New Swabia

Territory of Antarctica in Queen Maud Land, first explored by Nazi Germany in 1938/39

New Swabia

Neuschwabenland

Defunct potential Antarctic claim of Nazi Germany

Expedition logo
(1938–39)

Territory comprising New Swabia shown in red
Historical era| World War II

• Contact reached

| 19 January 1939

• German occupation of Norway

| 9 April 1940

• Surrender of Germany

| 8 May 1945
Today part of|  Queen Maud Land
Antarctic expeditions

International agreements

* 1932 (1932)–1933: International Polar Year
* 1957 (1957)–1958: International Geophysical Year
* 1959 (1959)–present: Antarctic Treaty System

Belgium

* 1897 (1897)–1899: Belgian Antarctic Expedition

British Empire / Commonwealth

* 1898 (1898)–1900: Southern Cross Expedition
* 1901 (1901)–1904: Scott's first expedition
* 1902 (1902)–1904: Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
* 1907 (1907)–1909: Shackleton's first expedition
* 1910 (1910)–1913: Scott's second expedition
* 1911 (1911)–1914: Mawson's first expedition
* 1914 (1914)–1917: Shackleton's second expedition
* 1921 (1921)–1922: Shackleton's third expedition
* 1929 (1929)–1931: Mawson's second expedition
* 1934 (1934)–1937: Graham Land expedition
* 1943 (1943)–1945: Operation Tabarin
* 1955 (1955)–1958: Trans-Antarctic Expedition

Germany

* 1901 (1901)–1903: Drygalski (Gauss) expedition
* 1911 (1911)–1912: Filchner expedition
* 1938 (1938)–1939: New Swabia expedition

Sweden

* 1901 (1901)–1904: Swedish Antarctic Expedition

France

* 1903 (1903)–1905: Charcot's first expedition
* 1908 (1908)–1910: Charcot's second expedition

Japan

* 1910 (1910)–1912: Japanese Antarctic Expedition

Norway

* 1910 (1910)–1912: Amundsen expedition
* 1956 (1956)–1960: 6th Norwegian Antarctic Expedition
* 1957 (1957)–1958: Luncke expedition

United States

* 1928 (1928)–1930: Byrd's first expedition
* 1934 (1934): Byrd's second expedition
* 1939 (1939)–1941: United States Antarctic Service Expedition
* 1946 (1946)–1947: Operation Highjump
* 1947 (1947)–1948: Operation Windmill
* 1947 (1947)–1948: Ronne expedition
* 1955 (1955)–1956: Operation Deep Freeze I
* 1955 (1955)–Present: Operation Deep Freeze

Soviet Union

* 1955 (1955)–1957: 1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition
* 1956 (1956)–1958: 2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition

International

* 1949 (1949)–1952: NBSX (Maudheim Expedition)

* v
* t
* e

New Swabia (Norwegian and German: Neuschwabenland) was an area of Antarctica explored, with the intention to claim it, by Nazi Germany between 1938 and 1939, within the Norwegian territorial claim of Queen Maud Land. The region was named after the expedition's ship, Schwabenland, itself named after the German region of Swabia.[1][2] Although the name "New Swabia" is occasionally mentioned in historical contexts, it is not an officially recognized cartographic name in modern use. The area is now part of Queen Maud Land, governed under the Antarctic Treaty System.

## Geography

[edit]

New Swabia is divided into an ice-covered northern foreland, which gradually rises from the coast and the edge of the ice shelf to over 1,000 m (Ritscher Upland and Helle Slope). To the south, it is followed by a region of nunataks rising from the ice and mountain ranges with heights over 3,000 m. These mountain ranges dam up the glaciers of the polar plateau to over 2,000 m. The high-altitude glacial regions are named after the famous polar explorers Roald Amundsen and Alfred Wegener.

The ice-free areas vary greatly in morphology. In addition to kilometers of fault scarps that run roughly parallel to the continental margin and are particularly prevalent in the west, central and east, New Swabia is dominated by mountain ranges in the north-south that follow old, preglacial valley systems. Three mighty glaciers drain this sector of East Antarctica: At 20°W, the Stancomb-Wills Glacier flows westward onto the Brunt Ice Shelf. The boundary between western and central New Swabia is marked by the Jutulstraumen Glacier, which feeds the Fimbul Ice Shelf. The 200 km wide glacier Borchgrevinkisen forms the eastern border of New Swabia.

At the eastern end of New Swabia lies the deep-sea trench Schwabenland Canyon.

### Seasonally ice-free lakes

[edit]

A geographical feature of New Swabia is its ice-free freshwater lakes during the Antarctic summer. These lakes are located on the 34 km² hilly plateau, the Schirmacher Oasis (or Schirmacher Lake Plateau), at 70° 45′ S, 11° 40′ E. 118 lakes with a total area of 6,487 km² are known. Only a portion of these lakes develop on the bedrock; some lakes also lie on the ice shelf immediately north of the oasis. All lakes contain a rich algal flora, with 72 species identified. The discoverer of the Schirmacher Oasis was Richardheinrich Schirmacher, pilot of the second flying boat, the Boreas, of the expedition ship Schwabenland.

