verification] and Tourette syndrome[failed verification]
* Sleep disorders (e.g., narcolepsy)
* Some speech disorders (e.g., stuttering)
* Headaches (e.g., migraine, cluster headache, tension headache)
* Pain (e.g., complex regional pain syndrome, fibromyalgia)
* Delirium
* Dementia (e.g., Alzheimer's disease)
* Coma and impaired consciousness, (e.g., stupor)
* Stroke
* Tumors of the nervous system (e.g., cancer)
* Multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases
* Brain infections
* Meningitis
* Prion diseases (a type of infectious agent)

Neurological disorders in non-human animals are treated by veterinarians.[11][12]

## Mental functioning

[edit]

A neurological examination can, to some extent, assess the impact of neurological damage and disease on brain function in terms of behavior, memory, or cognition. Behavioral neurology specializes in this area. In addition, clinical neuropsychology uses neuropsychological assessment to precisely identify and track problems in mental functioning, usually after some sort of brain injury or neurological impairment.[citation needed]

Alternatively, a condition might first be detected through the presence of abnormalities in mental functioning, and further assessment may indicate an underlying neurological disorder. There are sometimes unclear boundaries in the distinction between disorders treated within neurology, and mental disorders treated within the other medical specialty of psychiatry, or other mental health professions such as clinical psychology. In practice, cases may present as one type, but be assessed as more appropriate to the other.[13] Neuropsychiatry deals with mental disorders arising from specific identified diseases of the nervous system.[citation needed]

One area that can be contested is in cases of idiopathic neurological symptoms - conditions where the cause cannot be established. It can be decided in some cases, perhaps by exclusion of any accepted diagnosis, that higher-level brain/mental activity is causing symptoms, referred to as functional symptoms, rather than the symptoms originating in the area of the nervous system from which they may appear to originate. Cases involving these symptoms are classified as functional disorders ("functional" in this context is usually contrasted with the old term "organic disease"). For example, in functional neurologic disorder (FND), those affected present with various neurological symptoms such as functional seizures, numbness, paresthesia, and weakness, among others. Such cases may be contentiously interpreted as being "psychological" rather than "neurological." conversion disorder, If the onset functional symptoms appear to be causally linked to emotional states or responses to social stress or social contexts, it may be referred to as conversion disorder.[14]

On the other hand, dissociation refers to partial or complete disruption of the integration of a person's conscious functioning, such that a person may feel detached from one's emotions, body and/or immediate surroundings. In extreme cases, this may be diagnosed as depersonalization-derealization disorder. There are also conditions viewed as neurological where a person appears to consciously register neurological stimuli that cannot possibly be coming from the part of the nervous system to which they would normally be attributed, such as phantom pain or synesthesia, or where limbs act without conscious direction, as in alien hand syndrome.

Some of the fields that contribute to understanding mental functioning

Conditions that are classed as mental disorders, learning disabilities, and forms of intellectual disability, are not themselves usually dealt with as neurological disorders. Biological psychiatry seeks to understand mental disorders in terms of their basis in the nervous system, however. In clinical practice, mental disorders are usually indicated by a mental state examination, or other type of structured interview or questionnaire process. At the present time, neuroimaging (brain scans) alone cannot accurately diagnose a mental disorder or tell the risk of developing one; however, it can be used to rule out other medical conditions such as a brain tumor.[15] In research, neuroimaging and other neurological tests can show correlations between reported and observed mental difficulties and certain aspects of neural function or differences in brain structure. In general, numerous fields intersect to try to understand the basic processes involved in mental functioning, many of which are brought together in cognitive science. The distinction between neurological and mental disorders can be a matter of some debate, either in regard to specific facts about the cause of a condition or in regard to the general understanding of brain and mind.[citation needed]

Impacts

The consequences of neurological disorders extend beyond medical diagnosis. They profoundly affect patients' psychological well-being, social interactions, and overall life trajectory. Families and caregivers face significant challenges in supporting individuals with these conditions, often requiring extensive resources and emotional resilience (Nur & Kung, 2023). Ongoing research continues to push the boundaries of understanding. Advances in genetic research, neuroimaging, and treatment technologies offer hope for more effective interventions. Emerging fields like neuroplasticity research demonstrate the brain's remarkable ability to adapt, opening new possibilities for treatment and rehabilitation. As medical science progresses, the approach becomes increasingly personalized, recognizing the unique neurological profile of each patient and the incredible complexity of the human nervous system.

