New Caledonian barrier reef

Barrier reef in the South Pacific

Lagoons of New Caledonia: Reef Diversity and Associated EcosystemsUNESCO World Heritage Site

Northern tip of Grande Terre

Location| New Caledonia (state party: France)
Includes|

1. Grand Lagon Sud
2. Zone Côtière Ouest
3. Zone Côtière Nord-Est
4. Grand Lagon Nord
5. Atolls d’Entrecasteaux [fr]
6. Atoll d’Ouvéa et Beautemps-Beaupré [fr]

Criteria| Natural: (vii), (ix), (x)
Reference| 1115
Inscription| 2008 (32nd Session)
Area| 1,574,300 ha (3,890,000 acres)
Buffer zone| 1,287,100 ha (3,180,000 acres)
Coordinates| 20°24′43″S 164°33′59″E﻿ / ﻿20.41194°S 164.56639°E﻿ / -20.41194; 164.56639

Location of New Caledonian barrier reef in New Caledonia

Show map of New Caledonia

New Caledonian barrier reef (Oceania)

Show map of Oceania

The New Caledonian barrier reef is a barrier reef located in New Caledonia in the South Pacific, being the longest continuous barrier reef in the world and the third largest after the Great Barrier Reef of Australia and the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef.

The New Caledonian barrier reef surrounds Grande Terre, New Caledonia's largest island, as well as the Ile des Pins and several smaller islands, reaching a length of 1,500 kilometres (930 mi). The reef encloses a lagoon of 24,000 square kilometres (9,300 sq mi), which has an average depth of 25 metres (82 ft). The reefs lie up to 30 kilometres (19 mi) from the shore, but extend almost 200 kilometres (120 mi) to the Entrecasteaux reefs in the northwest. This northwestern extension encloses the Belep Islands and other sand cays. Several natural passages open out to the ocean. The Boulari passage, which leads to Nouméa, the capital and chief port of New Caledonia, is marked by the Amédée lighthouse.

In 2008, the barrier reef and its enclosing lagoon was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List for its outstanding beauty, its unique geography as a reef entirely encircling Grande Terre, and its exceptional marine diversity (in particular its coral diversity).[1]

## Ecology

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The reef systems of New Caledonia are considered to be the second largest in the world after the Great Barrier Reef of Australia, the longest continuous barrier reef in the world with a length of 1,600 km and its lagoon, the largest in the world with an area of 24,000 square kilometers. This ecosystem hosts along with Fiji, the world's most diverse concentration of reef structures, 146 types based on a global classification system, and they equal or even surpass the much larger Great Barrier Reef in coral and fish diversity.[1]

The reef has great species diversity with a high level of endemism. In total, there have been 2328 fish species observed in the reef, belonging to 248 families.[2] In addition, the reef is home to third-largest population of endangered dugongs (Dugong dugon) on Earth, and is an important nesting site for green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas).[1]

In the lagoons of New Caledonia there are many other marine species, including over 2000 species of molluscs[3] and a thriving population of humpback whales.[4]

## Environmental threats

[edit]

Most of the reefs are generally thought to be in good health. Some of the eastern reefs have been damaged by effluent from nickel mining on Grand Terre. Sedimentation from mining, agriculture, and grazing has affected reefs near river mouths, which has been worsened by the destruction of mangrove forests, which help to retain sediment. Some reefs have been buried under several metres of silt.[5] In 2008, an assessment of northwest near-shore reefs concluded that many would be dead within years, and at best decades, if present trends relating to mining sediment and silt run-off continued.[6]

In January 2002, the French government proposed listing New Caledonia's reefs as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. UNESCO listed New Caledonia barrier reef on the World Heritage List under the name The Lagoons of New Caledonia: Reef Diversity and Associated Ecosystems on 7 July 2008.[1]

There are 13 local management committees, composed of tourist operators, fishermen, politicians and chiefs of local tribes which work with the community to monitor the health of the lagoons.[7]

## Human use

[edit]

Scuba Diving is common, with several dive sites in the lagoon and around the reef. These include the Prony needle, the Shark Pit and the Cathedral.[8]

* This part of the lagoon, near Dumbéa and Païta, in the North-West of Nouméa, is not included in the UNESCO world heritage sites.

* ASTER image of the lagoons

## See also

[edit]