### Lakes with permanent ice cover

[edit]

The Obersee and Untersee lie on the northern edge of the Gruber Mountains at 795 m and 580 m above sea level, respectively. The Obersee covers an area of 3.43 km², while the Untersee is 11.4 km², making them the largest lakes in New Swabia. They are covered in ice year-round and fill deep, carved-out trough valleys. The lakes are dammed by glaciers and have no outflow.

## Climate and vegetation

[edit]

New Swabia has a highpolar climate with temperatures below freezing around the year. The low air temperatures are partially set off by strong solar radiation in the Antarctic summer (December to February). Temperatures of up to +19°C have been measured on rock surfaces, allowing simple vegetation to grow on these rocky substrates.[3] The necessary water is created by melting, drifting snow on rock surfaces exposed to the sun. In the central area of New Swabia, simple filamentous algae (Prasiola and Ulothrix) and lichens have been found alongside cyanobacteria. The species Lecidea sp., Rhizocarpon geographicum and Usnea sphacelata are particularly common. Two moss species (Grimmia lawiana and Sarconeurum glaciale) have also been found in favorable locations.

## Background

[edit]

Like many other countries, Germany sent expeditions to the Antarctic region in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, most of which were scientific. The late 19th century expeditions to the Southern Ocean, South Georgia, the Kerguelen Islands, and the Crozet Islands were astronomical, meteorological, and hydrological, mostly in close collaboration with scientific teams from other countries. As the 19th century ended, Germany began to focus on Antarctica.[citation needed]

The first German expedition to Antarctica was the Gauss expedition from 1901 to 1903. Led by Arctic veteran and geology professor Erich von Drygalski, this was the second expedition to use a hot-air balloon in Antarctica. It also found and named Kaiser Wilhelm II Land. The second German Antarctic expedition (1911–1912) was led by Wilhelm Filchner with a goal of crossing Antarctica to learn if it was one piece of land. As happened with other such early attempts, the crossing failed before it even began. The expedition discovered and named the Luitpold Coast and the Filchner Ice Shelf. A German whaling fleet was put to sea in 1937 and, upon its successful return in early 1938, plans for a third German Antarctic expedition were drawn up.[4]

## German Antarctic Expedition (1938–1939)

[edit]

The third German Antarctic Expedition (1938–1939) was led by arctic veteran Alfred Ritscher (1879–1963), a captain in the German Navy. The main purpose was to find an area in Antarctica for a German whaling station, as a way to increase Germany's production of fat. Whale oil was then the most important raw material for the production of margarine and soap in Germany and the country was the second largest purchaser of Norwegian whale oil, importing some 200,000 metric tonnes annually. Besides the disadvantage of being dependent on imports, it was thought that Germany would soon be at war, which was considered to put too much strain on Germany's foreign currency reserves. In addition, there was a secret military assignment to explore the islands of Trindade and Martim Vaz for use as potential future naval bases.[5][6][7]

On 17 December 1938, the secret[7] New Swabia Expedition with 82 crew members left Hamburg for Antarctica aboard MS Schwabenland (a freighter built in 1925 and renamed in 1934 after the Swabia region in southern Germany) which could also carry and catapult aircraft. On 19 January 1939, the ship arrived at the Princess Martha Coast, in an area which had been claimed, as the expedition was already underway, by Norway as Queen Maud Land, and began charting the region. Naming the area Neu-Schwabenland after the ship, meanwhile the ship served as expedition base. Seven photographic survey flights were made by the ship's two Dornier Wal seaplanes named Passat and Boreas.[1][8] About a dozen 1.2-meter (3.9 ft)-long aluminum darts, with 30-centimeter (12 in) steel cones and three upper stabilizer wings embossed with swastikas, were supposed to be airdropped onto the ice at turning points of the flight polygons (these darts had been tested on the Pasterze glacier in Austria before the expedition).[1][8] According to expedition members, these darts were only dropped once, all together.[9] Eight more flights were made to areas of keen interest, and on these trips some of the photos were taken with colour film by the geologist Ernst Herrmann. Altogether they flew over hundreds of thousands of square kilometers and took more than 16,000 aerial photographs, some of which were published after the war by Ritscher. The ice-free Schirmacher Oasis, which now hosts the Maitri and Novolazarevskaya research stations, was spotted from the air by Richard Heinrich Schirmacher (who named it after himself) shortly before Schwabenland left the Antarctic coast on 6 February 1939.[10]

MS Schwabenland in 1938 German map of Antarctica (1941) showing Neuschwabenland

On its return trip to Germany, the expedition made oceanographic studies near Bouvet Island and Fernando de Noronha, arriving back in Hamburg on 11 April 1939. Meanwhile, the Norwegian government had learned about the expedition through the director of the NSIU, Adolf Hoel, who heard of the news by chance, from Ernst Hermann's wife.[citation needed][11][12][13] Furthermore the Norwegian government had received reports from whalers along the coast of Queen Maud Land.