## See also

[edit]

* Central nervous system
* European Brain Council
* Human brain
* Mental disorder
* Neuroplasticity
* Peripheral nervous system
* Proctalgia fugax
* Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation

## References

[edit]

1. ^ KT, Thakur; E, Albanese; P, Giannakopoulos; N, Jette; M, Linde; MJ, Prince; TM, Steiner; T, Dua (14 March 2016). "Neurological Disorders". Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders: Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 4). Chapter 5 Neurological Disorders. Washington (DC): Patel V, Chisholm D, Dua T, et al. pp. 87–107\. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0426-7_ch5. ISBN 978-1-4648-0426-7. PMID 27227247.
2. ^ a b Zis P, Hadjivassiliou M (26 February 2019). "Treatment of Neurological Manifestations of Gluten Sensitivity and Coeliac Disease". Curr Treat Options Neurol (Review). 21 (3): 10. doi:10.1007/s11940-019-0552-7. PMID 30806821.
3. ^ "WHO | Neurological Disorders: Public Health Challenges". March 14, 2007. Archived from the original on 14 March 2007.
4. ^ a b Sanders, T.; Liu, Y.; Buchner, V.; Tchounwou, P. B. (2009). "Neurotoxic effects and biomarkers of lead exposure: A review". Reviews on Environmental Health. 24 (1): 15–45\. doi:10.1515/reveh.2009.24.1.15. PMC 2858639. PMID 19476290.
5. ^ "Coeliac disease: recognition, assessment and management. NICE guideline [NG20]". nice.org.uk. September 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
6. ^ Li Y, Peppelenbosch MP (April 2020). "Hepatitis E virus and neurological manifestations". Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 423: 117388. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2021.117388. PMID 33714454. S2CID 232133206.
7. ^ Abugable, Arwa A.; Morris, Julia L.M.; Palminha, Nelma M.; Zaksauskaite, Ringaile; Ray, Swagat; El-Khamisy, Sherif F. (Sep 2019). "DNA repair and neurological disease: From molecular understanding to the development of diagnostics and model organisms". DNA Repair (Amst.). 81: 102669. doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.102669. PMID 31331820.
8. ^ a b Wang H, Dharmalingam P, Vasquez V, Mitra J, Boldogh I, Rao KS, Kent TA, Mitra S, Hegde ML (January 2017). "Chronic oxidative damage together with genome repair deficiency in the neurons is a double whammy for neurodegeneration: Is damage response signaling a potential therapeutic target?". Mech Ageing Dev. 161 (Pt A): 163–176\. doi:10.1016/j.mad.2016.09.005. PMC 5316312. PMID 27663141.
9. ^ Wang H, Kodavati M, Britz GW, Hegde ML (2021). "DNA Damage and Repair Deficiency in ALS/FTD-Associated Neurodegeneration: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Implication". Front Mol Neurosci. 14: 784361. doi:10.3389/fnmol.2021.784361. PMC 8716463. PMID 34975400.
10. ^ Merck Manual: Brain, Spinal Cord and Nerve Disorders
11. ^ "Veterinary Neurological Centre - Neurological Signs and Diseases". Archived from the original on 2016-11-02. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
12. ^ "Merck Veterinary Manual". Merck Veterinary Manual.
13. ^ Butler, C (1 March 2005). "Neurological syndromes which can be mistaken for psychiatric conditions". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 76 (suppl_1): i31 – i38. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.060459. PMC 1765684. PMID 15718219.
14. ^ Roelofs, K.; Pasman, J. (2016). "Stress, childhood trauma, and cognitive functions in functional neurologic disorders". Functional Neurologic Disorders. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 139\. pp. 139–155\. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-801772-2.00013-8. ISBN 9780128017722. ISSN 0072-9752. PMID 27719835. S2CID 8534792.
15. ^ "NIMH publications (2009) Neuroimaging and Mental Illness".

