New York City mayoral elections

Elections in New York State

Federal government

|  Presidential elections

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State government

|  New York gubernatorial elections

* 1777
* 1780
* 1783
* 1786
* 1789
* 1792
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* 1801
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* 1810
* 1813
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* 1830
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* 1840
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* 1848
* 1850
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* 1854
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* 1860
* 1862
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* 1891
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* 1896
* 1898
* 1900
* 1902
* 1904
* 1906
* 1908
* 1910
* 1912
* 1914
* 1916
* 1918
* 1920
* 1922
* 1924
* 1926
* 1928
* 1930
* 1932
* 1934
* 1936
* 1938
* 1942
* 1946
* 1950
* 1954
* 1958
* 1962
* 1966
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* 1974
* 1978
* 1982
* 1986
* 1990
* 1994
* 1998
* 2002
* 2006
* 2010
* 2014
* 2018
* 2022
* 2026

Attorney General elections

* 1982
* 1986
* 1990
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* 1998
* 2002
* 2006
* 2010
* 2014
* 2018
* 2022

State Comptroller elections

* 1986
* 1990
* 1994
* 1998
* 2002
* 2006
* 2010
* 2014
* 2018
* 2022

State Senate elections

* 2008
* 2010
* 2012
* 2014
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* 2020
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State Assembly elections

* 99th district, 2006
* 2008
* 2016
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State elections by year

* 1811-LtGSE
* 1844
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* 1847-JSE
* 1847
* 1848
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* 1850
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* 1852
* 1853
* 1854
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* 1858
* 1859
* 1860
* 1861
* 1862
* 1863
* 1864
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* 1867
* 1868
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* 1870
* 1870–JSE
* 1871
* 1872
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* 1874
* 1875
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* 1877
* 1878
* 1879
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* 1882
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* 1885
* 1886
* 1887
* 1888
* 1889
* 1890
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* 1892
* 1893
* 1894
* 1895
* 1896
* 1897
* 1898
* 1900
* 1902
* 1903
* 1904
* 1906
* 1907
* 1908
* 1910
* 1912
* 1913
* 1914
* 1916
* 1917
* 1918
* 1919
* 1920
* 1921
* 1922
* 1923
* 1924
* 1926
* 1927
* 1928
* 1930
* 1932
* 1933
* 1934
* 1936
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* 1938
* 1939
* 1940
* 1942
* 1943
* 1944
* 1946
* 1949
* 1950
* 1952
* 1953
* 1954
* 1956
* 1958
* 1959
* 1960
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* 2002
* 2006
* 2008
* 2009
* 2010
* 2012
* 2016
* 2018
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2024

New York City

|  Mayoral elections

Pre-consolidation:

* 1850
* ...
* 1854
* 1856
* 1857
* 1859
* 1861
* ...
* 1886
* 1888
* 1890
* 1892
* 1894

Post-consolidation:

* 1897
* 1901
* 1903
* 1905
* 1909
* 1913
* 1917
* 1921
* 1925
* 1929
* 1932
* 1933
* 1937
* 1941
* 1945
* 1950
* 1953
* 1957
* 1961
* 1965
* 1969
* 1973
* 1977
* 1981
* 1985
* 1989
* 1993
* 1997
* 2001
* 2005
* 2009
* 2013
* 2017
* 2021 (Dem primary)
* 2025 (Dem primary)

City Council elections

Pre-consolidation:

* 1808

Post-consolidation:

* 1897
* 1899
* 1901
* 1903
* 1905
* 1907
* 1909
* 1911
* 1913
* 1915
* 1917
* 1919
* 1921
* 1923
* 1925
* 1927
* 1929
* 1931
* 1933
* 1935
* 1937
* 1939
* 1941
* 1943
* 1945
* 1949
* 1953
* 1957
* 1961
* 1965
* 1969
* 1973
* 1977
* 1981
* 1985
* 1989
* 1993
* 1997
* 2001
* 2005
* 2009
* 2013
* 2017
* 2021
* 2023
* 2025

Public Advocate elections

* 1897
* 1901
* 1905
* 1909
* 1913
* 1917
* 1921
* 1925
* 1929
* 1933
* 1937
* 1941
* 1945
* 1949
* 1953
* 1957
* 1961
* 1965
* 1969
* 1973
* 1977
* 1981
* 1985
* 1989
* 1993
* 1997
* 2001
* 2005
* 2009
* 2013
* 2017
* 2019 (special)
* 2019
* 2021
* 2025

Comptroller elections

* 1897
* 1901
* 1905
* 1909
* 1913
* 1917
* 1921
* 1925
* 1929
* 1933
* 1937
* 1941
* 1945
* 1949
* 1953
* 1957
* 1961
* 1965
* 1969
* 1973
* 1977
* 1981
* 1985
* 1989
* 1993
* 1997
* 2001
* 2005
* 2009
* 2013
* 2017
* 2021
* 2025

Borough president elections

* 1897
* 1901
* 1905
* 1909
* 1913
* 1917
* 1921
* 1925
* 1929
* 1933
* 1937
* 1941
* 1945
* 1949
* 1953
* 1957
* 1961
* 1965
* 1969
* 1973
* 1977
* 1981
* 1985
* 1989
* 1993
* 1997
* 2001
* 2005
* 2009
* 2013
* 2017
* 2021
* 2025

* The Bronx
* Brooklyn
* Manhattan
* Queens
* Staten Island

Albany

|  Mayoral elections

* 2005
* 2009
* 2013
* 2017
* 2021
* 2025

Buffalo

|  Mayoral elections

* 1881
* 1977
* 1981
* 1985
* 1989
* 1993
* 1997
* 2001
* 2005
* 2009
* 2013
* 2017
* 2021
* 2025

Erie County

|  County Executive elections

* 2003
* 2007
* 2011
* 2015
* 2019
* 2023

Nassau County

|  County Executive elections

* 2021
* 2025

Rochester

|  Mayoral elections

* 1997
* 2001
* 2005
* 2009
* 2011 sp
* 2013
* 2017
* 2021
* 2025

Syracuse

|  Mayoral elections

* 2009
* 2013
* 2017
* 2021
* 2025

Westchester County

|  County Executive elections

* 2009
* 2013
* 2017
* 2021
* 2025 (special)
* 2025

* v
* t
* e

The mayor of New York City is elected in early November every four years, in the year immediately following a United States presidential election year, and takes office at the beginning of the following year. New York City, which elects the mayor as its chief executive, consists of the five boroughs (Manhattan, The Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island), which consolidated to form "Greater" New York on January 1, 1898.

The consolidated city's first mayor, Robert A. Van Wyck, was elected with other municipal officers in November 1897. Mayoral elections previously had been held since 1834 by the City of Brooklyn and the smaller, unconsolidated City of New York (Manhattan, later expanded into the Bronx).

Eric Adams took office 12:01 AM on January 1, 2022, at a private swearing-in, followed by a public ceremony later in the day. He follows Bill de Blasio, who served two consecutive terms after being elected in 2013 and for a second term in 2017.

## Overview

[edit]

### Terms and term limits (since 1834)

[edit]

Direct elections to the mayoralty of the unconsolidated City of New York began in 1834 for a term of one year, extended to two years after 1849. The 1897 Charter of the consolidated City stipulated that the mayor was to be elected for a single four-year term. In 1901, the term halved to two years, with no restrictions on reelection. In 1905, the term was extended to four years once again. (Mayors Fiorello La Guardia, Robert F. Wagner Jr. and Ed Koch were later able to serve for twelve years each.)[1] In 1993, the voters approved a two-term (eight-year) limit, and reconfirmed this limit when the issue was submitted to referendum in 1996. In 2008, the New York City Council voted to change the two-term limit to three terms (without submitting the issue to the voters).[2] Legal challenges to the council's action were rejected by Federal courts in January and April, 2009.[3] However, in 2010, yet another referendum, reverting the limit to two terms, passed overwhelmingly.[4]

Year  | Term  | Term
limit  | Years  | Mayor(s) affected

|
|
|
|

Unconsolidated City

1834  | 1 year  | (no limit)  | (unlimited)  | all from Cornelius Van Wyck Lawrence to Caleb S. Woodhull
1849  | 2 years  | (no limit)  | (unlimited)  | all from Ambrose Kingsland to William L. Strong1

Greater New York (The Five Boroughs)

1897  | 4 years  | 1 term  | 4 years  | Robert A. Van Wyck
1901  | 2 years  | (no limit)  | (unlimited)  | Seth Low and George B. McClellan Jr.2
1905  | 4 years  | (no limit)  | (unlimited)  | all from George B. McClellan Jr.2 to David Dinkins3
1993  | 4 years  | 2 terms  | 8 years  | Rudy Giuliani4
2008  | 4 years  | 3 terms  | 12 years  | Michael Bloomberg5 only6
2010  | 4 years  | 2 terms  | 8 years  | Bill de Blasio and his successors6

Principal source: The Encyclopedia of New York City (see Sources below), entries for "charter" and "mayoralty".

1. Mayor Strong, elected in 1894, served an extra year because no municipal election was held in 1896, in anticipation of the consolidated City's switch to odd-year elections.
2. George B. McClellan Jr. was elected to one two-year term (1904–1905) and one four-year term (1906–1909)
3. David Dinkins was not affected by the term limit enacted in 1993 because he had served only one term by 1993 and failed to win re-election.
4. The September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in Manhattan coincided with the primary elections for a successor to Mayor Giuliani, who was completing his second and final term of office. Many were so impressed by both the urgency of the situation and Giuliani's response that they wanted to keep him in office beyond December 31, 2001, either by removing the term limit or by extending his service for a few months.[5] However, neither happened, the primary elections (with the same candidates) were re-run on September 25, the general election was held as scheduled on November 6, and Michael Bloomberg took office on the regularly appointed date of January 1, 2002.
5. On October 2, 2008, Michael Bloomberg announced that he would ask the city council to extend the limit for mayor, council and other officers from two terms to three, and that, should such an extended limit prevail, he himself would seek re-election as mayor.[6] On October 23, the New York City Council voted 29–22 to extend the two-term limit to three terms. (A proposed amendment to submit the vote to a public referendum had failed earlier the same day by a vote of 22–28 with one abstention.)[2]
6. In November 2010, yet another popular referendum, limiting mayoral terms to two, passed overwhelmingly.[4]

#### Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834

[edit]

Mayors John T. Hoffman (1866–68, elected Governor 1868), William Havemeyer (1845–46, 1848–49, and 1873–74), William Jay Gaynor (1910–13), Jimmy Walker (1926–32), and William O'Dwyer (1946–50) failed to complete the final terms to which they were elected. The uncompleted mayoral terms of Hoffman, Walker, and O'Dwyer were added to the other offices elected in (respectively) 1868, 1932, and 1950 [those three elections are listed as "special" in the table below because they occurred before the next regularly scheduled mayoral election; the "regular" mayoral elections of 1874 and 1913, on the other hand, were held on the same day that they would have happened had the mayoralty not become vacant.]

Elected mayor  | Last elected  | End of service  | Interim successor†2, 3 | Election  | Elected successor4

|
|
|
|
|

John T. Hoffman (D)  |

Dec. 1867

| resigned 30 Nov. 1868  | Thomas Coman (D)  | Dec. 1868 (special)  | A. Oakey Hall (D)
William Havemeyer (R)1 |

Nov. 1872

| died 30 Nov. 1874  | Samuel B. H. Vance (R)  | Nov. 1874 (regular)  | William H. Wickham (D)
William Gaynor (D)  |

Nov. 1909

| died 10 Sept. 1913  | Ardolph L. Kline (R)  | Nov. 1913 (regular)  | John P. Mitchel (Fusion)
Jimmy Walker (D)  |

Nov. 1929

| resigned 1 Sept. 1932  | Joseph V. McKee (D)  | Nov. 1932 (special)  | John P. O'Brien (D)
William O'Dwyer (D)  |

Nov. 1949

| resigned 31 Aug. 1950  | Vincent Impellitteri (D)  | Nov. 1950 (special)  | Vincent Impellitteri
(Experience)

† Became acting mayor as the president of the board of aldermen or (in 1950) city council.

(D) = (Democratic)

(R) = (Republican)

1. Havemeyer was a Democrat who ran as a Republican against the Democratic Tweed Ring in 1872.
2. Coman, Vance and Kline did not seek election as mayor.
3. McKee and Impellitteri were Democrats who lost the Democratic primary to succeed themselves, but still ran in the general election as independents.
4. Hall won re-election, while Wickham did not seek it. Mitchel and O'Brien lost attempts at re-election, while Impellitteri did not run for a full term in the 1953 regular general election after losing the Democratic primary.

### Summary tables

[edit]

#### Principal candidates' city-wide vote since 1897

[edit]

The below table is a snapshot of the mayoral election results for major candidates, with each election year linking to more detailed sections on this page. The candidates have the ballot line they ran on in that election campaign, which may not always reflect their formal party affiliation during that time. The winning candidate is emphasized in bold face shaded in the color of their main ballot line. Candidates who were serving as the incumbent mayor at the time of the election (elected or acting) are in italics and an additional "(inc.)" notation.

A general summary of the table's abbreviated parties are: D = Democratic Party, R = Republican Party, Lib = Liberal Party, Cons = Conservative Party, Ind = Independent, Soc = Socialist Party of America, ALP = American Labor Party, WFP = Working Families Party, Independence = Independence Party, Jeff = Jeffersonian (George's 1897 campaign), Exp = Experience Party (Impellitteri's 1950 campaign), Jobs & Edu = Independent Jobs and Education Party (Bloomberg's 2009 campaign)

Year  | Total  | Democratic | D Total (%)  | Major Third Party  | Third Party Total (%)  | Republican | R Total (%)  | Other major candidates  | Other Total (%)

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1897 | 523,560  | Robert A. Van Wyck | 233,997 (44.7%) | Seth Low, Citizens Union | 151,540 (28.9%)  | Benjamin F. Tracy | 101,863 (19.5%)  | Henry George, Jeff | 21,693 (4.1%)
1901 | 579,301  | Edward M. Shepard | 265,177 (45.8%)  | Seth Low, R-Citizens Union (Fusion) | 296,813 (51.2%) |  |  |  |
1903 | 589,898  | George B. McClellan Jr. | 314,782 (53.4%) | Seth Low, R-Citizens Union (Fusion) | 252,086 (42.7%)  |  |  |  |
1905 | 604,673  | George B. McClellan Jr. | 228,407 (37.8%) | William R. Hearst, Municipal Ownership League | 224,989 (37.2%)  | William M. Ivins | 137,184 (22.7%)  |  |
1909 | 594,902  | William J. Gaynor | 250,378 (42.1%) | William R. Hearst, Civic Alliance | 154,187 (25.9%)  | Otto Bannard, R-Fusion | 177,313 (29.8%)  |  |
1913 | 627,017  | Edward McCall | 233,919 (37.3%)  | John P. Mitchel, Fusion | 358,181 (57.1%) |  |  | Charles E. Russell, Soc | 32,057 (5.1%)
1917 | 673,300  | John Francis Hylan | 314,010 (46.6%) | John P. Mitchel, Fusion (inc.)  | 155,497 (23.1%)  | William M. Bennett | 56,438 (8.4%)  | Morris Hillquit, Soc | 145,332 (21.6%)

The State of New York granted women the right to vote in 1917, doubling the potential total vote.