Germany never advanced any territorial claims to the region.[14]

## Geographic features mapped by the expedition

[edit]

Because the area was first explored by a German expedition, the name Neuschwabenland (New Swabia) is still used for the region on some maps, as are many of the German names given to its geographic features.[15] Some geographic features mapped by the expedition were not named until the Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–1952), led by John Schjelderup Giæver. Others were not named until they were remapped from aerial photographs taken by the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition (1958–1959).[16]

The exact location of objects in italics could not yet be determined because the position was given too imprecisely in the expedition report due to navigation problems with the aircraft, and most of the aerial photographs that would have allowed identification were lost during World War II. The names of objects that could be clearly located were used in the Norwegian translation of the topographical map Dronning Maud Land 1:250,000 published by the Norwegian Polar Institute in 1966.

Name  | Name on the Norwegian Map  | Position (Informationen in the "Bundesanzeiger") | Named after / Note

|
|
|

Alexander-von-Humboldt-Mountains | Humboldtfjella  | 71° 24′–72° S, 11°–12° O  | Alexander von Humboldt
Humboldt Basin  | Humboldtsøkket  | Near the eastern border of the Alexander-von-Humboldt-Mountains  | Alexander von Humboldt
Altar  | Altaret  | 71° 36′ S, 11° 18′ O  | distinctive mountain shape
Amelang Plateau  | Ladfjella  | 74° S, 6° 12′–6° 30′ W  | Herbert Amelang, 1. Officer of the "Schwabenland“
Am Überlauf (At the Overflow)  | Grautrenna  | Easterly to the Eckhörner (Corner Horns)  | glaciated pass
Barkley Mountains  | Barkleyfjella  | 72° 48′ S, 1° 30′–0° 48′ O  | Erich Barkley (1912–1944), biologist
Bastion  | Bastionen  | 71° 18′ S, 13° 36′ O  |
Bludau Mountains  | Hallgrenskarvet und Heksegryta  | Part Iof a 150 km mountain range 72° 42′ S, 3° 30′ W und 74° S, 5° W  | Josef Bludau (1889–1967), ships surgeon
Mount Bolle  |  | 72° 18′ S, 6° 30′ O  | Herbert Bolle, Deutsche Lufthansa, foreman of the aircraft assemblers
Boreas | Boreas  |  | Dornier Wal D-AGAT „Boreas“
Brandt Mountain  |  | 72° 13′ S, 1° 0′ O  | Emil Brandt (* 1900), Sailor, saved an expedition member from drowning
Mount Bruns  |  | 72° 05′ S, 1° 0′ O  | Herbert Bruns (* 1908), electrical engineer of the expedition ship
Buddenbrock Range  |  | 71° 42′ S, 6° O  | Friedrich Freiherr von Buddenbrock, Operations Manager of Atlantic Flights at Deutsche Lufthansa
Bundermann Range  | Grytøyrfjellet  | 71° 48′–72° S, 3° 24′ O  | Max Bundermann (* 1904), aerial photographer
Conrad Mountains  | Conradfjella  | 71° 42′–72° 18′ S, 10° 30′ O  | Fritz Conrad
Dallmann Mountains | Dallmannfjellet  | 71° 42′–72° S, closely west 11° O  | Eduard Dallmann
Drygalski Mountains | Drygalskifjella  | 71° 6′–71° 48′ S, 7° 6′–9° 30′ O[17] | Erich von Drygalski
Eckhörner (Corner Horns)  | Hjørnehorna  | North end of the Alexander-von-Humboldt-Gebirges  | markante Bergform
Filchner Mountains | Filchnerfjella  | 71° 6′–71° 48′ S, 7° 6′–9° 30′ O[17] | Wilhelm Filchner
Gablenz-Ridge  |  | 72°–72° 18′ S, 5° O  | Carl August von Gablenz
Gburek Peaks | Gburektoppane  | 72° 42′ S, 0° 48′–1° 10′ W  | Leo Gburek (1910–1941), geomagnetist