## External links

[edit]

Classification|

* ICD-10: Xxx.x
* ICD-9-CM: xxx
* MeSH: D009422

|

* Disorder Index of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

* v
* t
* e

Nervous system

Central nervous system|

* Meninges
* Spinal cord
* Brain
* Hindbrain
* Medulla
* Pons
* Cerebellum
* Midbrain
* Forebrain
* Diencephalon
* Retina
* Optic nerve
* Cerebrum
* Limbic system

Peripheral nervous system|

| Somatic|

* Sensory nerve
* Motor nerve
* Cranial nerves
* Spinal nerve

|

Autonomic|

* Sympathetic
* Parasympathetic
* Enteric

* v
* t
* e

Diseases of the nervous system, primarily CNS

Inflammation|

| Brain|

* Encephalitis
* Viral encephalitis
* Herpesviral encephalitis
* Limbic encephalitis
* Encephalitis lethargica
* Cavernous sinus thrombosis
* Brain abscess
* Amoebic

|

Brain and spinal cord|

* Encephalomyelitis
* Acute disseminated
* Meningitis
* Meningoencephalitis

Brain/
encephalopathy|

| Degenerative|

| Extrapyramidal and
movement disorders|

* Basal ganglia disease
* Parkinsonism
* PD
* Postencephalitic
* NMS
* PSP
* CBD
* NBIA
* PKAN
* Striatonigral degeneration
* Hemiballismus
* Huntington's disease
* Olivopontocerebellar atrophy

* Dyskinesia
* Dystonia
* Status dystonicus
* Spasmodic torticollis
* Meige's
* Blepharospasm
* Athetosis
* Chorea
* Choreoathetosis
* Myoclonus
* Myoclonic epilepsy
* Akathisia

* Tremor
* Essential tremor
* Intention tremor
* Restless legs
* Stiff-person

|

Dementia|

* Alzheimer's
* Early-onset
* Primary progressive aphasia
* Frontotemporal dementia/Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
* Lewy body dementia
* Posterior cortical atrophy

* Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

* Vascular dementia

Mitochondrial disease|

* Leigh syndrome

Demyelinating|

* Autoimmune
* Inflammatory
* Multiple sclerosis
* For more detailed coverage, see Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS

Episodic/
paroxysmal|

| Seizures and epilepsy|

* Focal
* Generalised
* Status epilepticus
* For more detailed coverage, see Template:Epilepsy

|

Headache|

* Migraine
* Cluster
* Tension
* For more detailed coverage, see Template:Headache

Cerebrovascular|

* TIA
* Stroke
* For more detailed coverage, see Template:Cerebrovascular diseases

Other|

* Sleep disorders
* For more detailed coverage, see Template:Sleep

CSF|

* Intracranial hypertension
* Hydrocephalus
* Normal pressure hydrocephalus
* Choroid plexus papilloma
* Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
* Cerebral edema
* Intracranial hypotension

Other|

* Brain herniation
* Reye syndrome
* Hepatic encephalopathy
* Toxic encephalopathy
* Hashimoto's encephalopathy
* Static encephalopathy

Both/either|

| Degenerative|

| SA|

* Friedreich's ataxia
* Ataxia–telangiectasia

|

MND|

* UMN only:
* Primary lateral sclerosis
* Pseudobulbar palsy
* Hereditary spastic paraplegia

* LMN only:
* Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
* Spinal muscular atrophies
* SMA
* SMAX1
* SMAX2
* DSMA1
* Congenital DSMA
* Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)
* SMALED1
* SMALED2A
* SMALED2B
* SMA-PCH
* SMA-PME
* Progressive muscular atrophy
* Progressive bulbar palsy
* Fazio–Londe
* Infantile progressive bulbar palsy