* List of reefs

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d "Lagoons of New Caledonia: Reef Diversity and Associated Ecosystems". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
2. ^ Mallet, Delphine; Vigliola, Laurent; Wantiez, Laurent; Pelletier, Dominique (2016). "Diurnal temporal patterns of the diversity and the abundance of reef fishes in a branching coral patch in New Caledonia" (PDF). Austral Ecology. 41 (7): 733–744\. doi:10.1111/aec.12360.733-744&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111/aec.12360&rft.aulast=Mallet&rft.aufirst=Delphine&rft.au=Vigliola,+Laurent&rft.au=Wantiez,+Laurent&rft.au=Pelletier,+Dominique&rft_id=https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00326/43755/45787.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:New+Caledonian+barrier+reef" class="Z3988">
3. ^ Bouchet, Philippe; Lozouet, Pierre; Maestrati, Philippe; Heros, Virginie (20 April 2002). "Assessing the magnitude of species richness in tropical marine environments: exceptionally high numbers of molluscs at a New Caledonia site". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 75 (4): 421–436\. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00052.x.421-436&rft.date=2002-04-20&rft_id=info:doi/10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00052.x&rft.aulast=Bouchet&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft.au=Lozouet,+Pierre&rft.au=Maestrati,+Philippe&rft.au=Heros,+Virginie&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1095-8312.2002.00052.x&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:New+Caledonian+barrier+reef" class="Z3988">
4. ^ Garrigue, Claire; Zerbini, Alexandre N.; Geyer, Ygor; Heide-Jorgensen, Mads-Peter; Hanaoka, Wakao; Clapham, Phil (17 February 2010). "Movements of satellite-monitored humpback whales from New Caledonia". Journal of Mammalogy. 91 (1): 109-115. doi:10.1644/09-MAMM-A-033R.1.
5. ^ "New Caledonia Barrier Reef". WWF. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
6. ^ Fenner, Douglas; Muir, Paul (1 February 2008). "Reef Corals of the Northwestern Lagoon of Grande-Terre, New Caledonia". A Rapid Marine Biodiversity Assessment of the Coral Reefs of the Northwest Lagoon, between Koumac and Yandé, Province Nord, New Caledonia. p. 18\. doi:10.1896/054.053.0102.
7. ^ "Historic Local community meeting in New Caledonia to strengthen World Heritage conservation". UNESCO. 20 July 2015. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
8. ^ "Scuba Diving". nouvelle caledonie. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2016.

## External links

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Caledonian lagoon.

* New Caledonia Barrier Reef (World Wildlife Fund)
* New Caledonia reefs (French Coral Reef Society)
* Biodiversity and Nickel Mining in Kanaky/New Caledonia (Mines and Communities Website)

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World Heritage Sites in France

Île-de-France|

* Palace and Park of Versailles
* Fontainebleau Palace and Park
* Paris: Banks of the Seine
* Provins

Parisian basin|

* Amiens Cathedral
* Belfries of Belgium and France1
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* Champagne hillsides, houses and cellars
* Chartres Cathedral
* Climats and terroirs of Burgundy
* Reims: Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Former Abbey of Saint-Rémi, Palace of Tau
* Abbey of Fontenay
* Le Havre
* Mont-Saint-Michel and its Bay
* Vézelay Church and hill

Nord-Pas-de-Calais|

* Belfries of Belgium and France1
* Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin

East|

* Great Saltworks of Salins-les-Bains and Royal Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans
* Nancy: Place Stanislas, Place de la Carrière and Place d'Alliance
* Strasbourg: Grande Île, Neustadt
* Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps3

West|

* Abbey Church of Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe

South West|

* Episcopal city, Albi
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* Prehistoric sites and decorated caves of the Vézère valley
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Centre East|

* Chaîne des Puys
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Mediterranean|

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Multiple regions|

* The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier
* Canal du Midi
* Fortifications of Vauban
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* Loire Valley between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes-sur-Loire
* Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France
* Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe5

Overseas departments
and territories|

* French Austral Lands and Seas
* Lagoons of New Caledonia
* Pitons, cirques and remparts of Réunion
* Taputapuātea

* 1Shared locally with other region/s and with Belgium
* 2Shared with Spain
* 3Shared with Austria, Germany, Italy, Slovenia and Switzerland
* 4Shared with Belgium
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Corals and coral reefs

Hexacorallia|

* Black
* Brain
* Elegance
* Hermatypic
* Chalice
* Pillar
* Table
* Elkhorn
* Staghorn
* †Rugose
* †Tabulate

Octocorallia|

* Bamboo
* Blue
* Organ pipe
* Sea fans
* Sea pens

Coral reefs|

* Atoll
* Cay
* Coral
* Deep-water coral
* mesophotic coral reef
* Fringing
* Microatoll
* Coral reef fish
* Census of Coral Reefs
* The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
* Catlin Seaview Survey
* Spur and groove formation

Coral regions|

* List of reefs
* African coral reefs
* Amazon Reef
* Andros, Bahamas
* Apo Reef
* Baa Atoll
* Belize Barrier Reef
* Coral Sea Islands
* Coral Triangle
* East African coral coast
* Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
* Great Barrier Reef
* India
* Jamaica
* Kiribati
* Lakshadweep
* Maldives
* Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System
* New Caledonia barrier reef
* Ningaloo Reef
* Non-tropical regions
* Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
* Pulley Ridge
* Raja Ampat Islands
* Red Sea
* Solomon Archipelago
* Southeast Asian coral reefs
* Tuvalu Archipelago
* Virgin Islands
* Yabiji

Coral diseases|

* Coral bleaching
* Black band disease
* Skeletal eroding band
* Stony coral tissue loss disease
* White band disease
* White pox disease

Conservation|

* Environmental issues with coral reefs
* Coral reef protection
* Coral reef restoration
* Reef resilience

| Organizations|

* Coral Reef Alliance
* Green Fins
* International Coral Reef Society
* Project AWARE
* Reef Ball Foundation
* Reef Check

|

Symbiotic algae|

* Zooxanthellae
* Amphidinium
* Symbiodinium

Other|

* Artificial reef
* Aquaculture of coral
* Coral dermatitis
* Precious coral
* Coral rag
* Coral sand
* Coralline algae
* Deep-water coral
* Fire coral

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