Geßner Peak | Gessnertind  | 71° 54′ S, 6° 54′ O  | Wilhelm Geßner (1890–1945), Director of Hansa Luftbild
Gneiskopf Peak | Gneisskolten  | 71° 54′ S, 12° 12′ O  | promintent peak
Gockel-Ridge | Vorrkulten  | 73° 12′ S, 0° 12′ W  | Wilhelm Gockel, meteorologist of the expedition
Graue Hörner (Grey Horns)  | Gråhorna  | Southern corner of the Petermann mountain range  |
Gruber Mountains | Slokstallen und Petrellfjellet | 72° S, 4° O  | Erich Gruber (1912–1940), radio operator on D-AGAT „Boreas“
Habermehl Peak | Habermehltoppen  | Westernly to the Geßnerpeak  | Richard Habermehl, head of the Reich Weather Service
Mount Hädrich |  | 71° 57′ S, 6° 12′ O  | Willy Hädrich, Authorized officer at Deutsche Lufthansa, responsible for the accounting of the expedition
Mount Hedden |  | 72° 8′ S, 1° 10′ O  | Karl Hedden, Sailor, saved an expedition member from drowning
Herrmann Mountains |  | 73° S, 0°–1° O  | Ernst Herrmann, geologist of the expedition
In der Schüssel (In the Bowl)  | Grautfatet  | in the North of the Alexander-von-Humboldt-Gebirges  | glaciated valley
Johannes Müller Ridge  | Müllerkammen  |  | Johannes Müller († 1941), Participant in the 2nd German South Polar Expedition in 1911/12, Head of the Nautical Department of the North German Lloyd
Kaye Peak  | Langfloget | 72° 30′ S, 4° 48′ O  | Georg Kaye, Naval architect, looked after the ships of Lufthansa
Kleinschmidt Peak  | Enden  | Part of a 150 km long ridge between 72°42′ S, 3°30′ W and 74° S, 5° W  | Ernst Kleinschmidt, German Maritime Observatory
Kottas Mountains  | Milorgfjella  | 74° 6′–74° 18′ S, 8° 12′–9° W  | Alfred Kottas, Captain of the "Schwabenland"
Kraul Mountains | Vestfjella  |  | Otto Kraul, ice pilot
Krüger Mountains  | Kvitskarvet  | 73° 6′ S, 1° 18′ O  | Walter Krüger, meteorologist of the expedition
Kubus | Kubus  | 72° 24′ S, 7° 30′ O  | distinctive mountain shape
Kurze Mountain Range  | Kurzefjella  | 72° 6′–72° 30′ S, 9° 30′–10° O  | Friedrich Kurze,Vice Admiral, Head of the Nautical Department of the Naval High Command
Lange-Plateau |  | 71° 58′ S, 0° 25′ O  | Heinz Lange (1908–1943), meteorlogical assistant
Loesener Plateau  | Skorvetangen, Hamarskorvene und Kvithamaren | 72° S, 4° 18′ O  | Kurt Loesener, airplane mechanic of D-AGAT „Boreas“
Lose Plateau  | Lausflæet  |  | distinctive mountain shape
Luz Ridge  |  | 72°–72° 18′ S, 5° 30′ O  | Martin Luz, commercial director at the German Lufthansa
Mayr Mountain Range | Jutulsessen  | 72°–72° 18′ S, 3° 24′ O  | Rudolf Mayr, Pilot of D-ALOX „Passat“
Matterhorn | Ulvetanna  | highest peak in den Drygalski-Mountains  | distinctive mountain shape
Mentzel Mountains  | Mentzelfjellet  | 71° 18′ S, 13° 42′ O  | Rudolf Mentzel
Mühlig-Hofmann Mountains | Mühlig-Hofmannfjella  | 71° 48′–72° 36′ S, 3° O  | Albert Mühlig-Hofmann
Neumayer steep face  | Neumayerskarvet  |  | Georg von Neumayer
New Swabia  |  |  | Expeditionship „Schwabenland“
Northwestern Island  | Nordvestøya  | Northend of the Alexander-von-Humboldt-Gebirges  | island-like nunatak group
Eastern Hochfeld  | Austre Høgskeidet  | between the southern and central sections of the Petermann range  | Ice tongue
Obersee (Upper Lake)  | Øvresjøen  | 71° 12′ S, 13° 42′ O  | frozen lake
Passat  | Passat  |  | Donier Wal D-ALOX
Paulsen Mountains | Brattskarvet, Vendeholten und Vendehø | 72° 24′ S, 1° 30′ O  | Karl-Heinz Paulsen, oceanographer of the expedition
Payer Mountain group  | Payerfjella  | 72° 0′ S, 14° 42′ O  | Julius von Payer