* both:
* Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

* v
* t
* e

Diseases relating to the peripheral nervous system

Mononeuropathy

| Arm|

| median nerve|

* Carpal tunnel syndrome
* Ape hand deformity

|

ulnar nerve|

* Ulnar nerve entrapment
* Froment's sign
* Ulnar tunnel syndrome
* Ulnar claw

radial nerve|

* Radial neuropathy
* Wrist drop
* Cheiralgia paresthetica

long thoracic nerve|

* Winged scapula
* Backpack palsy

Leg|

| lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh|

* Meralgia paraesthetica

|

tibial nerve|

* Tarsal tunnel syndrome

plantar nerve|

* Morton's neuroma

superior gluteal nerve|

* Trendelenburg's sign

sciatic nerve|

* Piriformis syndrome

Cranial nerves|

* See Template:Cranial nerve disease

Polyneuropathy and Polyradiculoneuropathy

| HMSN|

* Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease
* Dejerine–Sottas disease
* Refsum's disease
* Hereditary spastic paraplegia
* Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy
* Familial amyloid neuropathy

|

Autoimmune and demyelinating disease|

* Guillain–Barré syndrome
* Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy

Radiculopathy and plexopathy|

* Brachial plexus injury
* Pectoralis minor syndrome
* Thoracic outlet syndrome
* Phantom limb

Other|

* Alcoholic polyneuropathy

Other

| General|

* Complex regional pain syndrome
* Mononeuritis multiplex
* Nerve compression syndrome
* Neuralgia
* Peripheral neuropathy

|

* v
* t
* e

Diseases of the autonomic nervous system

General|

* Dysautonomia
* Autonomic dysreflexia
* Autonomic neuropathy
* Pure autonomic failure

Hereditary|

* Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy
* Familial dysautonomia
* Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis

Orthostatic intolerance|

* Orthostatic hypotension
* Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome

Other|

* Horner's syndrome
* Multiple system atrophy

* v
* t
* e

Neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia pharmacotherapies

Monoaminergics|

* SNRIsTooltip Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (e.g., duloxetine, milnacipran)
* TCAsTooltip Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, nortriptyline, dosulepin)
* Opioid MRIsTooltip monoamine reuptake inhibitors (e.g., tapentadol, tramadol)

Ion channel blockers|

* Anticonvulsants (e.g., gabapentin, pregabalin, mirogabalin, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, lacosamide, lamotrigine)
* Local anesthetics (e.g., lidocaine)
* Mexiletine
* TCAsTooltip Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, nortriptyline, desipramine)
* Ziconotide

Others|

* Alpha lipoic acid
* Benfotiamine
* Botulinum toxin A
* Bupropion
* Cannabinoids (e.g., cannabis, dronabinol, nabilone)
* NMDA receptor antagonists (e.g., ketamine, dextromethorphan, methadone)
* Opioids (e.g., hydrocodone, morphine, oxycodone, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, tapentadol)
* Sodium oxybate (GHB)

* v
* t
* e

Mental disorders (Classification)

Adult personality and behavior

| Sexual|

* Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
* Paraphilia
* Fetishism
* Voyeurism
* Sexual anhedonia
* Sexual anorexia
* Sexual maturation disorder
* Sexual relationship disorder

|

Other|

* Factitious disorder
* Munchausen syndrome
* Fear of intimacy
* Gender dysphoria
* Intermittent explosive disorder
* Dermatillomania
* Kleptomania
* Pyromania
* Trichotillomania
* Personality disorder

Childhood and learning

| Emotional and behavioral|

* ADHD
* Conduct disorder
* ODD
* Emotional and behavioral disorders
* Separation anxiety disorder
* Movement disorders
* Stereotypic
* Social functioning
* DAD
* RAD
* Selective mutism
* Speech
* Cluttering
* Stuttering
* Tic disorder
* Tourette syndrome

|

Intellectual disability|

* X-linked intellectual disability
* Lujan–Fryns syndrome

Psychological development
(developmental disabilities)|

* Pervasive
* Specific

Mood (affective)