1921 | 1,168,767  | John Francis Hylan (inc.)  | 750,247 (64.2%) |  |  | Henry M. Curran, R-Coalition | 332,846 (28.5%)  | Jacob Panken, Soc | 82,607 (7.1%)
1925 | 1,137,966  | Jimmy Walker | 748,687 (65.8%) |  |  | Frank Waterman | 346,564 (30.5%)  | Norman Thomas, Soc | 39,574 (3.5%)
1929 | 1,429,385  | Jimmy Walker (inc.)  | 867,522 (60.7%) |  |  | Fiorello La Guardia | 367,675 (25.7%)  | Norman Thomas, Soc | 175,697 (12.3%)
1932 | 1,990,899  | John P. O'Brien | 1,054,324 (53.0%) | Joseph McKee, Ind write-in (inc.)  | 241,899 (12.2%)  | Lewis H. Pounds | 443,020 (22.3%)  | Morris Hillquit, Soc | 251,656 (12.6%)
1933 | 2,152,505  | John P. O'Brien (inc.)  | 586,672 (27.3%)  | Joseph McKee, Recovery | 609,053 (28.3%)  | Fiorello La Guardia, R-Fusion | 868,522 (40.4%) | Chas Solomon, Soc | 59,846 (3.0%)
1937 | 2,235,386  | Jeremiah T. Mahoney, D-Trades Union-Anticommunist | 890,756 (39.8%)  |  |  | Fiorello La Guardia, R-ALP-Fusion-Progressive (inc.)  | 1,344,630 (60.2%) |  |
1941 | 2,263,369  | William O'Dwyer | 1,054,235 (46.6%)  |  |  | Fiorello La Guardia, R-ALP-Fusion-United City (inc.)  | 1,186,518 (52.4%) |  |
1945 | 1,982,361  | William O'Dwyer, D-ALP | 1,125,357 (55.3%) | Newbold Morris, No Deal | 408,348 (20.6%)  | Jonah J. Goldstein, R-Lib-Fusion | 431,601 (21.2%)  |  |
1949 | 2,591,684  | William O'Dwyer (inc.)  | 1,266,512 (48.9%) |  |  | Newbold Morris, R-Lib-Fusion | 956,069 (36.9%)  | Vito Marcantonio, ALP | 356,626 (13.8%)
1950 | 2,626,476  | Ferdinand Pecora, D-Lib | 935,351 (35.6%)  | Vincent Impellitteri, Exp (inc.)  | 1,161,175 (44.2%) | Edward Corsi | 382,372 (14.6%)  | Paul Ross, ALP | 147,578 (5.6%)
1953 | 2,204,368  | Robert Wagner | 1,022,626 (46.3%) | Rudolph Halley, Lib-Ind | 467,106 (21.1%)  | Harold Riegelman | 661,591 (30.0%)  |  |
1957 | 2,179,878  | Robert Wagner, D-Lib-Fusion (inc.)  | 1,509,775 (69.2%) |  |  | Robert K. Christenberry | 585,768 (26.9%)  |  |
1961 | 2,424,985  | Robert Wagner, D-Lib-Brotherhood (inc.)  | 1,237,421 (51.0%) | Lawrence E. Gerosa, Ind-Citizens Party | 321,604 (13.3%)  | Louis Lefkowitz, R-Ind-Civic Action | 835,691 (34.5%)  |  |
1965 | 2,554,199  | Abraham Beame, D-Civil Service Fusion | 1,046,699 (41.0%)  |  |  | John Lindsay, R-Lib-Independent Citizens | 1,149,106 (45.0%) | William F. Buckley, Cons | 341,226 (13.4%)
1969 | 2,390,834  | Mario Procaccino, D-Ind-Civil Service Ind | 831,772 (34.8%)  | John Lindsay, Lib (inc.)  | 1,012,633 (42.4%) | John Marchi, R-Cons | 542,411 (22.7%)  |  |
1973 | 1,705,634  | Abraham Beame | 963,542 (56.5%) | Albert H. Blumenthal, Lib | 262,600 (15.4%)  | John Marchi | 274,052 (16.1%)  | Mario Biaggi, Cons | 186,977 (11.0%)
1977 | 1,435,113  | Ed Koch | 717,376 (50.0%) | Mario Cuomo, Lib | 587,913 (41.0%)  | Roy M. Goodman | 58,606 (4.1%)  | Barry Farber, Cons | 57,437 (4.0%)
1981 | 1,222,644  | Ed Koch, D-R (inc.)  | 912,622 (74.6%) | Frank J. Barbaro, Unity | 162,719 (13.3%)  |  |  |  |
1985 | 1,112,796  | Ed Koch, D-Ind (inc.)  | 868,260 (78.0%) | Carol Bellamy, Lib | 113,471 (10.2%)  | Diane McGrath, R-Cons | 101,668 (9.1%)  |  |
1989 | 1,819,260  | David Dinkins | 917,544 (50.4%) |  |  | Rudy Giuliani, R-Lib-Ind Fusion | 870,464 (47.8%)  |  |
1993 | 1,783,937  | David Dinkins (inc.)  | 858,868 (48.1%)  |  |  | Rudy Giuliani, R-Lib | 903,114 (50.6%) |  |
1997 | 1,116,358  | Ruth Messinger | 479,288 (42.9%)  |  |  | Rudy Giuliani, R-Lib (inc.)  | 615,829 (55.2%) |  |
2001 | 1,480,582  | Mark Green, D-WFP | 709,268 (47.9%)  |  |  | Michael Bloomberg, R-Independence | 744,757 (50.3%) |  |
2005 | 1,289,935  | Fernando Ferrer | 503,219 (39.0%)  |  |  | Michael Bloomberg, R-Lib-Independence (inc.)  | 753,089 (58.4%) |  |
2009 | 1,154,802  | Bill Thompson, D-WFP | 534,869 (46.3%)  | Michael Bloomberg, Independence-Jobs & Edu-R (inc.)  | 585,466 (50.7%) |  |  |  |
2013 | 1,087,710  | Bill de Blasio, D-WFP | 795,679 (73.2%) |  |  | Joe Lhota, R-Cons | 264,420 (24.3%)  |  |
2017 | 1,166,314  | Bill de Blasio, D-WFP (inc.)  | 760,112 (66.2%) |  |  | Nicole Malliotakis, R-Cons | 316,947 (27.6%)  |  |
2021 | 1,125,258  | Eric Adams | 753,801 (67.0%) |  |  | Curtis Sliwa, R-Ind | 312,385 (27.8%)  |  |
2025 | Pending | Zohran Mamdani, D-WFP | Pending | Eric Adams, Ind-End Antisemitism-Safe & Affordable (inc.)  | Pending | Curtis Sliwa, R-Cons | Pending |  |

### By borough

[edit]

See the table above for more information about the candidates and parties involved. Blue indicates a candidate endorsed by the Democratic Party; pink one endorsed by the Republicans; and buff (or beige) one endorsed by neither party. (Darker shades indicate where a borough voted for a candidate who lost the citywide vote.) In 1981, Ed Koch ran on the tickets of both the Democrats and the Republicans.

Click a year to see the table or tables for that particular election (# indicates a link devoted to one specific election rather than to a set of two to six.)

Although separate boroughs since 1898, the Bronx and Manhattan shared New York County and reported elections together until the separate Bronx County was formed in April 1912 and started her separate existence on January 1, 1914. The borough of Richmond changed its name to Staten Island in 1975, although the co-extensive Richmond County still retains that name.

Borough  | Manhattan and The Bronx  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Richmond [S.I.] | City of New York

|
|
|
|
|

County |

[ New York ]

[ Kings ]

[ Queens ]

[ Richmond ]

1897 | Van Wyck 48%  | Van Wyck 40%  | Van Wyck 41%  | Van Wyck 44%  | Van Wyck 45%
1901 | Low 49%  | Low 55%  | Shepard 49% | Low 52%  | Low 51%
1903 | McClellan 56%  | McClellan 49%  | McClellan 56%  | Low 48% | McClellan 53%
1905 | McClellan 42%  | Hearst 39% | Hearst 39% | McClellan 44%  | McClellan 38%
1909 | Gaynor 43%  | Gaynor 42%  | Gaynor 38%  | Gaynor 47%  | Gaynor 42%
Borough  | Manhattan  | The Bronx  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Richmond [S.I.] | City of New York
County |

[ New York ]

[ Bronx ]

[ Kings ]

[ Queens ]

[ Richmond ]

1913 | Mitchel  | Mitchel  | Mitchel 60%  | Mitchel 60%  | Mitchel 54%  | Mitchel 57%
§ 1917 | Hylan 46%  | Hylan 43%  | Hylan 47%  | Hylan 52%  | Hylan 58% | Hylan 47%
§ 1921 | Hylan 63%  | Hylan 68%  | Hylan 62%  | Hylan 69%  | Hylan 71% | Hylan 64%
§ 1925 | Walker 70%  | Walker 72%  | Walker 61%  | Walker 63%  | Walker 67%  | Walker 66%
§ 1929 | Walker 64%  | Walker 63%  | Walker 58%  | Walker 62%  | Walker 58%  | Walker 61%
§ 1932 | O'Brien 61% | O'Brien 52%  | O'Brien 51%  | O'Brien 48%  | O'Brien 54%  | O'Brien 53%
§ 1933 | La Guardia 38%  | La Guardia 39%  | La Guardia 44%  | La Guardia 39%  | La Guardia 44%  | La Guardia 40%
§ 1937 | La Guardia 58%  | La Guardia 62%  | La Guardia 63%  | La Guardia 55%  | La Guardia 56%  | La Guardia 60%
§ 1941 | La Guardia 56%  | La Guardia 58%  | La Guardia 55%  | O'Dwyer 60% | O'Dwyer 60% | La Guardia 52%
§ 1945 | O'Dwyer 56%  | O'Dwyer 55%  | O'Dwyer 57%  | O'Dwyer 61%  | O'Dwyer 66% | O'Dwyer 55%
§ 1949 | O'Dwyer 45%  | O'Dwyer 49%  | O'Dwyer 49%  | O'Dwyer 53%  | O'Dwyer 65% | O'Dwyer 48%
§ 1950 | Impellitteri 40%  | Pecora 42% | Pecora 41% | Impellitteri 55% | Impellitteri 60% | Impellitteri 44%
§ 1953 | Wagner 48%  | Wagner 46%  | Wagner 47%  | Wagner 41%  | Wagner 52%  | Wagner 46%
§ 1957 | Wagner 74%  | Wagner 77% | Wagner 75% | Wagner 64%  | Wagner 65%  | Wagner 68%
§ 1961 | Wagner 56%  | Wagner 56%  | Wagner 53%  | Wagner 46%  | Lefkowitz 42% | Wagner 50.1%
§ 1965 | Lindsay 56% | Beame 47% | Beame 47% | Lindsay 47%  | Lindsay 46%  | Lindsay 43%
§ 1969 | Lindsay 67% | Procaccino 41% | Procaccino 42% | Lindsay 36%  | Marchi 62% | Lindsay 41%
§ 1973 | Beame 49%  | Beame 57%  | Beame 63%  | Beame 57%  | Beame 47%  | Beame 57%
Borough  | Manhattan  | The Bronx  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Staten Island  | City of New York
County |

[ New York ]

[ Bronx ]

[ Kings ]

[ Queens ]

[ Richmond ]

§ 1977 | Koch  | Koch  | Koch  | Cuomo | Cuomo | Koch 52%
§ 1981 | Koch  | Koch  | Koch  | Koch  | Koch  | Koch 75%
§ 1985 | Koch  | Koch  | Koch  | Koch  | Koch  | Koch 78%
§ 1989 | Dinkins  | Dinkins  | Dinkins  | Giuliani | Giuliani | Dinkins 48%
§ 1993 | Dinkins | Dinkins | Dinkins | Giuliani  | Giuliani  | Giuliani 49%
§ 1997 | Giuliani 50.9%  | Messinger 54.8%  | Giuliani 53.3%  | Giuliani 64.6%  | Giuliani 78.6%  | Giuliani 57.7%
§ 2001 | Green 52% | Green 54.7% | Green 52.5% | Bloomberg 55.3%  | Bloomberg 77.1% | Bloomberg 50.3%
§ 2005 | Bloomberg 60.4%  | Ferrer 59.8% | Bloomberg 58.2%  | Bloomberg 63.5%  | Bloomberg 76.7% | Bloomberg 58.4%
§ 2009 | Bloomberg 55.8%  | Thompson 61.2% | Thompson 51.6% | Bloomberg 54.5%  | Bloomberg 66.2% | Bloomberg 50.7%
§ 2013 | de Blasio 71.7%  | de Blasio 86.1% | de Blasio 77.5%  | de Blasio 70.3%  | Lhota 52.8% | de Blasio 73.2%
§ 2017 | de Blasio 72.0%  | de Blasio 79.9% | de Blasio 72.7%  | de Blasio 61.0%  | Malliotakis 70.6% | de Blasio 66.5%
§ 2021 | Adams 80.4% | Adams 76%  | Adams 70.8%  | Adams 59.8%  | Sliwa 66.4% | Adams 67%

Although it was not uncommon for a candidate to carry all five boroughs in the same election, variations in voting patterns are noticeable. Since it started reporting separate returns in 1913, the Bronx has supported a Republican only three times (Fiorello La Guardia in 1933, 1937, and 1941). Manhattan has opposed only two successful candidates (Giuliani in 1993 and Bloomberg in 2001). On the other hand, in the 15 elections since 1961 that were contested between Democratic and Republican candidates (i.e. excluding 1981, when Ed Koch was endorsed by both parties), Staten Island has voted for only two Democratic candidates, Abe Beame in 1973 and Koch in 1985. Prior to this, it had only voted Republican three times (in 1903, 1933, and 1937). Queens has voted for only three Republicans until 1961 (in 1903, 1933, and 1937), but since 1961 it voted for the winner all but twice (in 1977 and 1989). Brooklyn has backed a Republican twice since 1945 (in 1997 and 2005). 1985 was the last election in which any candidate swept all five boroughs.

## Some basic patterns of mayoral elections in New York City

[edit]

### Democrats, Republicans, and reformers

[edit]

One pattern, stretching back well before consolidation and lasting into the 1960s, is the conflict between, on one side, Tammany Hall, the Democratic political organization largely built on political patronage with a consequent deep skepticism about Civil Service, the merit system of assigning government jobs, and competitive bidding for city contracts, and on the other hand, its various opponents, including Republicans, businessmen opposed to taxation or extorted bribes, middle-class reformers and labor union activists.

Until the election of Fiorello H. La Guardia in 1933, it was almost never possible to unite the disparate anti-Tammany elements in a coalition strong enough to prevail for more than one election. (This was not only for negative reasons: Tammany could listen to and satisfy some of its opponents' needs, and could on occasion run candidates of undoubted quality, such as Abram Hewitt to oppose Henry George's United Labor Party in 1886.[7] ) In the reported words of the Tammany leader George Washington Plunkitt, reformers were only "mornin' glories —- looked lovely in the mornin' and withered up in a short time, while the regular machines went on flourishin' forever, like fine old oaks.".[8]

Quite apart from Tammany Hall itself, both Republicans and left-wing reform parties have always had to deal with the overwhelmingly Democratic sympathies of New York City's voters. Neither the various Socialist and labor parties nor the Republicans were ever strong enough to elect a Mayor alone without the support, or at least the benign non-hostility, of other parties and independents.

### Fusion, second ballot lines, and third parties

[edit]

The local term for uniting several constituencies or movements against Tammany was Fusion, which usually required the Republicans to abstain from competing with a non-Republican reform candidate (as in the elections of Seth Low in 1901 and John P. Mitchel in 1913). Later the unusual ability of New York candidates to combine (fuse) votes from several different parties allowed Republicans and Democrats to run their own reform candidates on third party lines, such as "Fusion", American Labor, Liberal, Conservative and Independence. In fact, no Republican has ever been elected Mayor of consolidated New York without the support of at least one other significant party, from LaGuardia to the ex-Democrat Michael Bloomberg.