Penck Trough | Pencksøkket  |  | Albrecht Penck
Petermann Range | Petermannkjeda  | Between the Alexander-Humboldt-Mountains and the „zentralen Wohlthatmassiv“ [=Otto-von-Gruber-Mountains] on 71°18′–72°9′ S  | August Petermann
Preuschoff Ridge | Hochlinfjellet | 72° 18′–72° 30′ S, 4° 30′ O  | Franz Preuschoff, airplane Mechanic of D-ALOX „Passat“
Regula Mountain Range  | Regulakjeda  |  | Herbert Regula (1910–1980), I. Meteorologist of the expedition
Ritscherpeak | Ritschertind  | 71° 24′ S, 13° 24′ O  | Alfred Ritscher
Ritscher Upland | Ritscherflya  |  | Alfred Ritscher
Mount Röbke  | Isbrynet  |  | Karl-Heinz Röbke (* 1909), II. Officer on the „Schwabenland“
Mount Ruhnke | Festninga  | 72° 30′ S, 4° O  | Herbert Ruhnke (1904–1944), Radio operator on D-ALOX „Passat“
Sauter Mountain bar | Terningskarvet  | 72° 36′ S, 3° 18′ O  | Siegfried Sauter, aerial photographer
Schirmacher Ponds[18] | Schirmacher Oasis | 70° 40′ S, 11° 40′ O  | Richardheinrich Schirmacher, Pilot of D-AGAT „Boreas“
Schneider-Riegel |  | 73° 42′ S, 3° 18′ W  | Hans Schneider, Head of the Sea-Flight Department of the German Maritime Observatory and Professor of Meteorology
Schubertpeak  | Høgfonna und Ovbratten | Part of a 150 km long ridge between 72°42′ S, 3°30′ W und 74° S, 5° W  | Otto von Schubert, Head of the Nautical Department of the German Maritime Observatory
Schulz Heights  | Lagfjella  | 73° 42′ S, 7° 36′ W  | Robert Schulz, II. Engineer on the „Schwabenland“
Schicht Mountains  | Sjiktberga  | 71° 24′ S, 13° 12′ O  |
Schwarze Hörner (Black horns)  | Svarthorna  | southern corner of the northern part of the Petermann range  | distinctive mountain range
See Kopf (Sea-Head)  | Sjøhausen  | 71° 12′ S, 13° 48′ O  | distinctive mountain
Seilkopf Mountains | Nälegga  | Part of a 150 km long ridge between 72°42′ S, 3°30′ W and° S, 5° W  | Heinrich Seilkopf, Head of the Sea-Flight Department of the German Maritime Observatory and Professor of Meteorology
Sphinxkopf Peak | Sfinksskolten  | On the north end of the Petermann range  | distinctive mountain
Spieß Peak | Huldreslottet | Part of a 150 km long ridge between. 72°42′ S, 3°30′ W and 74° S, 5° W  | Admiral Fritz Spieß, commander of the research vessel Meteor
Stein Peaks | Straumsnutane  |  | Willy Stein, Boatswain of the „Schwabenland“
Todt Mountain bar | Todtskota  | 71° 18′ S, 14° 18′ O  | Herbert Todt, Assistent of the expeditionleader
Uhligpeak | Uhligberga  | Part of a 150 km long ridge between72°42′ S, 3°30′ W and 74° S, 5° W  | Karl Uhlig, Leading Engineer of the „Schwabenland“
Lake Untersee | Nedresjøen  | 71° 18′ S, 13° 30′ O  | frozen lake
Vorposten Peak | Forposten  | 71° 24′ S, 15° 48′ O  | remote nunatak
Western Hochfeld  | Vestre Høgskeidet  |  | glaciated plain
Weyprecht Mountains  | Weyprechtfjella  | 72° 0′ S, 13° 30′ O  | Carl Weyprecht
Wegener Inland Ice  | Wegenerisen  |  | Alfred Wegener
Wittepeaks | Marsteinen, Valken, Krylen und Knotten  |  | Dietrich Witte, engine attendant of the "Schwabenland“
Wohlthat Mountain Range | Wohlthatmassivet  |  | Helmuth Wohlthat
Mount Zimmermann | Zimmermannfjellet  | 71° 18′ S, 13° 24′ O  | Carl Zimmermann, Vice President of the German Research Foundation
Zuckerhut (sugar loaf)  | Sukkertoppen  | 71° 24′ S, 13° 30′ O  | distinctive mountain shape
Zwiesel Mountain | Zwieselhøgda  | On the southern ends of the Petermann range  |