* Bipolar
* Bipolar I
* Bipolar II
* Bipolar NOS
* Cyclothymia
* Depression
* Atypical depression
* Dysthymia
* Major depressive disorder
* Melancholic depression
* Seasonal affective disorder
* Mania

Neurological and symptomatic

| Autism spectrum|

* Autism
* Asperger syndrome
* High-functioning autism
* PDD-NOS
* Savant syndrome

|

Dementia|

* AIDS dementia complex
* Alzheimer's disease
* Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
* Frontotemporal dementia
* Huntington's disease
* Mild cognitive impairment
* Parkinson's disease
* Pick's disease
* Sundowning
* Vascular dementia
* Wandering

Other|

* Delirium
* Organic brain syndrome
* Post-concussion syndrome

Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform

| Adjustment|

* Adjustment disorder with depressed mood

|

Anxiety|

| Phobia|

* Agoraphobia
* Childhood phobia
* Social anxiety
* Social phobia
* Anthropophobia
* Specific social phobia
* Specific phobia
* Claustrophobia

|

Other|

* Generalized anxiety disorder
* OCD
* Panic attack
* Panic disorder
* Paranoia
* Stress
* Acute stress reaction
* PTSD

Dissociative|

* Depersonalization-derealization disorder
* Dissociative identity disorder
* Dissociative amnesia
* Dissociative fugue
* Dissociative disorder not otherwise specified
* Other specified dissociative disorder

Somatic symptom|

* Body dysmorphic disorder
* Conversion disorder
* Ganser syndrome
* Globus pharyngeus
* Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
* False pregnancy
* Hypochondriasis
* Mass psychogenic illness
* Nosophobia
* Psychogenic pain
* Somatization disorder

Physiological and physical behavior

| Eating|

* Anorexia nervosa
* Bulimia nervosa
* Rumination syndrome
* Other specified feeding or eating disorder

|

Nonorganic sleep|

* Hypersomnia
* Insomnia
* Parasomnia
* Night terror
* Nightmare
* REM sleep behavior disorder

Postnatal|

* Postpartum depression
* Postpartum psychosis

Sexual desire|

* Hypersexuality
* Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

Psychoactive substances, substance abuse and substance-related

* Drug overdose
* Intoxication
* Physical dependence
* Rebound effect
* Stimulant psychosis
* Substance dependence
* Withdrawal

Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional

| Delusional|

* Delusional disorder
* Folie à deux

|

Psychosis and
schizophrenia-like|

* Brief reactive psychosis
* Schizoaffective disorder
* Schizophreniform disorder

Schizophrenia|

* Childhood schizophrenia
* Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
* Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
* Simple-type schizophrenia

Other|

* Catatonia

Symptoms and uncategorized

* Impulse-control disorder
* Klüver–Bucy syndrome
* Psychomotor agitation
* Stereotypy
* Caregiver burden

Category

* v
* t
* e

Major Disease groups

* Infection
* Parasitic disease

* Benign tumor
* Cancer

* Endocrine disease
* Malnutrition
* Metabolic disorder
* Immune disorder

* Hematologic disease

* Mental disorder

* Neurological disorder
* Eye disease
* Ear disease

* Cardiovascular disease
* Lymphatic disease

* Respiratory disease

* Maxillofacial disorder
* Gastrointestinal disease

* Urologic disease
* Female genital disease
* Breast disease
* Male genital disease

* Complications of pregnancy
* Obstetric labor complication
* Postpartum disorder

* Skin disease

* Musculoskeletal disorder
* Soft tissue disorder
* Connective tissue disease
* Bone disease
* Chondropathy

* Congenital disorder
* Fetal disease

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[SNRIs]: Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
*[TCAs]: Tricyclic antidepressants
*[MRIs]: monoamine reuptake inhibitors
*[GHB]: γ-hydroxybutyric acid