Even when a candidate could not gain another party's support, they often found it expedient to create a separate line or party name for independent voters to support him, such as "Recovery" (Joseph V. McKee in 1933), "Anticommunist" (Jeremiah T. Mahoney in 1937), "Experience" (Vincent Impellitteri in 1950) or "Brotherhood" (Robert F. Wagner Jr. in 1961). In 1965, Rep. John Lindsay (R-Liberal) won votes on the "Independent Citizens" line, while his opponent Comptroller Abe Beame (D) won additional votes for "Civil Service Fusion".

Although granting or withholding endorsement was an effective tool for a minor party to influence a candidate's policies and actions, it could sometimes lead to counter-pressure from those who felt that candidates were being swayed too far in the wrong direction. This was one of the main reasons for founding the Conservative Party of New York in 1962 by those upset at the liberalism of Republican Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller and (later) Lindsay, against whose 1965 Mayoral campaign the Conservatives ran William F. Buckley, Jr..

More recently, there has been a trend of reformers working not through third parties (such as the now-dormant Liberals) but through Reform Democratic clubs, leading to lively internal contests such as the 1989 Democratic primary where David Dinkins unseated incumbent Mayor Ed Koch who started his own political career in a Reform Democratic Club.[9] On the other side, however, dissatisfied conservatives have created their own new parties outside the Republican Party, such as the New York State Right to Life Party and the Independence Party of New York.

## Recent elections

[edit]

### 2021

[edit]

Main article: 2021 New York City mayoral election

Brooklyn Borough President Eric Adams of the Democratic Party defeated Guardian Angels founder Curtis Sliwa, who ran on the Republican and Independent lines by a margin of 441,416 votes or 66.99% against 27.76%. Notable third-party candidates included teacher Cathy Rojas of the Party for Socialism and Liberation (2.49%/27,982 votes) and retired police officer Bill Pepitone of the Conservative Party (1.12%/12,575 votes) and Stacey Prussman of the Libertarian Party (0.3%/3,189). However, this was ultimately a fairly partisan election by New York City standards with 94% of voters voting on the Democratic and Republican lines. This was likely due to the absence of the Working Families Party from the ballot, who elected not to endorse a candidate and the standalone candidacy of the Conservative Party, who typically garner votes by endorsing the Republican candidate.

### 2017

[edit]

Main article: 2017 New York City mayoral election

Bill de Blasio, the incumbent mayor, won re-election to a second term, on Democratic and Working Families Party lines, over challengers Nicole Malliotakis on the Republican and Conservative party lines, Sal Albanese on the Reform Party line, Akeem Browder on the Green Party line, independent candidates Mike Tolkin and Bo Dietl, and Libertarian Party candidate Aaron Commey.

### 2013

[edit]

Main article: 2013 New York City mayoral election

The principal candidates were Joe Lhota on the Republican and Conservative lines, Bill de Blasio on the Democratic and Working Families lines, and some independents. Bill de Blasio won the election in a landslide

#### 2013 results by borough

[edit]

General election[10]

| Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Staten Island | Total
Democratic-Working Families | Bill de Blasio | 195,317 (71.69%)  | 121,511 (86.08%)  | 263,823 (77.52%)  | 181,921 (70.28%)  | 33,107 (44.20%)  | 795,679 (73.15%)
Republican-Conservative | Joe Lhota | 69,434 (25.48%)  | 15,559 (11.02%)  | 68,543 (20.14%)  | 71,306 (27.55%)  | 39,538 (52.79%)  | 264,420 (24.31%)
Independence | Adolfo Carrión Jr. | 2,161 (0.79%)  | 2,595 (1.84%)  | 1,463 (0.43%)  | 1,754 (0.68%)  | 702 (0.94%)  | 8,675 (0.80%)
Green | Anthony Gronowicz | 1,655 (0.61%)  | 324 (0.23%)  | 1,507 (0.44%)  | 1,177 (0.45%)  | 320 (0.43%)  | 4,983 (0.46%)
Jobs & Education-Common Sense  | Jack Hidary | 1,081 (0.40%)  | 151 (0.11%)  | 1,630 (0.48%)  | 541 (0.21%)  | 237 (0.32%)  | 3,640 (0.33%)
Rent Is Too Damn High | Jimmy McMillan | 579 (0.21%)  | 154 (0.11%)  | 608 (0.18%)  | 480 (0.19%)  | 169 (0.23%)  | 1,990 (0.18%)
School Choice  | Erick Salgado | 267 (0.10%)  | 342 (0.24%)  | 932 (0.27%)  | 324 (0.13%)  | 81 (0.11%)  | 1,946 (0.18%)
Libertarian | Michael Sanchez | 446 (0.16%)  | 128 (0.09%)  | 485 (0.14%)  | 449 (0.17%)  | 238 (0.32%)  | 1,746 (0.16%)
Socialist Workers | Daniel B. Fein | 230 (0.08%)  | 59 (0.04%)  | 253 (0.07%)  | 177 (0.07%)  | 39 (0.05%)  | 758 (0.07%)
Tax Wall Street  | Randy Credico | 317 (0.12%)  | 47 (0.03%)  | 155 (0.05%)  | 128 (0.05%)  | 43 (0.06%)  | 690 (0.06%)
Freedom Party | Michael K. Greys | 161 (0.06%)  | 65 (0.05%)  | 241 (0.07%)  | 89 (0.03%)  | 19 (0.03%)  | 575 (0.05%)
Reform Party | Carl E. Person | 86 (0.03%)  | 20 (0.01%)  | 85 (0.02%)  | 83 (0.03%)  | 32 (0.04%)  | 306 (0.03%)
Affordable Tomorrow  | Joseph Melaragno | 55 (0.02%)  | 26 (0.02%)  | 92 (0.03%)  | 85 (0.03%)  | 31 (0.04%)  | 289 (0.03%)
War Veterans  | Sam Sloan | 19 (0.01%)  | 23 (0.02%)  | 44 (0.01%)  | 43 (0.02%)  | 37 (0.05%)  | 166 (0.02%)
Flourish Every Person  | Michael J. Dilger | 12 (0.00%)  | 4 (0.00%)  | 29 (0.01%)  | 4 (0.00%)  | 6 (0.01%)  | 55 (0.01%)
N/A | Write-ins | 639 (0.23%)  | 149 (0.11%)  | 440 (0.13%)  | 304 (0.12%)  | 300 (0.40%)  | 1,792 (0.16%)
| Total | 272,459 (25.05%)  | 141,157 (12.98%)  | 340,330 (31.29%)  | 258,865 (23.80%)  | 74,899 (6.89%)  | 1,087,710 (100.00%)

Democratic primary election, Tuesday, September 10, 2013

Bill de Blasio, the city's elected Public Advocate, won 40.8% of the total Democratic primary vote and, by exceeding 40.0%, avoided an October 1 primary runoff with Bill Thompson, who won the second-highest number of primary votes, or 26.1%. (In 2009, Thompson had won the Democratic primary only to lose a close general election to Mayor Michael Bloomberg.) Christine Quinn, the Speaker of the New York City Council, came in third, with 15.7%, while none of the other candidates, including City Comptroller John Liu and former Congressman Anthony Weiner, won as much as 10%. De Blasio carried all five boroughs and Thompson came in second in every borough except Manhattan, where he finished third behind Quinn.

From the Board of Elections in the City of New York, September 27, 2013[11]

2013 Democratic primary  | Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Staten Island | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Bill de Blasio | 81,197  | 36,896  | 104,703  | 52,190  | 7,358  | 282,344  |
40.9% | 38.1% | 46.4% | 35.0% | 34.3% |  | 40.8%
Bill Thompson | 42,720  | 31,617  | 61,471  | 38,162  | 6,871  | 180,841  |
21.5% | 32.7% | 27.2% | 25.6% | 32.1% |  | 26.1%
Christine C. Quinn | 52,102  | 10,392  | 23,007  | 19,847  | 3,545  | 108,893  |
26.3% | 10.7% | 10.2% | 13.3% | 16.5% |  | 15.7%
John C. Liu | 10,191  | 4,753  | 13,927  | 16,977  | 1,438  | 47,286  |
5.1% | 4.9% | 6.2% | 11.4% | 6.7% |  | 6.8%
Anthony D. Weiner | 6,858  | 5,726  | 10,950  | 9,438  | 1,220  | 34,192  |
3.5% | 5.9% | 4.8% | 6.3% | 5.7% |  | 4.9%
Erick J. Salgado | 2,296  | 3,855  | 5,793  | 3,735  | 235  | 15,914  | 2.3%
Randy Credico | 1,588  | 2,301  | 2,351  | 5,129  | 161  | 11,530  | 1.7%
Sal F. Albanese | 821  | 581  | 2,346  | 1,648  | 447  | 5,843  | 0.8%
Neil V. Grimaldi | 634  | 640  | 1,108  | 2,157  | 138  | 4,677  | 0.7%
All write-ins  | 50  | 18  | 172  | 21  | 20  | 281  | 0.04%
T O T A L  | 198,458  | 96,780  | 225,829  | 149,305  | 21,434  | 691,801  | 100.0%
Borough percentage of city-wide Democratic vote | 29% | 14% | 33% | 22% | 3% | 100% |

Republican primary election, Tuesday, September 10, 2013,

In the Republican primary, Joe Lhota, a former deputy mayor and former chairman of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority carried every borough but Staten Island, which was won by John Catsimatidis, a businessman, publisher and property developer. Catsimatidis, in losing, won nearly as large a percentage of his own party's vote (40.69%) as the Democratic winner, Bill de Blasio won of his (40.81%). The 61,111 valid votes cast in the Republican primary were less than one-eleventh of the 691,801 cast in the Democratic one held on the same day in the same polling places.

From the Board of Elections in the City of New York, September 27, 2013[12]

2013 Republican primary  | Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Staten Island | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Joe Lhota | 9,211  | 1,860  | 6,995  | 8,758  | 5,412  | 32,236  | 52.7%
70.5% | 52.9% | 47.6% | 51.0% | 42.8%
John Catsimatidis | 3,139  | 1,281  | 6,723  | 6,945  | 6,776  | 24,864  | 40.7%
24.0% | 36.4% | 45.7% | 40.5% | 53.5%
George McDonald  | 683  | 369  | 940  | 1,456  | 451  | 3,899  | 6.4%
5.2% | 10.5% | 6.4% | 8.5% | 3.6%
All write-in votes  | 34  | 8  | 42  | 9  | 19  | 112  | 0.2%
T O T A L  | 13,067  | 3,518  | 14,700  | 17,168  | 12,658  | 61,111  | 100.0%
Borough percentage of city-wide Republican vote | 21% | 6% | 24% | 28% | 21% | 100% |

### 2009

[edit]

Main article: 2009 New York City mayoral election

The principal candidates were Mayor Michael Bloomberg, an independent running for the third time on the Republican and Independence Party lines, and New York City Comptroller Bill Thompson, running for the Democratic and Working Families Parties. Bloomberg had enjoyed pluralities of about 9% to 16% in most independent published pre-election polls and on Tuesday, November 3, he won his third term with 50.7% of votes over Thompson's 46%.

Other candidates included:[13]

* Steven Christopher of Memorial Baptist Church in Brooklyn, Conservative Party of New York State
* Joseph Dobrian, Libertarian Party of New York
* Reverend Billy Talen of the Church of Life After Shopping, Green Party of New York
* Dan Fein, Socialist Workers Party
* Francisca Villar, Party for Socialism and Liberation
* Jimmy McMillan, Rent Is Too Damn High Party
* Tyrell Eiland, New Voice Party
* Jonny Porkpie, independent
* John M. Finan, independent

General election, Tuesday, November 3, 2009

2009 general election  | Party  | Manhattan  | The Bronx  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Staten Island  | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Bloomberg's margin over Mark Green (2001) | – 22,777 | – 21,683 | – 28,182 | \+ 46,904 | \+ 61,227 | \+ 35,489 | \+ 2.4%
change in Bloomberg's margin of victory, 2001–2005 | \+ 98,973 | – 19,634 | \+ 97,622 | \+ 48,125 | – 10,705 | \+ 214,381 | \+ 17.0%
Bloomberg's margin over Fernando Ferrer (2005) | \+ 76,196 | – 41,317 | \+ 69,440 | \+ 95,029 | \+ 50,522 | \+ 249,870 | \+ 19.4%
change in Bloomberg's margin of victory, 2005–2009 | – 35,010 | \+ 6,268 | – 91,392 | – 59,742 | – 19,397 | – 199,273 | – 15.0%
Bloomberg's margin over Bill Thompson (2009) | \+ 41,186 | – 35,049 | – 21,952 | \+ 35,287 | \+ 31,125 | \+ 50,597 | \+ 4.4%
net change in Bloomberg's margin, 2001–2009 | \+ 63,963 | – 13,366 | \+ 6,230 | – 11,617 | – 30,102 | \+ 15,108 | \+ 2.0%
Michael Bloomberg | Republican | 102,903  | 42,066  | 117,706  | 126,569  | 46,149  | 435,393  | 37.7%
35.9% | 29.0% | 34.6% | 42.3% | 55.4%
Independence/Jobs and Education  | 56,934  | 11,730  | 36,033  | 36,364  | 9,012  | 150,073  | 13.0%
19.9% |  8.1% | 10.6% | 12.2% | 10.8%
|  |  |  |  |  |
Total  | 159,837  | 53,796  | 153,739  | 162,933  | 55,161  | 585,466  | 50.7%
55.8% | 37.0% | 45.1% | 54.5% | 66.2%
|  |  |  |  |  |
Bill Thompson | Democratic | 110,975  | 86,899  | 163,230  | 122,935  | 22,956  | 506,995  | 43.9%
38.7% | 59.8% | 47.9% | 41.1% | 27.5%
Working Families | 7,676  | 1,946  | 12,461  | 4,711  | 1,080  | 27,874  | 2.4%
2.7% | 1.3% | 3.7% | 1.6% | 1.3%
|  |  |  |  |  |
Total  | 118,651  | 88,845  | 175,691  | 127,646  | 24,036  | 534,869  | 46.3%
41.4% | 61.2% | 51.6% | 42.7% | 28.8%
|  |  |  |  |  |
Stephen Christopher  | Conservative | 2,217  | 1,480  | 5,690  | 5,267  | 3,359  | 18,013  | 1.6%
0.8%  | 1.0% | 1.7% | 1.8% | 4.0%
Billy Talen | Green | 3,083  | 434  | 3,338  | 1,680  | 367  | 8,902  | 0.8%
1.1%  | 0.3% | 1.0% | 0.6% | 0.4%
Jimmy McMillan | Rent Is Too High | 823  | 217  | 764  | 404  | 124  | 2,332  | 0.2%
Francisca Villar  | Socialism and Liberation | 674  | 253  | 577  | 420  | 72  | 1,996  | 0.2%
Joseph Dobrian  | Libertarian | 556  | 104  | 413  | 388  | 155  | 1,616  | 0.1%
Dan Fein  | Socialist Workers | 493  | 120  | 376  | 263  | 59  | 1,311  | 0.1%
Write-ins †  | 100  | 30  | 77  | 60  | 30  | 297  | .03%
colspan=2  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total recorded votes  | 286,434  | 145,279  | 340,665  | 299,061  | 83,363  | 1,154,802  | 100.00%
unrecorded ballots | 5,172 | 3,659 | 6,645 | 6,254 | 1,525 | 23,255 |
Total ballots cast  | 291,606  | 148,938  | 347,310  | 305,315  | 84,888  | 1,178,057
† The three candidates who received more than seven write-in votes each were C. Montgomery Burns (Homer Simpson's fictional boss), 27;
City Councilman Tony Avella (who lost the Democratic mayoral primary), 13; and former Mayor Rudy Giuliani (Republican), 11.
Source: Board of Elections in the City of New York Archived 2010-01-06 at the Wayback Machine, November 24, 2009[14]

Democratic primary, Tuesday, September 15, 2009,

From the Board of Elections in the City of New York, September 26, 2009[15]

2009 Democratic primary  | Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Staten Island | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Bill Thompson | 70,881  | 31,950  | 75,519  | 49,063  | 7,484  | 234,897  | 71.0%
73.7% | 73.5% | 73.9% | 63.2% | 67.0%
Tony Avella | 18,213  | 7,754  | 17,945  | 22,903  | 2,959  | 69,774  | 21.1%
18.9% | 17.8% | 17.6% | 29.5% | 26.5%
Roland Rogers | 6,975  | 3,751  | 8,612  | 5,553  | 700  | 25,591  | 7.7%
7.3% | 8.6% | 8.4% | 7.2% | 6.3%
all write-in votes  | 127  | 10  | 153  | 81  | 26  | 397  | 0.1%
0.1% | 0.02% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.2%
T O T A L  | 96,196  | 43,465  | 102,229  | 77,600  | 11,169  | 330,659  |

Tony Avella represents a Queens district on the New York City Council. Out of the nearly 400 write-in votes, almost half or 184 (representing about one Democratic voter in 2,000) were some form or spelling of Mayor Michael Bloomberg.