### Aftermath

[edit]

Germany made no formal territorial claims to New Swabia.[19] No whaling station or other lasting bases were built there by Germany, and no permanent presence was established until the Georg von Neumayer Station, a research facility, was opened in 1981. Germany's current Neumayer Station III is also located in the region.

Although New Swabia is occasionally mentioned in historical contexts, it is not an officially recognized cartographic designation today. The region is part of Queen Maud Land, administered by Norway as a dependent territory under the Antarctic Treaty System, and overseen by the Polar Affairs Department of the Ministry of Justice and the Police.[20]

## Conspiracy theories

[edit]

Neuschwabenland has been the subject of conspiracy theories for decades, some of them related to Nazi UFO claims. Most assert that, in the wake of the German expedition of 1938–39, a huge military base was built there. After the war, high-ranking Nazis, scientists, and elite military units are claimed to have survived there. The US and UK have supposedly been trying to conquer the area for decades, and to have used nuclear weapons in this effort. Proponents claim the base is sustained by hot springs providing energy and warmth.[21]

The WDR radio play Neuschwabenland-Symphonie from 2012 takes up the conspiracy theories.[22]

## See also

[edit]

* German Antarctic Expedition (1938–1939)
* Antarctica during World War II
* Esoteric Nazism
* List of Antarctic expeditions
* Operation Highjump

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c McGonigal, David, Antarctica, frances lincoln ltd, 2009, ISBN 0-7112-2980-5, 978-0-7112-2980-8, p. 367
2. ^ Widerøe, Turi (2008). "Annekteringen av Dronning Maud Land". Norsk Polarhistorie (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
3. ^ Yoshihide Ohta, ed. (1993), Nature environment map Gjelsvikfjella and western Mühlig-Hofmannfjella, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica (1:100.000. 1 Karte auf 2 Blatt), Temakart, 24, Tromsø: Norsk Polarinstitutt, ISSN 0801-8588
4. ^ Luke Fater (6 November 2019). "Hitler's Secret Antarctic Expedition for Whales". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
5. ^ Oberkommando der Kriegsmarine: November 21, 1938, B.No. 2215/38 g. Kds. BH W V; Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde, Leipzig, Ritscher estate, File Bh1, Abt. OKM.
6. ^ Eric Niiler. "Hitler Sent a Secret Expedition to Antarctica in a Hunt for Margarine Fat". A&E Television Networks, LLC. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
7. ^ a b "Hitler's Antarctic base: the myth and the reality" Archived 13 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine, by Colin Summerhayes and Peter Beeching, Polar Record, Volume 43 Issue 1, pp. 1–21. Cambridge University Press, 2007.
8. ^ a b Boudewijn Büch. Eenzaam, Eilanden 2 ('Lonely, Islands 2'), Holland 1994
9. ^ Lüdecke, Cornelia. Germans in Antarctica. p. 320\. ISBN 978-3-030-40926-5.
10. ^ William James Mills (2003). Exploring Polar Frontiers: M-Z. ABC-CLIO. pp. 552–. ISBN 978-1-57607-422-0.
11. ^ Lüdecke, Cornelia. Germans in Antarctica. Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021. p. 312\. ISBN 978-3-030-40926-5.
12. ^ Barr. Norway. p. 170.
13. ^ Winther, Jan-Gunnar (2008). Norway in the Antarctic—from Conquest to Modern Science. Oslo. pp. 44–59.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
14. ^ Jacek Machowski (1977). The Status of Antarctica in the Light of International Law. Office of Polar Programs and the National Science Foundation.
15. ^ e.g., National Geographic Atlas of the World, Eighth Edition, 2005
16. ^ USGS GNIS
17. ^ a b Angabe für Drygalski- und Filchnerberge
18. ^ Renamed to Schirmacher Oasis, after Antarctic Oasis was defines as an independent object type
19. ^ Heinz Schön, Mythos Neu-Schwabenland. Für Hitler am Südpol, Selent: Bonus, 2004, p. 106, ISBN 978-3935962056, OCLC 907129665
20. ^ "Queen Maud Land". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
21. ^ Holm Hümmler: Neuschwabenland – Verschwörung, Mythos oder Ammenmärchen? In: Skeptiker. Nr. 3, 2013, S. 100–106.
22. ^ "ARD-Hörspieldatenbank". hoerspiele.dra.de. Retrieved 19 December 2021.

## Literature

[edit]

* Murphy, D.T. (2002). German exploration of the polar world. A history, 1870–1940 Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803232051, OCLC 48084187

## External links

[edit]

* Photographs of the MS Schwabenland and its seaplanes (in German)
* More photographs of the MS Schwabenland (in German)
* Erich von Drygalski and the 1901–03 German Antarctic Expedition, Scott Polar Research Institute
* Wilhelm Filchner and the 1911–12 German Antarctic Expedition, Scott Polar Research Institute
* Kartographische Arbeiten und deutsche Namengebung in Neuschwabenland, Antarktis
* Dunning, Brian (21 February 2017). "Skeptoid #559: Hitler's Antarctic Fortress Unmasked". Skeptoid.

* v
* t
* e

Territorial claims in Antarctica

Claims|

* Adélie Land (Fr.)
* Argentine Antarctica
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* Peter I Island (Nor.)
* Queen Maud Land (Nor.)
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Former claims|

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* Yamato Yukihara (Jap.)

Unclaimed|

* Marie Byrd Land

Unrecognized and
Proposed claims|

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* v
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Antarctica

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|

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* Antarctic/Southern Ocean
* Lake CECs
* Lake Mercer
* Lake Vostok
* List of rivers
* McMurdo Sound
* Ross Sea
* Weddell Sea

Life|

* Flora
* Microorganisms
* Wildlife
* Birds
* Mammals
* Krill

History|

* Expeditions
* Heroic Age
* World War II
* Colonization
* COVID-19 pandemic
* Years

Politics|

* Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs
* Military activity
* National programs
* Territorial claims
* Treaty System