### 2005

[edit]

Main article: 2005 New York City mayoral election

In 2005, Mayor Bloomberg won every borough but The Bronx (of which his Democratic opponent was the former Borough President) against a Democratic Party split by a divisive primary, in contrast to his first victory in 2001, when Bloomberg carried only Queens and Staten Island.

2005  | Party  | Manhattan  | The Bronx  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Staten Island  | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

change in Bloomberg's margin of victory, 2001–2005 | \+ 98,973 | – 19,634 | \+ 97,622 | \+ 48,125 | – 10,705 | \+ 214,381 | \+ 17.0%
Bloomberg's margin over Mark Green (2001) | – 22,777 | – 21,683 | – 28,182 | \+ 46,904 | \+ 61,227 | \+ 35,489 | \+ 2.4%
Bloomberg's margin over Ferrer (2005) | \+ 76,196 | – 41,317 | \+ 69,440 | \+ 95,029 | \+ 50,522 | \+ 249,870 | \+ 19.4%
Michael Bloomberg | Republican/Liberal | 171,593  | 69,577  | 189,581  | 184,426  | 63,267  | 678,444  | 52.6%
52.6% | 35.3% | 52.7% | 57.9% | 71.5%
Independence | 25,416  | 6,840  | 20,141  | 17,689  | 4,559  | 74,645  | 5.8%
7.8% | 3.5% | 5.6% | 5.6% | 5.2%
|  |  |  |  |  |
Total  | 197,010  | 76,417  | 209,723  | 202,116  | 67,827  | 753,089  | 58.4%
60.4% | 38.8% | 58.2% | 63.5% | 76.7%
|  |  |  |  |  |
Fernando Ferrer | Democratic | 120,813  | 117,734  | 140,282  | 107,086  | 17,304  | 503,219  | 39.0%
37.0% | 59.8% | 39.0% | 33.6% | 19.6%
|  |  |  |  |  |
Thomas V. Ognibene | Conservative | 1,729  | 1,185  | 3,573  | 5,645  | 2,498  | 14,630  | 1.1%
Anthony Gronowicz  | Green | 3,195  | 466  | 3,112  | 1,285  | 239  | 8,297  | 0.6%
Jimmy McMillan | Rent Is Too Damn High | 1,369  | 474  | 1,293  | 799  | 176  | 4,111  | 0.3%
Audrey Silk  | Libertarian | 991  | 234  | 841  | 617  | 205  | 2,888  | 0.2%
Martin Koppel | Socialist Workers | 758  | 231  | 766  | 384  | 117  | 2,256  | 0.2%
Seth A Blum  | Education  | 322  | 131  | 382  | 264  | 77  | 1,176  | 0.1%
Write-ins  | 109  | 1  | 90  | 57  | 12  | 269  | .02%
colspan=2  |  |  |  |  |  |
TOTAL  | 326,295  | 196,873  | 360,061  | 318,252  | 88,454  | 1,289,935 |

Source: Board of Elections in the City of New York http://www.vote.nyc.ny.us/results.html Archived 2010-01-06 at the Wayback Machine

### 2001

[edit]

Main article: 2001 New York City mayoral election

The 2001 mayoral election was held on Tuesday, November 6.

Republican incumbent Rudy Giuliani could not run again due to term limits. As Democrats outnumber Republicans by 5 to 1 in the city, it was widely believed that a Democrat would succeed him in City Hall. However, billionaire Michael Bloomberg, a lifelong Democrat, changed his party affiliation a few months before the election in order to avoid a crowded primary, and ran as a Republican. The Democratic primary was meant to be held on September 11 but was postponed due to the September 11 attacks; it was instead held on September 25. The primary opened the way to a bitter run-off between the Bronx-born Puerto Rican Fernando Ferrer, and Mark Green, a non-Hispanic who attacked Ferrer's close ties to Rev. Al Sharpton, leaving the party divided along racial lines.

Bloomberg spent $74 million on his election campaign, which was a record amount at the time for a non-presidential election (Bloomberg would break his own record in 2005). [1] Thanks also in part to active support from Giuliani, whose approval ratings shot up after the September 11 attacks, Bloomberg won a very close general election.

2001 general election  | Party  | Manhattan  | The Bronx  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Staten Island  | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Bloomberg's margin over Green | – 22,777 | – 21,683 | – 28,182 | \+ 46,904 | \+ 61,227 | \+ 35,489 | \+ 2.4%
Michael Bloomberg | Republican | 162,096  | 72,551  | 174,053  | 196,241  | 80,725  | 685,666  | 46.3%
Independence | 17,701  | 8,046  | 14,987  | 14,191  | 4,166  | 59,091  | 4.0%
|  |  |  |  |  |
Total  | 179,797  | 80,597  | 189,040  | 210,432  | 84,891  | 744,757  | 50.3%
46.1% | 43.1% | 45.7% | 55.3% | 77.1%
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mark Green | Democratic | 193,372  | 97,087  | 206,005  | 157,897  | 22,356  | 676,717  | 45.7%
Working Families | 9,202  | 5,193  | 11,217  | 5,631  | 1,308  | 32,551  | 2.2%
|  |  |  |  |  |
Total  | 202,574  | 102,280  | 217,222  | 163,528  | 23,664  | 709,268  | 47.9%
52.0% | 54.7% | 52.5% | 43.0% | 21.5%
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
Alan G. Hevesi | Liberal | 2,684  | 847  | 2,124  | 1,886  | 486  | 8,027  | 0.5%
Better Schools  | 416  | 772  | 628  | 407  | 81  | 2,304  | 0.2%
|  |  |  |  |  |
Total  | 3,100  | 1,619  | 2,752  | 2,293  | 567  | 10,331  | 0.7%
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
Julia Willebrand | Green | 2,241  | 670  | 2,456  | 1,579  | 209  | 7,155  | 0.5%
Terrance M. Gray | Conservative | 507  | 642  | 844  | 1,219  | 365  | 3,577  | 0.2%
Thomas K. Leighton | Marijuana Reform | 791  | 529  | 680  | 418  | 145  | 2,563  | 0.2%
Kenny Kramer | Libertarian | 368  | 296  | 338  | 306  | 100  | 1,408  | 0.1%
Bernhard H. Goetz | Fusion  | 203  | 201  | 333  | 253  | 59  | 1,049  | 0.1%
Kenneth B. Golding | American Dream  | 96  | 112  | 163  | 81  | 22  | 474  | .03%
scattered votes  | 114  | 57  | 26  | 106  | 29  | 332  | .02%
colspan=2  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
TOTAL RECORDED VOTE  | 389,791  | 187,003  | 413,854  | 380,215  | 110,051  | 1,480,914 | (100.0%)
(unrecorded votes) | 9,186 | 6,125 | 12,097 | 10,285 | 1,836 | 39,529 |
Total vote  | 398,977  | 193,128  | 425,951  | 390,500  | 111,887  | 1,520,443  |
Democratic Primary Runoff

| Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Staten Island | Total
| Mark Green | 131,438  | 38,256  | 120,781  | 94,342  | 18,183  | 403,000
| Fernando Ferrer | 86,579  | 106,086  | 109,831  | 77,330  | 7,193  | 387,019
| 790,019
Democratic Primary

| Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Staten Island | Total
| Fernando Ferrer | 60,839  | 86,571  | 77,516  | 49,441  | 5,084  | 279,451
| Mark Green | 83,856  | 26,125  | 77,805  | 49,692  | 5,704  | 243,182
| Peter F. Vallone (Sr.) | 25,296  | 18,268  | 51,210  | 48,576  | 11,842  | 155,192
| Alan G. Hevesi | 32,925  | 6,066  | 25,110  | 27,163  | 3,504  | 94,768
| George N. Spitz | 1,558  | 1,264  | 2,923  | 2,489  | 283  | 8,517
| 785,365
Republican Primary

| Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Staten Island | Total
| Michael Bloomberg | 10,959  | 3,230  | 10,168  | 14,543  | 9,155  | 48,055
| Herman Badillo | 4,161  | 1,838  | 4,153  | 5,700  | 2,624  | 18,476
| 72,961

### 1997

[edit]

Main article: 1997 New York City mayoral election

1997 general election  | Party  | Manhattan  | The Bronx  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Staten Island  | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Rudy Giuliani | Republican-Liberal | 171,080  | 84,440  | 207,277  | 234,851  | 86,167  | 783,815  | 57.7%
50.9% | 43.6% | 53.3% | 64.6% | 78.6%
Ruth Messinger | Democratic | 149,009  | 104,787  | 165,699  | 115,175  | 14,665  | 549,335  | 40.5%
47.1% | 54.8% | 44.7% | 33.7% | 17.9%
All others  | 5,696  | 2,773  | 7,062  | 5,764  | 3,003  | 24,398  | 1.9%
1.7% | 1.4% | 1.9% | 1.6% | 2.9%

T O T A L

| 325,785  | 192,000  | 380,038  | 355,790  | 103,835  | 1,357,448 | 100%

Notes: Giuliani vote was 748,277 Republican and 35,538 Liberal. Other vote was Sal Albanese -Independence-14,316 1.1%; Peter Gaffney-Right to Life-5,304 0.5%; Olga Rodriguez-Socialist Workers-3,753 0.3%; Dominick Fusco-Fusion- 632; Scattered 293

* In the Democratic Primary, Messinger defeated Rev. Al Sharpton, Sal Albanese and 2 others, avoiding a runoff election.

The vote was: Messenger-165,377 40.2%; Sharpton-131,848 32.0%; Albanese-86,485 21.0%; Eric Melendez-17,633 4.3%; Roland Rogers-10,086 2.5%

## Past elections

[edit]

### 1993

[edit]

General election

| Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Staten Island | Total
change in Giuliani margin |  | \+ 21,433 | \+ 8,256 | \+ 27,786 | \+ 16,428 | \+ 26,517 | \+ 100,447
Giuliani – Dinkins, 1989 |  | – 97,600 | – 72,471 | – 39,071 | \+ 94,670 | \+ 67,392 | – 47,080
Giuliani – Dinkins, 1993 |  | – 76,167 | – 64,215 | – 11,285 | \+ 111,098 | \+ 93,909 | \+ 53,367
|  |  |  |  |
Republican – Liberal | Rudy Giuliani | 166,357  | 98,780  | 258,058  | 291,625  | 115,416  | 930,236
Democratic | David N. Dinkins | 242,524  | 162,995  | 269,343  | 180,527  | 21,507  | 876,869
Conservative – Right to Life  | George J. Marlin | 2462  | 2098  | 3995  | 5258  | 2113  | 15,926
| 1,827,465

Giuliani vote included 867,767 Republican and 62,469 Liberal. Marlin vote included 9,433 Conservative and 6,493 Right to Life. In addition, there were 2,229 votes for J. Brennan-Libertarian; 2,061 votes for M. Bockman – Socialist Workers and 117 Scattered votes.

Dinkins won Democratic Primary with 336,285 votes to 126,449 for Roy Innis and 35,492 for Eric Melendez

### 1989

[edit]

General election

| Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Staten Island | Total
Dinkins' lead over Giuliani |  | \+ 97,600 | \+ 72,471 | \+ 39,071 | – 94,670 | – 67,392 | \+ 47,080
|  |  |  |  |  |
Democratic | David N. Dinkins | 255,286  | 172,271  | 276,903  | 190,096  | 22,988  | 917,544
Republican – Liberal – Independent  | Rudy Giuliani | 157,686  | 99,800  | 237,832  | 284,766  | 90,380  | 870,464
Right to Life | Henry Hewes | 3,025  | 2,571  | 4,140  | 5,647  | 2,077  | 17,460
Conservative | Ronald S. Lauder | 1,701  | 1,139  | 2,328  | 3,062  | 1,041  | 9,271
| Others | 1,904  | 714  | 1,197  | 947  | 194  | 4,956
| 1,819,695

Giuliani vote was 815,387 Republican and 55,077 Liberal.

Other vote was 1,732 Lenora Fulani-New Alliance; 1,671-James Harris-Socialist Workers; 1,118 Warren Raum-Libertarian; 435 Mazelis-Workers League.

Democratic Primary

| Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Staten Island | Total
| David N. Dinkins | 151,113  | 101,274  | 170,440  | 113,952  | 11,122  | 547,901
| Ed Koch | 96,923  | 66,600  | 139,268  | 129,262  | 24,260  | 456,313
| Harrison J. Goldin | 6,889  | 4,951  | 9,619  | 5,857  | 1,493  | 28,809
| Richard Ravitch | 17,499  | 5,946  | 13,214  | 9,443  | 1,432  | 47,534

Giuliani won the Republican Primary, defeating Ron Lauder 77,150 (67.0%) to 37,960 (33.0%)

### 1985

[edit]

General election

| Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Staten Island | Total
Democratic – Independent  | Ed Koch | 171,582  | 137,472  | 248,585  | 248,041  | 62,580  | 868,260
Liberal | Carol Bellamy | 41,190  | 14,092  | 29,256  | 25,098  | 3,835  | 113,471
Republican – Conservative | Diane McGrath | 17,491  | 12,358  | 25,738  | 36,032  | 10,049  | 101,668
| others |  |  |  |  |  | 29,397
| 1,112,796

The Koch vote include 862,226 Democratic and 6,034 Independent votes. The McGrath vote was 79,508 Republican and 22,160 Conservative. Other vote was: Yehuda Levin – Right to Life – 14,517; Lenora Fulani – New Alliance – 7,597;Jarvis Tyner – People Before Profits – 3,370; Andrea Gonzalez – Socialist Workers – 1,677; Gilbert DiLucia – Coalition – 1,135; Marjorie Stanberg – Spartacist – 1,101; Scattered – 9

Koch won the Democratic Primary: Koch-436,151 64.0%; Bellamy – 127,690 18.7%; Denny Farrell – 89,845 13.2%; DiLucia – 11, 627 1.7%; Fred Newman – 8,584 1.2%; Judah Rubenstein – 8,057 1.2%

### 1981

[edit]

General election

| Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Staten Island | Total
Democratic – Republican | Ed Koch | 189,631  | 132,421  | 261,292  | 275,812  | 53,466  | 912,622
Unity  | Frank J. Barbaro | 56,702  | 22,074  | 48,812  | 31,225  | 3,906  | 162,719
Liberal  | Mary Codd | 14,228  | 5,902  | 7,958  | 8,795  | 4,835  | 41,718
Conservative  | John Esposito | 6,682  | 7,634  | 15,388  | 26,515  | 3,881  | 60,100
| 1,222,644

Koch had 738,288 Democratic votes and 174,334 Republican votes. Others = 45,485. Jeronimo Dominguez – Right to Life – 32,790 2.7%; Judith Jones – Libertarian – 6,902 0.6%; Wells Todd – Socialist Workers – 5,793 0.5% Koch won the Democratic Primary with 347,351 votes (59.8%), defeating Barbaro who had 209,369 votes (36.0%) and Melvin Klenetsky who had 24,352 votes (4.2%). Koch also won the Republican Primary, defeating Esposito by 44,724 to 22,354.

### 1977

[edit]

Main article: 1977 New York City mayoral election

In his 2005 book Ladies and Gentlemen, The Bronx Is Burning, historian Jonathan Mahler argues that the New York City blackout of 1977, with its accompanying rioting, enabled the law-and-order advocate Ed Koch to beat out his more left-wing opponents, including incumbent mayor Abe Beame, in the 1977 election.

Ed Koch was just 181 voices (0.013%) short from majority. As of 2024, 1977 NYC mayor election is the last one won by simple plurality (though Dinkins in 1989, Guliani in 1993 and Bloomberg twice in 2001 and 2009 won with tiny majority of 50.3-50.7% of valid votes).

General election

| Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Staten Island | Total
Democratic | Ed Koch | 184,842 | 116,436 | 204,934 | 191,894  | 19,270  | 717,376
Liberal –
Neighborhood Government  | Mario M. Cuomo | 77,531  | 87,421  | 173,321  | 208,748 | 40,932 | 587,913
Republican | Roy M. Goodman | 19,321  | 6,102  | 11,491  | 18,460  | 3,229  | 58,606
Conservative | Barry M. Farber | 9,070  | 7,624  | 16,576  | 20,453  | 3,714  | 57,437
others  |  | 4,281  | 1,731  | 3,752  | 3,256  | 761  | 13,781
| 1,435,113

Other vote was: Kenneth F. Newcombe – Communist – 5,300; Catarino Garza – Socialist Workers – 3,294; Vito Battista – United Taxpayers Party – 2,119; Louis Wein – Independent – 1,127; William Lawry – Free Libertarian – 1,068; Elijah Boyd – Labor – 873. Cuomo's total vote included 522,942 Liberal and 64,971 Neighborhood Government.

1977 Democratic Primary Runoff

| Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Staten Island | Total
| Ed Koch | 115,251  | 69,612  | 131,271  | 107,033  | 9,835  | 433,002
| Mario M. Cuomo | 61,570  | 55,355  | 112,587  | 105,522  | 19,799  | 354,833

1977 Democratic Primary

| Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Staten Island | Total
| Ed Koch | 50,806  | 23,453  | 49,470  | 52,002  | 5,812  | 181,544
| Mario M. Cuomo | 25,331  | 23,028  | 54,845  | 56,698 | 10,430 | 170,332
| Abraham D. Beame | 23,758  | 25,747  | 63,304 | 44,607  | 7,337  | 164,753
| Bella Abzug | 56,045 | 20,435  | 37,236  | 33,883  | 4,314  | 151,913
| Percy Sutton | 35,012  | 24,801  | 42,903  | 28,525  | 1,399  | 132,640
| Herman Badillo | 27,193  | 35,007 | 28,909  | 9,051  | 876  | 101,036

Runoff-Koch-433,002 55.0%; Cuomo-354,833 45.0% Total vote 787,835 Manhattan-Koch-115,251 65.2%; Cuomo—61,570 34.8% Bronx
--Koch-69,612 55.7%; Cuomo—55,355 44.3% Brooklyn—Koch-131,271 53.8%; Cuomo—112,587 46.2% Queens
-Koch-107,033 50.4%; Cuomo—105,522 49.6% Staten
-Koch-9,835 33.1%; Cuomo—19,799 66.9%

Note that the eventual winner, Rep. Ed Koch, could not win a plurality in any of the Five Boroughs for the initial Democratic primary. Rep. Bella Abzug took Manhattan, Mayor Abe Beame Brooklyn, Rep. Herman Badillo the Bronx, and NY Sec. of State Mario Cuomo Queens & Staten Island. In the Democratic run-off with Cuomo, Koch took Queens and three other boroughs, leaving Cuomo with only Staten Island. In the general election, Cuomo kept Staten Island and won back Queens, but lost the other three boroughs (Manhattan, Brooklyn and The Bronx) to Koch.

In the Republican primary, Roy M. Goodman, a member of the New York State Senate, defeated Barry Farber, a radio commentator, by a vote of 41,131 to 31,078(57.0% to 43.0%). Farber, however, won the nomination of the Conservative Party of New York and won almost as many votes in the general election (57,437 or 4.0%) as Goodman did as the Republican nominee (58,606 or 4.1%).

## 1929 to 1973

[edit]

Some figures and anecdotes courtesy James Trager's New York Chronology (HarperCollins: 2003). Other numbers are from The World Almanac and Book of Facts, then published by The New York World-Telegram (Scripps-Howard), for 1943 (page 412) and 1957 (page 299), and from The Encyclopedia of New York City (see Sources below).

Before 1975, the present Borough of Staten Island was formally known as The Borough of Richmond.

### 1973

[edit]

1973 general election  | Party  | Manhattan  | The Bronx  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Abraham Beame | Democratic – Civil Service & Fusion | 159,531  | 161,156  | 322,141  | 283,145  | 37,569  | 963,542  | 56.5%
49.8% | 57.3% | 63.6% | 56.7% | 47.1%
John Marchi | Republican -Integrity | 44,200  | 37,287  | 73,328  | 90,860  | 28,377  | 274,052  | 16.1%
13.8% | 13.3% | 14.5% | 18.2% | 35.6%
Albert H. Blumenthal | Liberal – Good Government | 99,816  | 32,305  | 59,417  | 66,056  | 5,006  | 262,600  | 15.4%
31.2% | 11.5% | 11.7% | 13.2% | 6.3%
Mario Biaggi | Conservative – Safe City | 16,662  | 50,440  | 51,391  | 59,691  | 8,793  | 186,977  | 11.0%
5.2% | 17.9% | 10.2% | 11.9% | 11.0%
subtotal  | 320,209  | 281,188  | 506,277  | 499,752  | 79,745  | 1,687,171  | 98.9
others  | colspan=5  | 18,463  | 1.1%

T O T A L

|  | 1,705,634  |

note: All the candidates except Marchi had run in the Democratic primary. Candidates votes on their second ballot lines included above were: Beame-Civil Service & Fusion −67,277; Marchi-Integrity – 14,271; Blumenthal – Good Government – 29, 335; Biaggi – Safe City – 8,010. Other vote includes 8,818 Fran Youngstein – Free Libertarian Party; 3,601 Rasheed Storey – Communist; 2,282 Norman Oliver – Socialist Workers; 2,000 Anton Chaiken -Labor; 1,762 John Emanuel – Socialist Labor

1973 Democratic initial primary  | Manhattan  | The Bronx  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Abraham Beame | 46,519  | 42,537  | 98,121  | 74,223  | 9,021  | 270,421  | 34%
26% | 27% | 41% | 40% | 42%
Herman Badillo | 74,496  | 57,258  | 58,546  | 34,742  | 2,977  | 228,019  | 29%
41% | 36% | 25% | 19% | 14%
Albert H. Blumenthal | 41,794  | 18,713  | 32,412  | 29,173  | 1,814  | 123,906  | 16%
23% | 12% | 14% | 16% | 8%
Mario Biaggi | 18,218  | 39,893  | 48,952  | 45,949  | 7,775  | 160,787  | 21%
10% | 25% | 21% | 25% | 36%
bgcolor=f8f8d8|[100%]
1973 Democratic run-off primary  | Manhattan  | The Bronx  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Abraham Beame | 78,760  | 96,590  | 200,945  | 153,377  | 17,844  | 547,626  | 60.8%
41% | 53% | 69% | 73% | 79%
Herman Badillo | 113,738  | 85,827  | 91,628  | 56,933  | 4,796  | 352,912  | 39.2%
59% | 47% | 32% | 27% | 21%
T O T A L  | 192,598  | 182,417  | 292,573  | 210,310  | 22,640  | 900.538  |

### 1969

[edit]

Note: In one of the most unusual primary seasons since the conglomeration of greater New York, the incumbent Mayor (Lindsay) and a former incumbent (Robert F. Wagner Jr.) both lost their parties' primaries. Procaccino won with less than 33% of the vote against four opponents, which inspired the use of runoffs in future primaries. In the general election, Lindsay carried Manhattan (the only borough he had carried in losing the Republican primary to Marchi, 107,000 to 113,000) as he did in 1965, but he was only 4,000 votes ahead of giving first place in Queens to Procaccino. Turnout dropped to 2.4 million from 2.6 million in 1965. (In the same election, Lindsay's 1965 opponent Abe Beame was easily returned to his old job of comptroller.)[16]: 437

The New York Mets' unlikely win in the 1969 World Series and Mayor Lindsay's participation in their postgame celebration may have given the Mayor a late public relations boost which contributed to his victory.[16]: 436 [17][18]

1969 general election  | Party  | Manhattan  | The Bronx  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

John Lindsay | Liberal – Independent  | 328,564  | 161,953  | 256,046  | 249,330  | 16,740  | 1,012,633  | 42.4%
67.1% | 40.1% | 36.0% | 36.3% | 17.5%
Mario Procaccino | Democratic – Civil Service Fusion  | 99,460  | 165,647  | 301,324  | 245,783  | 19,558  | 831,772  | 34.8%
20.3% | 41.0% | 42.4% | 35.8% | 20.5%
John Marchi | Republican – Conservative | 61,539  | 76,711  | 152,933  | 192,008  | 59,220  | 542,411  | 22.7%
12.6% | 19.0% | 21.5% | 27.9% | 62.0%

subtotal

| 489,563  | 404,311  | 710,303  | 687,121  | 95,518  | 2,386,816  | 99.8%
Rasheed Storey  | Communist |  | 4,018  | 0.2%

T O T A L

|  | 2,390,834  | 100.0%

* The Lindsay vote was 872,660 Liberal (36.5%) and 139,973 Independent (5.9%).
* Procaccino's vote was 774,708 Democratic (32.4%) and 57,064 Civil Service Fusion (2.4%).
* The Marchi vote was 329,506 Republican (13.8%) and 212,905 Conservative (8.9%).
* By themselves, the straight Democratic and Republican lines added up to less than 50% of the mayoral vote (1,104,214 or 46.2%), but more than the total vote for Lindsay (1,012,633 or 42.4%).
* Procaccino's general election votes on the Democratic line alone (774,708) were slightly fewer than the total votes received by all candidates in the Democratic primary (777,796).
* Lindsay's general election votes on the Liberal line alone (872,660) exceeded Procaccino's total votes on all lines (831,772).

1969 Republican primary

| Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Staten Island | Total
| [Lindsay minus Marchi] | \+ 31,779 | – 3,910 | – 13,119 | – 13,811 | – 7,271 | – 6,332
| John Lindsay | 44,236 | 12,222  | 20,575  | 26,658  | 3,675  | 107,366
| John J. Marchi | 12,457  | 16,132 | 33,694 | 40,649 | 10,946 | 113,698
| 221,064

1969 Democratic primary

| Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Staten Island | Total
| Mario Procaccino | 26,804  | 50,465 | 87,650 | 79,002 | 11,628 | 255,529
| percentage | 16% | 34% | 36% | 40% | 52% | 33%
| Robert F. Wagner Jr. | 40,978  | 33,442  | 81,833  | 61,244  | 6,967  | 224,464
| percentage | 25% | 23% | 33% | 31% | 31% | 29%
| Herman Badillo | 74,809 | 48,841  | 52,866  | 37,880  | 2,769  | 217,165
| percentage | 45% | 33% | 22% | 19% | 12% | 28%
| Norman Mailer | 17,372  | 4,214  | 10,299  | 8,700  | 703  | 41,288
| percentage | 10% | 3% | 4% | 4% | 3% | 5%
| James H. Scheuer | 7,117  | 10,788  | 11,942  | 8,994  | 509  | 39,350
| percentage | 4% | 7% | 5% | 5% | 2% | 5%
| 777,796

### 1965

[edit]

1965 general election  | Party  | Manhattan  | The Bronx  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

John Lindsay | Republican – Liberal – Independent Citizens  | 291,326  | 181,072  | 308,398  | 331,162  | 37,148  | 1,149,106  | 45.0%
55.8% | 39.5% | 40.0% | 47.1% | 45.8%
Abraham Beame | Democratic – Civil Service Fusion  | 193,230  | 213,980  | 365,360  | 250,662  | 23,467  | 1,046,699  | 41.0%
37.0% | 46.6% | 47.4% | 35.6% | 28.9%
William F. Buckley Jr. | Conservative | 37,694  | 63,858  | 97,679  | 121,544  | 20,451  | 341,226  | 13.4%
7.2% | 13.9% | 12.7% | 17.3% | 25.2%

subtotal

| 522,250  | 458,910  | 771,437  | 703,368  | 81,066  | 2,537,031  | 99.4%
others  |  | 17,168  | 0.6%

T O T A L

|  | 2,554,199  |

Almost a quarter of Lindsay's vote (281,796) was on the Liberal Party line, while 63,590 of Beame's votes were on the Civil Service Fusion line. John Lindsay, a Republican Congressman from the "Silk-Stocking" District on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, carried Manhattan, Queens, and traditionally Republican Staten Island (Richmond), while Abe Beame, the city comptroller, carried The Bronx and his home borough of Brooklyn, both of which he had also won in the Democratic primary. However, while Beame had also carried Queens in the primary, he lost it to Lindsay in the general election.[19] (Five years later, Bill Buckley's brother James L. Buckley would win the 1970 New York state election for U.S. Senator on the Conservative Party line against divided opposition.) The Other vote was 11,104- Vito Battista – United Taxpayer Party; 3,977- Clifton DeBerry – Socialist Workers; 2,087 – Eric Haas – Socialist Labor

1965 Democratic primary

| Manhattan | The Bronx | Brooklyn | Queens | Staten Island | Total
| Abraham D. Beame | 53,386  | 66,064 | 128,146 | 82,601 | 6,148  | 336,345
| Paul R. Screvane | 66,444 | 54,260  | 79,485  | 63,680  | 7,512 | 271,381
| William F. Ryan | 48,744  | 16,632  | 24,588  | 22,570  | 1,204  | 113,738
| Paul O'Dwyer | 6,771  | 5,976  | 8,332  | 6,895  | 697  | 28,675
| 750,139

### 1961

[edit]

Mayor Wagner broke with the regular Democratic organization which had supported him in 1953 and 1957, defeating their candidate, Arthur Levitt, in the Democratic primary 61% to 39%. At the same time, after running successfully with Lawrence Gerosa for Comptroller in the previous two elections, Wagner chose to run instead with Abraham Beame in 1961. Gerosa ran against Wagner for mayor as the "real Democrat" on a pro-taxpayer platform. 211,000 of Wagner's 1,237,000 votes came on the Liberal Party line, and 55,000 on the purpose-built Brotherhood line.[20]