Society|

* Antarctica Day
* Antarctic English
* Crime
* Demographics
* Economy
* Field camps
* Firefighting
* Flags
* Gateway cities
* Midwinter Day
* Protected areas
* Religion
* Research stations
* Telecommunications
* Time
* Tourism
* Transport
* Women
* Antarctica Weather Danger Classification

Famous explorers|

* Roald Amundsen
* Richard E. Byrd
* Douglas Mawson
* Ui-te-Rangiora (legendary)
* James Clark Ross
* Robert Falcon Scott
* Ernest Shackleton

* Category
* Commons
* Index

* v
* t
* e

Polar exploration

Arctic

* Ocean
* History
* Expeditions
* Research stations

Farthest North
North Pole|

* Barentsz
* Heemskerck
* Hudson
* Marmaduke
* Carolus
* Parry
* North magnetic pole
* J. Ross
* J. C. Ross
* Abernethy
* Kane
* Hayes
* Polaris expedition
* Polaris
* C. F. Hall
* Bessels
* British Arctic Expedition
* HMS Alert
* Nares
* HMS Discovery
* Stephenson
* Markham
* Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
* Greely
* Lockwood
* Brainard
* Nansen's Fram expedition
* Fram
* Nansen
* Johansen
* Sverdrup
* Jason
* Amedeo
* Andrée's balloon expedition
* S. A. Andrée
* F. Cook
* SS Roosevelt
* Peary
* Henson
* Sedov
* Byrd
* Norge
* Amundsen
* Nobile
* Wisting
* Riiser-Larsen
* Ellsworth
* Italia
* Nautilus
* Wilkins
* ANT-25
* Chkalov
* Baydukov
* Belyakov
* Drifting ice stations
* NP-1
* Papanin
* Shirshov
* E. Fyodorov
* Krenkel
* NP-36
* NP-37
* Georgiy Sedov
* Badygin
* Wiese
* USS Nautilus
* USS Skate
* Plaisted
* Herbert
* NS Arktika
* Barneo
* Arktika 2007
* Mir submersibles
* Sagalevich
* Chilingarov

Iceland
Greenland|

* Pytheas
* Brendan
* Papar
* Vikings
* Naddodd
* Garðar
* Ingólfr
* Norse colonization of North America
* Gunnbjörn
* Snæbjörn galti
* Erik the Red
* Christian IV's expeditions
* J. Hall
* Cunningham
* Lindenov
* C. Richardson
* Danish colonization
* Egede
* Scoresby
* Jason
* Nansen
* Sverdrup
* Peary
* Rasmussen

Northwest Passage
Northern Canada|

* Cabot
* G. Corte-Real
* M. Corte-Real
* Frobisher
* Gilbert
* Davis
* Hudson
* Discovery
* Bylot
* Baffin
* Munk
* I. Fyodorov
* HMS Resolution
* J. Cook
* HMS Discovery
* Clerke
* Mackenzie
* Kotzebue
* J. Ross
* HMS Griper
* Parry
* HMS Hecla
* Lyon
* HMS Fury
* Hoppner
* Crozier
* J. C. Ross
* Coppermine expedition
* Franklin
* Back
* Dease
* Simpson
* HMS Blossom
* Beechey
* Franklin's lost expedition
* HMS Erebus
* HMS Terror
* Collinson
* Rae–Richardson expedition
* Rae
* J. Richardson
* Austin
* McClure expedition
* HMS Investigator
* McClure
* HMS Resolute
* Kellett
* Belcher
* Kennedy
* Bellot
* Isabel
* Inglefield
* 2nd Grinnell expedition
* USS Advance
* Kane
* Fox
* McClintock
* HMS Pandora
* Young
* Fram
* Sverdrup
* Gjøa
* Amundsen
* Rasmussen
* Karluk
* Stefansson
* Bartlett
* St. Roch
* H. Larsen
* Cowper

North East Passage
Russian Arctic|

* Pomors
* Koch boats
* Willoughby
* Chancellor
* Barentsz
* Heemskerck
* Mangazeya
* Hudson
* Poole
* Siberian Cossacks
* Perfilyev
* Stadukhin
* Dezhnev
* Popov
* Ivanov
* Vagin
* Permyakov
* Great Northern Expedition
* Bering
* Chirikov
* Malygin
* Ovtsyn
* Minin
* V. Pronchishchev
* M. Pronchishcheva
* Chelyuskin
* Kh. Laptev
* D. Laptev
* Chichagov
* Lyakhov
* Billings
* Sannikov
* Gedenshtrom
* Wrangel
* Matyushkin
* Anjou
* Litke
* Lavrov
* Pakhtusov
* Tsivolko
* Middendorff
* Austro-Hungarian Expedition
* Weyprecht
* Payer
* Vega Expedition
* A. E. Nordenskiöld
* Palander
* Jeannette expedition
* USS Jeannette
* De Long
* Melville
* Yermak
* Makarov
* Zarya
* Toll
* Kolomeitsev
* Matisen
* Kolchak
* Sedov
* Rusanov expedition
* Rusanov
* Kuchin
* Brusilov expedition
* Sv. Anna
* Brusilov
* Albanov
* Konrad
* Wiese
* Nagórski
* Taymyr / Vaygach
* Vilkitsky
* Maud
* Amundsen
* AARI
* Samoylovich
* Begichev
* Urvantsev
* Sadko
* Ushakov
* Glavsevmorput
* Schmidt
* Aviaarktika
* Shevelev
* A. Sibiryakov
* Voronin
* Chelyuskin
* Krassin
* Gakkel
* Nuclear-powered icebreakers
* Lenin
* Arktika-class icebreaker