1961 general election  | Party  | Manhattan  | The Bronx  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Robert F. Wagner Jr. | Democratic – Liberal – Brotherhood  | 265,015  | 255,528  | 396,539  | 290,194  | 30,145  | 1,237,421  | 51.03%
55.6% | 55.8% | 52.7% | 45.8% | 41.0%
Louis Lefkowitz | Republican – Nonpartisan – Civic Action  | 174,471  | 134,964  | 251,258  | 243,836  | 31,162  | 835,691  | 34.46%
36.6% | 29.5% | 33.4% | 38.5% | 42.3%
Lawrence E. Gerosa | Independent – Citizens' Party  | 36,893  | 67,213  | 105,232  | 99,987  | 12,279  | 321,604  | 13.26%
7.7% | 14.7% | 14.0% | 15.8% | 16.7%
subtotal  | 476,379  | 457,705  | 753,029  | 634,017  | 73,586  | 2,394,716  | 98.75%
others  |  | 30,269  | 1.25%
T O T A L  |  | 2,424,985  |

Other vote was: Vito Battista – United Taxpayers Party – 19,960; Richard Garza – Socialist Workers – 7,037; Eric Haas – Socialist Labor – 3,272

1961 Democratic primary  | Manhattan  | The Bronx  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Robert F. Wagner Jr. | 122,607  | 78,626  | 136,440  | 102,845  | 15,498  | 456,016  | 60.9%
65% | 62% | 57% | 62% | 60%
Arthur Levitt | 66,917  | 47,885  | 103,296  | 64,157  | 10,471  | 292,726  | 39.1%
35% | 38% | 43% | 38% | 40%
subtotal (for Wagner and Levitt only) | 189,524  | 126,511  | 239,736  | 167,002  | 25,969  | 748,742  | [100%]

### 1957

[edit]

1957  | Party  | Manhattan  | The Bronx  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Robert F. Wagner Jr. | Democratic – Liberal – Fusion  | 316,203  | 316,299  | 495,078  | 341,212  | 40,983  | 1,509,775  | 69.2%
73.8% | 76.6% | 75.1% | 64.1% | 64.7%
Robert Christenberry | Republican | 112,173  | 96,726  | 163,427  | 191,061  | 22,381  | 585,768  | 26.9%
26.2% | 23.4% | 24.9% | 35.9% | 35.3%
Vito P. Battista | United Taxpayers  | 7,976  | 11,417  | 28,921  | 17,757  | 1,205  | 67,266  | 3.1%

T O T A L

|  | 2,179,878  |

Other vote was:

Joyce Cowley – Socialist Workers – 13,453 0.6%; Eric Haas – Socialist Labor- 4,611 0.2%

### 1953

[edit]

1953  | Party  | Manhattan  | The Bronx  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Robert F. Wagner Jr. | Democratic | 236,960  | 206,771  | 339,970  | 207,918  | 31,007  | 1,022,626  | 46.3%
47.9% | 46.2% | 46.6% | 40.6% | 51.8%
Harold Riegelman | Republican | 147,876  | 97,224  | 183,968  | 208,829  | 23,694  | 661,591  | 30.0%
29.9% | 21.7% | 25.2% | 40.8% | 39.6%
Rudolph Halley | Liberal | 76,884  | 112,825  | 162,275  | 73,192  | 3,514  | 428,690  | 19.4%
Independent  | 7,648  | 9,853  | 13,264  | 7,356  | 295  | 38,416  | 1.7%
Total  | 84,532  | 122,678  | 175,539  | 80,548  | 3,809  | 467,106  | 21.1%
17.1% | 27.4% | 24.1% | 15.7% | 6.4%
Clifford T. McAvoy | American Labor Party | 14,904  | 13,290  | 17,337  | 7,182  | 332  | 53,045  | 2.4%

Total vote was 2,207,516 Other vote was David L. Weiss-Socialist Workers-2,054 (0.1%);Nathan Karp-Industrial Government-916; Scattered-180. "Industrial Government" is a ballot title sometimes used, to avoid confusion or to meet election laws, by the Socialist Labor Party. The Liberal Party of New York won over five times as many votes as the American Labor Party in Manhattan, and eight-to-ten times as many in the other boroughs. The ALP lost its ballot status after the 1954 Governor's race, and voted to dissolve itself in 1956.

### 1950

[edit]

1950  | Party  | Manhattan  | The Bronx  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Vincent Impellitteri | Experience  | 246,608  | 215,913  | 357,322  | 303,448  | 37,884  | 1,161,175  | 44.2%
40.4% | 41.3% | 40.5% | 55.5% | 60.0%
Ferdinand Pecora | Democratic | 166,240  | 157,537  | 271,670  | 104,734  | 11,177  | 711,358  | 27.1%
Liberal | 48,370  | 59,717  | 90,576  | 24,489  | 841  | 223,993  | 8.5%
Total  | 214,610  | 217,254  | 362,246  | 129,223  | 12,018  | 935,351  | 35.6%
35.1% | 41.6% | 41.0% | 23.6% | 19.0%
Edward Corsi  | Republican | 102,575  | 54,796  | 113,392  | 99,225  | 12,384  | 382,372  | 14.6%
16.8% | 10.5% | 12.8% | 18.1% | 19.6%
Paul Ross  | American Labor Party | 47,201  | 34,575  | 49,999  | 14,904  | 899  | 147,578  | 5.6%
T O T A L  |  | 610,994  | 522,538  | 882,959  | 546,800  | 63,185  | 2,626,476  |

Vincent Impellitteri, the mayor who succeeded mid-term after William O'Dwyer resigned on August 31, 1950, swept Manhattan, Queens and Staten Island in this special election, while Ferdinand Pecora (aided by the Liberal Party) took very narrow leads in The Bronx and Brooklyn. In this election, the Liberals heavily outpolled the American Labor Party in every borough but Manhattan and Staten Island, where the two parties' votes were almost equal.

### 1949

[edit]

1949  | Party  | Manhattan  | The Bronx  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

William O'Dwyer | Democratic | 278,343  | 254,014  | 425,225  | 270,062  | 38,868  | 1,266,512  | 48.9%
44.8% | 48.7% | 48.8% | 53.4% | 64.5%
Newbold Morris | Republican – Liberal – Fusion | 219,430  | 185,248  | 332,433  | 200,552  | 18,406  | 956,069  | 36.9%
35.3% | 35.5% | 38.2% | 39.7% | 30.6%
Vito Marcantonio | American Labor | 123,128  | 82,386  | 113,478  | 34,677  | 2,957  | 356,626  | 13.8%
19.8% | 15.8% | 13.0% | 6.9% | 4.9%

subtotal

| 620,901  | 521,648  | 871,136  | 505,291  | 60,231  | 2,579,207  | 99.6%
others  |  |  | 12,477  | 0.4%

T O T A L

|  | 2,591,684  |

Other vote was: Eric Haas – Industrial Government – 7,857; Joseph G. Glass – Socialist – 3,396; Michael Bartell – Socialist Workers – 1,224. The Morris vote was 570,713 Republican, 373,287 Liberal and 12,069 Fusion

### 1945

[edit]

1945  | Party  | Manhattan  | The Bronx  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

William O'Dwyer | Democratic –
American Labor | 253,371  | 227,818  | 386,335  | 228,275  | 29,558  | 1,125,357  | 55.3%
55.8% | 55.3% | 56.8% | 61.5% | 66.3%
Jonah J. Goldstein | Republican – Liberal –
Fusion | 100,591  | 95,582  | 161,119  | 65,240  | 9,069  | 431,601  | 21.2%
22.2% | 23.2% | 23.6% | 17.6% | 21.8%
Newbold Morris | No Deal  | 100,064  | 88,404  | 136,262  | 77,687  | 5,931  | 408,348  | 20.6%
22.0% | 21.5% | 19.9% | 20.9% | 13.3%

subtotal

| 454,026  | 411,804  | 683,716  | 371,202  | 44,558  | 1,965,306  | 99.1%
others  |  |  | 17,055  | 0.9%

T O T A L

|  | 1,982,361  |

O'Dwyer received 867,426 Democratic votes and 257,929 on the American Labor Party line. The Goldstein vote was 301,144 Republican, 122,316 Liberal and 8,141 City Fusion. The No Deal Party (according to Chris McNickle in The Encyclopedia of New York City) was founded by the retiring maverick Republican Mayor Fiorello La Guardia to draw Republican votes towards Newbold Morris and away from the official Republican Party with whom La Guardia was having a dispute. The No Deal Party dissolved soon after the 1945 election. Newbold Morris was a Republican, while Jonah Goldstein was a Democrat until nomination day. Other vote was: Joseph G. Glass – Socialist – 9,304; Farrell Dobbs – Trotskyist Anti-War – 3,656; Eric Hass – Socialist Labor – 3,465; Max Shachtman – Workers – 585; Scattered – 45.

### 1941

[edit]

As in 1937, more voters in every borough voted on the Democratic line than on any other single line; but this time (unlike 1937) the Democrat carried Queens and Staten Island over La Guardia, shrinking the Mayor's overall citywide percentage lead from 20% to 6%. As in 1937, La Guardia's overall margin of victory depended on the American Labor Party, which again won more votes than the Republicans in The Bronx. While the total vote and Republican vote were almost identical in 1937 and 1941, the ALP line lost 47,000 votes (2.4%), almost entirely from Manhattan (−18,000) and Brooklyn (−26,000), as the vote on La Guardia's other lines (Fusion, Progressive and United City) dropped from 187,000 (8.3%) to 86,000 (3.7%). The Democratic Party gained about 160,000 votes lost by La Guardia (and about 7½% of the total). In both Queens and Richmond (Staten Island), the swing was even greater: La Guardia lost over 15% of the total vote (and the Democrats gained over 15%) from 1937, as his lead there flipped from roughly 56%–44% to 39%–60%.

1941  | Party  | Manhattan  | The Bronx  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

|  |  |  |  |  |  |
change in La Guardia's margin of victory, 1937–1941 | – 21,481 | – 31,205 | –116,061 | –133,684 | – 19,160 | – 321,591 | – 14.5%
La Guardia's margin over Jeremiah Mahoney (1937) | \+ 91,989 | +105,517 | +207,869 | \+ 40,966 | \+ 7,533 | \+ 453,874 | \+ 20.3%
La Guardia's margin over O'Dwyer (1941) | \+ 70,508 | \+ 74,312 | \+ 91,808 | – 92,718 | – 11,627 | \+ 132,283 | \+ 5.8%
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fiorello H. La Guardia | Republican | 188,851  | 103,420  | 242,537  | 116,359  | 17,318  | 668,485  | 29.5%
35.6% | 22.9% | 30.5% | 27.1% | 30.7%
American Labor Party | 81,642  | 135,900  | 174,601  | 39,693  | 3,538  | 435,374  | 19.2%
15.4% | 30.1% | 21.9% | 9.3% | 6.3%
City Fusion | 21,642  | 14,719  | 17,024  | 8,759  | 1,223  | 63,367  | 2.8%
United City  | 6,090  | 5,568  | 5,694  | 1,770  | 170  | 19,292  | 0.9%
|  |  |  |  |
Total  | 298,225  | 259,607  | 439,856  | 166,581  | 22,249  | 1,186,518  | 52.4%
56.2% | 57.6% | 55.2% | 38.8% | 39.4%
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
William O'Dwyer | Democratic | 227,717  | 185,295  | 348,048  | 259,299  | 33,876  | 1,054,235  | 46.6%
42.9% | 41.1% | 43.7% | 60.5% | 60.1%
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
[21] George W. Hartmann | Socialist | 4,790  | 6,005  | 8,574  | 2,973  | 274  | 22,616  | 1.0%
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
T O T A L  |  | 530,732  | 450,907  | 796,478  | 428,853  | 56,399  | 2,263,369  |

### 1937

[edit]

1937  | Party  | Manhattan  | The Bronx  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

|  |  |  |  |  |  |
La Guardia's margin over Mahoney  | \+ 91,989 | +105,517 | \+ 207,869 | \+ 40,966 | \+ 7,533 | \+ 453,874 | \+ 20.3%
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fiorello H. La Guardia | Republican | 181,518  | 96,468  | 228,313  | 144,433  | 23,879  | 674,611  | 30.2%
32.1% | 22.0% | 29.2% | 37.3% | 38.4%
American Labor Party | 99,735  | 138,756  | 200,783  | 40,153  | 3,363  | 482,790  | 21.6%
17.6% | 31.6% | 25.7% | 10.4% | 5.4%
Fusion | 39,959  | 30,677  | 55,423  | 26,217  | 7,280  | 159,556  | 7.1%
7.1% | 7.0% | 7.1% | 6.8% | 11.7%
Progressive | 7,783  | 6,421  | 9,997  | 3,136  | 336  | 27,673  | 1.2%

Total

| 328,995  | 272,322  | 494,516  | 213,939  | 34,858  | 1,344,630  | 60.2%
58.1% | 62.0% | 63.3% | 55.3% | 56.1%
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
[22] Jeremiah T. Mahoney | Democratic | 233,120  | 163,856  | 282,137  | 171,002  | 27,100  | 877,215  | 39.2%
41.2% | 37.3% | 36.1% | 44.2% | 43.6%
Trades Union  | 2,044  | 1,378  | 2,490  | 1,014  | 122  | 7,048  | 0.3%
Anti-Communist  | 1,842  | 1,571  | 2,020  | 957  | 103  | 6,493  | 0.3%

Total

| 237,006  | 166,805  | 286,647  | 172,973  | 27,325  | 890,756  | 39.8%
41.9% | 38.0% | 36.7% | 44.7% | 43.9%
|  |  |  |  |  |  |

T O T A L

|  | 566,001  | 439,127  | 781,163  | 386,912  | 62,183  | 2,235,386  |

Note that the leading line in every borough, and in the city as a whole, is the Democratic line for Judge Mahoney. Running on the Republican line alone (as he did when losing the election of 1929), Mayor La Guardia would have lost every borough, but he carried all five when the American Labor Party line was added. The ALP line did better than the Republican line in The Bronx, although worse than the Democratic one. There were also 2,307 votes for Emil Teichert on the Industrial Government line.

### 1933

[edit]

1933  | Party  | Manhattan  | The Bronx  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Fiorello H. La Guardia | Republican – Fusion | 203,479  | 151,669  | 331,920  | 154,369  | 27,085  | 868,522  | 40.4%
38.4% | 38.8% | 44.4% | 39.3% | 43.7%
Joseph V. McKee | Recovery  | 123,707  | 131,280  | 194,558  | 141,296  | 18,212  | 609,053  | 28.3%
23.3% | 33.6% | 26.0% | 36.0% | 29.4%
John P. O'Brien | Democratic | 192,649  | 93,403  | 194,335  | 90,501  | 15,784  | 586,672  | 27.3%
36.3% | 23.9% | 26.0% | 23.0% | 25.4%
Charles Solomon | Socialist | 10,525  | 14,758  | 26,941  | 6,669  | 953  | 59,846  | 3.0%
Robert Minor | Communist | 5,143  | 8,674  | 10,802  | 1,248  | 177  | 26,044  | 1.3%
T O T A L  | 536,100  | 400,297  | 759,399  | 394,393  | 62,316  | 2,152,505  |

While opposed by Tammany Hall, McKee enjoyed the support of Democratic President (and former Governor) Franklin D. Roosevelt, who declared neutrality when his ally Mayor La Guardia was running for reelection in § 1937. (See Ed Flynn's comments about FDR's 1936 contribution to starting the American Labor Party in the § References below.) According to Michael Tomasky, La Guardia, who had lost the § 1921 Republican Mayoral primary to Manhattan Borough President Henry Curran, did not enjoy the support of a united Republican Party when he won the party's nomination and lost the general election in § 1929, but was able to win over Republican organizational support in 1933.[23] The 1933 LaGuardia vote was 446,833 Republican and 421,689 City Fusion. The O'Brien vote was 570,937 Democratic and 15,735 Jeffersonian. There were also 1,778 votes for Henry Klein-Five Cent Fare & Taxpayers; 472 for Aaron Orange – Socialist Labor; and 118 for Adolph Silver – Independent Union.

#### Collapse of the Socialist Party vote

[edit]

In 1933, a year that might otherwise have favored the Socialist Party's chances, the New Deal began, Morris Hillquit died, Norman Thomas refused to run again for mayor, and the Socialist vote (previously as high as one-eighth to one-fifth of the total) collapsed irretrievably from a quarter of a million to sixty thousand (one-thirtieth of the total). Many supporters of Thomas's 1929 campaign defected (some, like Paul Blanshard, also leaving the Party) to support Fiorello La Guardia.[24] By the time of the next mayoral election in 1937, which the Socialist Party decided by internal referendum not to contest, many reformers and trade-unionists who wanted to support major-party progressives like La Guardia (R-ALP-Fusion), Gov. Herbert Lehman (D-ALP) and Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt (D-ALP) from outside the two-party structure backed the American Labor Party (ALP), the Social Democratic Federation and later the Liberal Party of New York.[25] After a disastrous gubernatorial campaign in 1938 (where Thomas and George Hartmann won only 25,000 votes out of over 4.7 million), the Socialist Party lost its separate line on the New York ballot, allowed its members to join the ALP, and indeed encouraged them to do so. In 1939, the Socialist Harry W. Laidler, a co-founder of the Intercollegiate Socialist Society and League for Industrial Democracy, was elected (with the help of proportional representation) to the New York City Council on the ALP's ticket, but lost its renomination two years later because of rivalry with the Communists.[26]

* [Although not apparent from the table below, the Communist Party's vote for other municipal offices, such as City Council and President of the Board of Aldermen, was increasing at the same time that the Socialist Party's was declining below the Communists'. But in 1936, when the foundation of the ALP coincided with world Communism's shift from independent action towards the Popular Front, New York City Communists redirected much of their own energy towards supporting the ALP.][27]

The Rise and Fall of the Socialist Vote for Mayor of the City of New York

year  | Social-Democratic Party & Socialist Party of America | votes  | %  | Socialist Labor Party | votes  | %  | other left, labor & reform  | votes  | %
1897 |  |  |  | Lucien Sanial †  | 14,467  | 2.8%  | Henry George, Jefferson Dem.  | 21,693  | 4.1%
1901 | Ben Hanford [SDP] | 9,834  | 1.7%  | Benjamin F. Keinard  | 6,213  | 1.1%  |  |  |
1903 | Charles Forman [SDP] | 16,956  | 2.9%  | James Hunter  | 5,205  | 0.9%  |  |  |
1905 | Algernon Lee | 11,817  | 2.0%  | John Kinneally  | 2,276  | 0.4%  | W.R. Hearst, Muni. Own'ship | 224,989  | 37.2%
1909 | Joseph Cassidy  | 11,768  | 2.0%  | James Hunter  | 1,256  | 0.2%  | Wm R. Hearst, Civic Alliance  | 154,187  | 25.9%
1913 | Charles Edward Russell | 32,057  | 5.1%  | William Walters  | 1,647  | 0.3%  |  |  |
1917 | Morris Hillquit | 145,332  | 21.7%  | Edmund Seidel  | 858  | 0.1%  | George Wallace, Single Tax | 258  | 0.04%
1921 | Jacob Panken | 82,607  | 7.1%  | John P. Quinn  | 1,049  | 0.1%  | Jerome De Hunt, Farmer-Lab. | 1,008  | 0.1%
1925 | Norman Thomas | 39,574  | 3.5%  | Joseph Brandon  | 1,643  | 0.1%  | Warren Fisher, Progressive | 1,498  | 0.1%
1929 | Norman Thomas  | 175,697  | 12.0%  | Olive M. Johnson | 6,401  | 0.4%  | Richard Enright, Square Deal  | 5,965  | 0.4%
1932 | Morris Hillquit | 251,656  | 12.6%  | Olive M. Johnson  | 11,379  | 0.5%  | Wm. Patterson, Communist | 24,014  | 1.2%
1933 | Charles Solomon | 59,846  | 3.0%  |  |  |  | Robert Minor, Communist  | 26,044  | 1.3%
1937 | [no candidate] |  |  | Emil Teichert  | 2,367  | 0.1%  | F. H. La Guardia, ALP line only  | 482,790  | 21.6%
1941 | [21] George W. Hartmann | 22,616  | 1.0%  |  |  |  | F. H. La Guardia, ALP line only  | 435,374  | 19.2%

[Click on the year for fuller details. ALP = American Labor Party (see commentary above). Socialist Labor Party candidates and votes not retrievable for every year from the sources used for this article. Readers are encouraged to supply any missing details.]

† In 1894 and in 1897, Lucien Sanial was the mayoral candidate of the Socialist Labor Party before both the SLP and the Social Democratic Party each split in two. In 1901, one faction of the SLP, led by Morris Hillquit, and one faction of the SDP, led by Eugene V. Debs, united to form the Socialist Party of America, which soon drew away many votes formerly cast for the SLP. For further details, see Hillquit's History of Socialism in the United States (1910) and Howard Quint's Forging of American Socialism (1964), both cited in the § References at the end of this article.

### 1932

[edit]

Totals after a court-ordered recount:

Year  | Candidate  | Party  | Total  | percent

|
|
|
|

1932 (after recount)  | John P. O'Brien | Democratic | 1,054,324  | (53.0%)
Lewis H. Pounds | Republican | 443,020  | (22.3%)
Morris Hillquit | Socialist | 251,656  | (12.6%)
Joseph V. McKee | Independent/Write-in  | 241,899  | (12.2%)

Joseph V. McKee, as the (popularly elected) President of the Board of Aldermen, became Acting Mayor upon the resignation of elected Mayor Jimmy Walker on September 1, 1932. McKee's write-in total is, in fact, the highest any New York City election would ever see. For the election after the next one, voting machines which would make write-in voting much more difficult were introduced. Machines of this basic design are still being used.

Lewis Humphrey Pounds was President of the Borough of Brooklyn from June 1913 to December 1917.[28]

This was the last of many campaigns for different offices by Morris Hillquit, a co-founder of the Socialist Party of America, who died in 1933. Hillquit had won over 21% of the vote for mayor in 1917.

* Borough returns before the recount (which did not significantly affect the outcome):

1932 (before recount)  | Party  | Manhattan  | The Bronx  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

John P. O'Brien | Democratic | 308,944  | 181,639  | 358,945  | 176,070  | 30,517  | 1,056,115  | 53.2%
60.0% | 50.2% | 50.1% | 47.6% | 54.1%
Lewis H. Pounds | Republican | 116,729  | 48,366  | 157,152  | 105,068  | 16,586  | 443,901  | 22.0%
22.7% | 13.4% | 21.9% | 28.4% | 29.4%
Morris Hillquit | Socialist | 40,011  | 68,980  | 113,622  | 24,981  | 2,293  | 249,887  | 12.4%
7.8% | 19.1% | 15.8% | 6.8% | 4.1%
Joseph V. McKee | Independent (write-in)  | 42,299  | 50,212  | 73,431  | 61,648  | 6,782  | 234,372  | 11.6%
8.2% | 13.9% | 10.2% | 16.7% | 12.0%
T O T A L  | 514,661  | 361,612  | 716,963  | 370,018  | 56,414  | 2,019,668  |

There were also 24,014 votes 1.2% for William Patterson – Communist and 11,379 0.5% for Olive Johnson – Socialist Labor

### 1929

[edit]

Main article: 1929 New York City mayoral election

1929  | Party  | Manhattan  | The Bronx  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Jimmy Walker | Democratic | 232,370  | 159,948  | 283,432  | 166,188  | 25,584  | 867,522  | 60.7%
63.8% | 62.9% | 57.7% | 61.7% | 60.7%
Fiorello H. La Guardia | Republican | 91,944  | 52,646  | 132,095  | 75,911  | 15,079  | 367,675  | 25.7%
25.3% | 20.7% | 26.9% | 28.2% | 34.0%
Norman Thomas | Socialist | 37,316  | 39,181  | 71,145  | 24,897  | 3,248  | 175,697  | 12.3%
10.3% | 15.4% | 14.5% | 9.2% | 7.3%
Olive M. Johnson | Socialist Labor | 1,238  | 1,577  | 2,585  | 906  | 95  | 6,401  | 0.4%
Richard Edward Enright | Square Deal  | 1,121  | 845  | 2,361  | 1,354  | 284  | 5,965  | 0.4%

subtotal

| 363,989  | 254,197  | 491,618  | 269,256  | 44,290  | 1,423,260  | 99.6%
others  |  | 6,125  | 0.4%

T O T A L

|  | 1,429,385  |

There were also 5,805 votes for William Weinstone – Communist and 320 votes for Lawrence Tracy – Commonwealth Land. The great stock market crash hit Wall Street on October 24–29, 1929, less than two weeks before Election Day. Richard Edward Enright was New York City Police Commissioner from 1918 to 1925.

## 1897 to 1925

[edit]

¶ Basic numbers for the elections of 1897 to 1925 come from The World Almanac and Book of Facts for 1929 and 1943. Percentages and borough totals calculated independently. (Because of some anomalies, not all columns and rows add precisely.) First names and informational links gathered from Wikipedia and several external sources, including the free public archive of The New York Times.

### 1925

[edit]

Main article: 1925 New York City mayoral election

Mayor Hylan, an ally of the newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst, was unseated in a venomous Democratic primary by "Gentleman" Jimmy Walker, the Democratic party leader in the New York State Senate, who had been recruited to oppose Hylan by Hearst's inveterate enemy, Democratic Governor Al Smith. After the death of Tammany Hall leader Charles F. Murphy in 1924, the regular Democratic organizations also split their allegiances, with Hylan receiving support from John McCooey, the leader in Brooklyn, and Walker from Ed Flynn of the Bronx. (Hearst had run for mayor on third-party tickets in 1905 and 1909, while Al Smith had lost a bid for the Democratic nomination for mayor in 1917, instead winning the presidency of the New York City Council as Hylan's running-mate.)[29]

1925 general election  | Party  | Manhattan  | The Bronx  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Jimmy Walker | Democratic | 247,079  | 131,226  | 244,029  | 103,629  | 22,724  | 748,687  | 65.8%
69.4% | 71.8% | 60.9% | 63.0% | 67.3%
[30] Frank D. Waterman | Republican | 98,617  | 39,615  | 139,060  | 58,478  | 10,794  | 346,564  | 30.5%
27.7% | 21.7% | 34.7% | 35.6% | 32.0%
Norman Thomas | Socialist | 9,482  | 11,133  | 16,809  | 1,943  | 207  | 39,574  | 3.5%
Joseph Brandon  | Socialist Labor | 388  | 488  | 591  | 155  | 21  | 1,643  | 0.1%
Warren Fisher  | Progressive | 387  | 262  | 528  | 284  | 37  | 1,498  | 0.1%
TOTAL  | 355,953  | 182,724  | 401,017  | 164,489  | 33,783  | 1,137,966 |
1925 Democratic primary  | Manhattan  | The Bronx  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Jimmy Walker | 102,835  | 45,308  | 65,671  | 28,203  | 6,321  | 248,338  | 62%
79% | 68% | 52% | 47% | 34%
John Francis Hylan | 27,802  | 21,228  | 60,814  | 32,163  | 12,197  | 154,204  | 38%
21% | 32% | 48% | 53% | 66%
subtotal (for Walker and Hylan only) | 130,637  | 66,536  | 126,485  | 60,366  | 18,518  | 402,542 | [100%]

### 1921

[edit]

1921  | Party  | Manhattan  | The Bronx  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

John Francis Hylan | Democratic | 261,452  | 118,235  | 260,143  | 87,676  | 22,741  | 750,247  | 64.2%
62.9% | 67.6% | 62.1% | 69.0% | 70.8%
Henry H. Curran | Republican – Coalition  | 124,253  | 34,919  | 128,259  | 36,415  | 9,000  | 332,846  | 28.5%
29.9% | 20.0% | 30.6% | 28.6% | 28.0%
Jacob Panken | Socialist | 28,756  | 21,255  | 29,580  | 2,741  | 275  | 82,607  | 7.1%
6.9% | 12.2% | 7.1% | 2.2% | 0.9%
Jerome T. De Hunt  | Farmer Labor | 321  | 133  | 395  | 88  | 71  | 1,008  | 0.1%
John P. Quinn  | Socialist Labor | 316  | 244  | 346  | 123  | 20  | 1,049  | 0.1%
George K. Hinds  | Prohibition | 375  | 120  | 390  | 111  | 14  | 1,010  | 0.1%
TOTAL  |  | 415,473  | 174,906  | 419,113  | 127,154  | 32,121  | 1,168,767 |

Henry Curran was the borough president of Manhattan and heavily defeated Fiorello H. La Guardia, president of the board of aldermen, in the Republican primary election for mayor. There was also 454 votes for Joseph Miller on the Single Tax Line and 443 votes for Benjamin Gitlow on the Workers League Line

### 1917

[edit]

1917  | Party  | Manhattan  | The Bronx  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

John Francis Hylan | Democratic | 113,728  | 41,546  | 114,487  | 35,399  | 8,850  | 314,010  | 46.6%
46.4% | 42.9% | 46.5% | 51.7% | 58.2%
John Purroy Mitchel | Fusion | 66,748  | 19,247  | 52,921  | 13,641  | 2,940  | 155,497  | 23.1%
27.3% | 19.9% | 21.5% | 19.9% | 19.4%
Morris Hillquit | Socialist | 51,176  | 30,374  | 48,880  | 13,477  | 1,425  | 145,332  | 21.6%
20.9% | 31.4% | 19.9% | 19.7% | 9.4%
William M. Bennett | Republican | 13,230  | 5,576  | 29,748  | 5,916  | 1,968  | 56,438  | 8.4%
5.4% | 5.8% | 12.1% | 8.6% | 13.0%
Subtotal  |  | 244,882  | 96,743  | 246,036  | 68,433  | 15,183  | 671,277  | 99.7%
David Leigh Colvin | Prohibition |  | 897  | 0.1%
Edmund Seidel  | Socialist Labor |  | 858  | 0.1%
George Wallace  | Single Tax |  | 268  | 0.04%
T O T A L  |  | 673,300  | 100.0%

Notes: The Single Tax on land values was the proposal and platform of Henry George, who ran for mayor in 1897 and 1886. D. Leigh Colvin later contested the U.S. presidential election of 1936 for the Prohibition Party.

Main article: 1917 New York City mayoral election

The Fall 1917 election would have been exciting even had it occurred in peacetime. In September, the City held its first-ever primary elections for mayor. The sitting independent Mayor, John P. Mitchel, who had enjoyed Republican support under Fusion in 1913, narrowly lost the Republican primary to William Bennett, after mistakes and frauds led to a series of recounts. When negotiations between the parties failed, Mitchel ran alone as a Fusion candidate against Bennett, the Socialist Morris Hillquit and John F. Hylan, the regular Democrat supported by Tammany Hall and William Randolph Hearst.

However, the elections happened after the United States had declared war on April 6. Hillquit and the Socialist Party quickly and vigorously opposed the war, which Mitchel vigorously supported. Hillquit's anti-war position helped the Socialists win their highest-ever vote for mayor, but also led to vitriolic denunciations by many, including The New York Times and former President Theodore Roosevelt. Mitchel and Hillquit each won less than quarter of the vote, while Hylan, who had been non-committal about the war, won the election with less than half the vote. However, as in 1897, the numbers suggest that Tammany Hall might have won even against a unified opposition.