Antarctic

* Continent
* History
* Expeditions

Antarctic/Southern Ocean|

* Roché
* Bouvet
* Kerguelen
* HMS Resolution
* J. Cook
* HMS Adventure
* Furneaux
* Smith
* San Telmo
* Vostok
* Bellingshausen
* Mirny
* Lazarev
* Bransfield
* Palmer
* Davis
* Weddell
* Morrell
* Astrolabe
* Dumont d'Urville
* United States Exploring Expedition
* USS Vincennes
* Wilkes
* USS Porpoise
* Ringgold
* Ross expedition
* HMS Erebus (J. C. Ross
* Abernethy)
* HMS Terror (Crozier)
* Cooper
* Challenger expedition
* HMS Challenger
* Nares
* Murray
* Jason
* C. A. Larsen

"Heroic Age"|

* Belgian Antarctic Expedition
* Belgica
* de Gerlache
* Lecointe
* Amundsen
* Cook
* Arctowski
* Racoviță
* Dobrowolski
* Southern Cross
* Southern Cross
* Borchgrevink
* Discovery
* Discovery
* Discovery Hut
* Gauss
* Gauss
* Drygalski
* Swedish Antarctic Expedition
* Antarctic
* O. Nordenskjöld
* C. A. Larsen
* Scottish Antarctic Expedition
* Bruce
* Scotia
* Orcadas Base
* Nimrod Expedition
* Nimrod
* French Antarctic Expeditions
* Pourquoi-Pas
* Charcot
* Japanese Antarctic Expedition
* Shirase
* Amundsen's South Pole expedition
* Fram
* Amundsen
* Framheim
* Polheim
* Terra Nova
* Terra Nova
* Scott
* Wilson
* E. R. Evans
* Crean
* Lashly
* Filchner
* Australasian Antarctic Expedition
* SY Aurora
* Mawson
* Far Eastern Party
* Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
* Endurance
* Shackleton
* Wild
* James Caird
* Ross Sea party
* Mackintosh
* Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
* Quest

IPY · IGY
Modern research|

* Christensen
* Byrd
* BANZARE
* BGLE
* Rymill
* New Swabia
* Ritscher
* Operation Tabarin
* Marr
* Operation Highjump
* Captain Arturo Prat Base
* British Antarctic Survey
* Operation Windmill
* Ketchum
* Ronne Expedition
* F. Ronne
* E. Ronne
* Schlossbach
* Operation Deep Freeze
* McMurdo Station
* Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
* Hillary
* V. Fuchs
* Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
* 1st
* Somov
* Klenova
* Mirny
* 2nd
* Tryoshnikov
* 3rd
* Tolstikov
* Antarctic Treaty System
* Transglobe Expedition
* Fiennes
* Burton
* Lake Vostok
* Kapitsa

Farthest South
South Pole|

* HMS Resolution
* J. Cook
* HMS Adventure
* Furneaux
* Weddell
* HMS Erebus
* J. C. Ross
* HMS Terror
* Crozier
* Southern Cross
* Borchgrevink
* Discovery
* Barne
* Nimrod
* Shackleton
* Wild
* Marshall
* Adams
* South magnetic pole
* Mawson
* David
* Mackay
* Amundsen's South Pole expedition
* Fram
* Amundsen
* Bjaaland
* Helmer
* Hassel
* Wisting
* Polheim
* Terra Nova
* Scott
* E. Evans
* Oates
* Wilson
* Bowers
* Cherry-Garrard
* Byrd
* Balchen
* McKinley
* Dufek
* Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
* Hillary
* V. Fuchs
* Pole of Cold
* Vostok Station
* Pole of inaccessibility
* Pole of Inaccessibility research station
* Tolstikov
* Crary
* A. Fuchs
* Messner

* v
* t
* e

Former German colonies and protectorates

Colonies|

| Africa|

* East Africa
* Kionga Triangle
* Wituland
* South West Africa
* West Africa
* Kamerun
* Neukamerun
* Kapitaï and Koba
* Mahinland
* Togoland

|

Oceania|

* New Guinea
* Samoa

Concessions|

| China|

* Kiautschou Bay
* Tsingtao
* Tientsin
* German Hankou

|

Unrecognised|

| Antarctica|

* New Swabia (claimed by Nazi Germany)

|

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Israel

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