### 1897 to 1913

[edit]

¶ The Bronx and Manhattan, although separate Boroughs since 1898, shared New York County and reported their votes together until Bronx County was formed in April 1912 and came into its separate existence on January 1, 1914.

[ The World Almanac does not list separate returns for the two boroughs until 1917, but The Encyclopedia of New York City (see Sources) gives these major candidates' results for 1913:

* Manhattan: McCall 103,429 – Mitchel 131,280, and The Bronx: McCall 25,684 – Mitchel 46,944. ]

1913  | Party  | The Bronx and Manhattan  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

John Purroy Mitchel | Fusion | 178,224  | 137,074  | 34,279  | 8,604  | 358,181  | 57.1%
54.7% | 60.2% | 59.6% | 54.4%
Edward E. McCall | Democratic | 129,113  | 77,826  | 20,097  | 6,883  | 233,919  | 37.3%
39.6% | 34.2% | 35.0% | 43.3%
Charles Edward Russell | Socialist | 17,383  | 11,560  | 2,865  | 249  | 32,057  | 5.1%
William Walters  | Socialist Labor | 952  | 538  | 129  | 28  | 1,647  | 0.3%
Norman Raymond  | Prohibition | 412  | 587  | 118  | 96  | 1,213  | 0.2%
TOTAL  |  | 326,084  | 227,585  | 57,488  | 15,860  | 627,017 |

Mayor William Jay Gaynor, who had survived being shot in the throat by a disappointed office-seeker in 1910, died at sea from the indirect effects of his injury on September 10, 1913. He was succeeded for the rest of 1913 by Ardolph Loges Kline, the acting president of the board of aldermen.

1909  | Party  | The Bronx and Manhattan  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total  | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

William Jay Gaynor | Democratic | 134,075  | 91,666  | 17,570  | 7,067  | 250,378  | 42.1%
42.5% | 41.9% | 38.4% | 47.1%
William Randolph Hearst | Civic Alliance  | 87,155  | 49,040  | 15,186  | 2,806  | 154,187  | 25.9%
27.6% | 22.4% | 33.2% | 18.7%
Otto T. Bannard | Republican – Fusion | 86,497  | 73,860  | 11,907  | 5,049  | 177,313  | 29.8%
27.4% | 33.8% | 26.0% | 33.6%
Joseph Cassidy | Socialist | 6,811  | 3,874  | 1,004  | 79  | 11,768  | 2.0%
[31] James T. Hunter  | Socialist Labor | 813  | 369  | 56  | 18  | 1,256  | 0.2%
TOTAL  |  | 315,351  | 218,809  | 45,723  | 15,019  | 594,902 |
|  |  |  |  |  |
1905  | Party  | The Bronx and Manhattan  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total  | %
George B. McClellan Jr. | Democratic | 140,264  | 68,788  | 13,228  | 6,127  | 228,407  | 37.8%
41.6% | 31.4% | 37.6% | 44.1%
William Randolph Hearst | Municipal Ownership League | 123,292  | 84,835  | 13,766  | 3,096  | 224,989  | 37.2%
36.6% | 38.8% | 39.2% | 22.3%
[32] William Mills Ivins Sr. | Republican | 64,280  | 61,192  | 7,213  | 4,499  | 137,184  | 22.7%
19.1% | 28.0% | 20.5% | 32.4%
Algernon Lee | Socialist | 7,466  | 3,387  | 847  | 117  | 11,817  | 2.0%
John Kinneally  | Socialist Labor | 1,485  | 657  | 95  | 39  | 2,276  | 0.4%
TOTAL  |  | 336,787  | 218,859  | 35,149  | 13,878  | 604,673 |
|  |  |  |  |  |
1903  | Party  | The Bronx and Manhattan  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total  | %
George B. McClellan Jr. | Democratic | 188,681  | 102,569  | 17,074  | 6,458  | 314,782  | 53.4%
56.1% | 48.8% | 56.5% | 48.1%
Seth Low | Fusion | 132,178  | 101,251  | 11,960  | 6,697  | 252,086  | 42.7%
39.3% | 48.2% | 39.6%  | 49.9%
Charles Forman  | Social Democratic | 11,318  | 4,529  | 976  | 133  | 16,956  | 2.9%
[31] James T. Hunter | Socialist Labor | 3,540  | 1,411  | 178  | 76  | 5,205  | 0.9%
John McKee  | Prohibition | 376  | 396  | 47  | 50  | 869  | 0.1%
TOTAL  |  | 336,093  | 210,156  | 30,235  | 13,414  | 589,898 |
|  |  |  |  |  |
1901  | Party  | The Bronx and Manhattan  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total  | %
Edward M. Shepard | Democratic | 156,631  | 88,858  | 13,679  | 6,009  | 265,177  | 45.8%
47.4% | 42.7% | 49.4% | 46.1%
Seth Low | Fusion | 162,298  | 114,625  | 13,118  | 6,772  | 296,813  | 51.2%
49.1% | 55.0% | 47.4% | 51.9%
Benjamin Hanford | Social Democratic | 6,409  | 2,692  | 613  | 120  | 9,834  | 1.7%
Benjamin F. Keinard  | Socialist Labor | 4,323  | 1,638  | 181  | 71  | 6,213  | 1.1%
Alfred L. Manierre  | Prohibition | 617  | 501  | 74  | 72  | 1,264  | 0.2%
TOTAL  |  | 330,278  | 208,314  | 27,665  | 13,044  | 579,301 |
|  |  |  |  |  |
1897  | Party  | The Bronx and Manhattan  | Brooklyn  | Queens  | Richmond [Staten Is.] | Total  | %
Robert A. Van Wyck | Democratic | 143,666  | 76,185  | 9,275  | 4,871  | 233,997  | 44.7%
48.0% | 40.1% | 40.7% | 43.5%
Seth Low | Citizens' Union | 77,210  | 65,656  | 5,876  | 2,798  | 151,540  | 28.9%
25.8% | 34.6% | 25.8% | 25.0%
Benjamin F. Tracy | Republican | 55,834  | 37,611  | 5,639  | 2,779  | 101,863  | 19.5%
18.6% | 19.8% | 24.7% | 24.8%
† Henry George | Jefferson Democracy  | 13,076  | 6,938  | 1,096  | 583  | 21,693  | 4.1%
Lucien Sanial | Socialist Labor | 9,796  | 3,593  | 921  | 157  | 14,467  | 2.8%
TOTAL  |  | 299,582  | 189,983  | 22,807  | 11,188  | 523,560 |

The election of 1897 was held just before the Five Boroughs formally consolidated into Greater New York in 1898, so it was the present city's first mayoral election. For preliminary results for all the municipal offices, broken down into smaller districts, see "Democrats Take All – The Tammany Ticket Makes Almost a Clean Sweep of the Greater City – Only Two Republicans in the Council..." in The New York Times, November 4, 1897 (seen April 11, 2008).

† Henry George, author of Progress and Poverty and proponent of the Single Tax on land, died (probably from the strain of campaign speeches) on October 29, four days before Election Day; his son was nominated to take his place representing "The Democracy of Thomas Jefferson".[33] [In 1886, George had been the United Labor Party's candidate for Mayor of the smaller City of New York, now the Borough of Manhattan, winning 68,110 votes to 90,552 for the Democrat Abram Hewitt and 60,435 for the Republican Theodore Roosevelt, although George's supporters maintained that he had lost the election through fraud.][34]

For Lucien Sanial, see the table notes under § Collapse of the Socialist Party vote above (1933) and ALL THEY NEED IS VOTES; THREE CANDIDATES FOR MAYOR WHO WOULD MAKE A STIR. in The New York Times for Wednesday, November 4, 1894, page 19.

It appears from the percentages to be an open question whether the Republican Party's decision in 1897 not to support Seth Low's Fusion campaign caused his defeat by splitting the vote against Tammany Hall. Republicans withdrew in Low's favor in 1901 (when he won) and in 1903 (when he lost).

## See also

[edit]

* Mayor of New York City
* List of mayors of New York City
* History of New York City
* Government of New York City
* Politics of New York (state)
* Elections in New York (State)
* Tammany Hall
* American Labor Party
* Liberal Party of New York
* Conservative Party of New York State
* Independence Party of New York
* Working Families Party
* Green Party of New York
* Libertarian Party of New York
* New York City: the 51st State (a municipal political slate in 1969)
* 1886 New York City mayoral election

## References

[edit]

1. ^ For further details, see Third Term No Charm, Historians Say by Sewell Chan, The New York Times "City Room", published and retrieved on October 1, 2008.
2. ^ a b Sewell Chan and Jonathan P. Hicks, Council Votes, 29 to 22, to Extend Term Limits, The New York Times, published on-line and retrieved on October 23, 2008.
3. ^ Fernanda Santos: The Future of Term Limits Is in Court, The New York Times, New York edition, October 24, 2008, page A24 (retrieved on October 24, 2008), Judge Rejects Suit Over Term Limits, The New York Times, New York edition, January 14, 2009, page A26, and Appeals Court Upholds Term Limits Revision, The New York Times City Room Blog, April 28, 2009 (both retrieved on July 6, 2009). The original January decision by Judge Charles Sifton of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Long Island, Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island) was upheld by a three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (Vermont, Connecticut and New York state).
4. ^ a b Hernandez, Javier C. (November 3, 2010). "Term Limits in New York City Are Approved Again". The New York Times.
5. ^ See, for example, these stories from The New York Times: "In Crisis Giuliani’s Popularity Overflows City", by Jennifer Steinhauer, Sept. 20, 2001, "A Shift in the Ritual, and Meaning, of Voting", by Mirta Ojito, Sept. 26, 2001 and "Giuliani Explores A Term Extension Of 2 Or 3 Months", by Jennifer Steinhauer with Michael Cooper, September 27, 2001.
6. ^ Sewell Chan, Bloomberg Says He Wants a Third Term as Mayor, The New York Times, published and retrieved on October 2, 2008.
7. ^ Morris Hillquit wrote in 1910, "The movement assumed such proportions that the old parties took alarm and sought to offset the popularity of George by nominating the strongest available candidates at the head of their tickets. The Democrats nominated the noted philanthropist and son-in-law of Peter Cooper, Abram S. Hewitt, while the Republicans nominated Theodore Roosevelt, then a young and promising politician." History of Socialism in the United States (1971 Dover reprint), page 252, ISBN 0-486-22767-7
8. ^ Plunkitt of Tammany Hall, as recorded by William Riordon (1963 edition), Project Gutenberg text, Chapter 4
9. ^ ""Ed Koch" in Centennial Classroom: NYC Mayors the first 100 years". Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved May 3, 2008.
10. ^ "Statement and Return Report for Certification – General Election – November 5, 2013" (PDF). Board of Elections in the City of New York. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
11. ^ Board of Elections in the City of New York, Citywide Democratic Mayor Recap (pdf), Friday, September 27, 2013, retrieved Sunday, September 29, 2013
12. ^ Board of Elections in the City of New York, Citywide Republican Mayor Recap (pdf), Friday, September 27, 2013, retrieved Sunday, September 29, 2013
13. ^ For the first seven candidates, see Emily S. Rebb, "Seven Others Striving to Win the Mayor's Job", The New York Times, published on line October 13, 2009, retrieved October 14, 2009
14. ^ Board of Elections in the City of New York, Statement and Return Report for Certification General Election 2009 – 11/03/2009 Crossover – All Parties and Independent Bodies Mayor Citywide (PDF) Archived 2009-12-29 at the Wayback Machine, November 24, 2009, retrieved on November 27, 2009
15. ^ Board of Elections in the City of New York Archived 2010-01-06 at the Wayback Machine, Statement and Return Report for Certification Primary Election 2009 – 09/15/2009 Crossover – Democratic Party Democratic Mayor Citywide (PDF) Archived 2010-11-21 at the Wayback Machine, September 25–26, 2009, retrieved on October 21, 2009
16. ^ a b Cannato, Vincent (2009). The Ungovernable City. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-7867-4993-5. Retrieved December 1, 2019.
17. ^ Shamsky, Art; Zeman, Barry (2006). The Magnificent Seasons: How the Jets, Mets, and Knicks Made Sports HIstory and Uplifted a City and the Country. Macmillan. p. 187\. ISBN 978-0-312-33253-2. Retrieved December 1, 2019.
18. ^ Whelton, Clark (November 2, 2009). "Hope's Last Hurrah". City Journal. Retrieved December 1, 2019.
19. ^ Page 41 of the 1966 World Almanac & Book of Facts and page 69 of Cannato's The Ungovernable City: John Lindsay and His Struggle to Save New York
20. ^ McNickle, Chris (1993). To be Mayor of New York: Ethnic Politics in the City. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-07636-4.
21. ^ a b A full biographical sketch of Prof. Hartmann is in "The perils of a public intellectual – George W. Hartmann" by Benjamin Harris Journal of Social Issues, Spring, 1998 – available in April 2008 at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0341/is_n1_v54/ai_21107569
22. ^ A brief profile of Judge Jeremiah Titus Mahoney can be found within this article, "Up Again, Down Again", Time, Monday, August 16, 1937
23. ^ Michael Tomasky, "New York's Finest" (a review of The Great Mayor: Fiorello La Guardia and the Making of the City of New York, by Alyn Brodsky), New York Review of Books, February 12, 2004, page 28, available by subscription or payment at http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=16898
24. ^ pages 105–107 of Bernard K. Johnpoll's Pacifist's Progress: Norman Thomas and the decline of American socialism, Quadrangle (Chicago) 1970: ISBN 0-8129-0152-5
25. ^ See pages 113–116 of The Emerging Republican Majority by Kevin Phillips (Doubleday Anchor paperback edition 1970). According to the March 1950 reminiscences of FDR's advisor Ed Flynn, "President Roosevelt with Jim Farley and myself, brought the American Labor Party into being. It was entirely Roosevelt's suggestion. Farley and I never believed in it very much, but he felt at the time—and it is true today—that there were many people who believed in what Roosevelt stood for but who, for some reason or another...would not join the Democratic party. If another party were created, you could bring these people into it actively. That was really why it was created." cited in It Didn't Happen Here: Why socialism failed in the United States, by Seymour Martin Lipset and Gary Marks (New York, 2000: W.W. Norton, ISBN 0-393-04098-4), page 342 note 56
26. ^ Johnpoll, Pacifist's Progress, pages 194–5
27. ^ Pages 265–269 of Harvey Klehr's The Heyday of American Communism: the Depression decade Basic Books (NY) 1984 ISBN 0-465-02945-0 & ISBN 0-465-02946-9
28. ^ World Statesmen—Boroughs of New York City Archived 2012-02-11 at the Wayback Machine retrieved on June 25, 2008. See also the entry for "Borough Presidents" by Nora L. Mandel in The Encyclopedia of New York City (Yale 1995), cited in Sources below.
29. ^ Robert A. Slayton, Empire Statesman: The Rise and Redemption of Al Smith, The Free Press, New York, 2001, ISBN 0-684-86302-2, pages 115–116 and 221–225. See also 1917 New York City mayoral election.
30. ^ "Frank D. Waterman's Run for Mayor: New York City, 1925" from The PENnant (the magazine of the Pen Collectors of America) 1995 and also the Wikipedia article about his father, Lewis Waterman
31. ^ a b James T. Hunter (1870–1952), silversmith, ran also for Mayor of New York City in 1903, and for Lieutenant Governor in 1910. See his Obituary in The New York Times, January 7, 1952, page 19 (subscription or payment required)
32. ^ William Mills Ivins Sr. (1851–1915). See the Wikipedia entry for Ivins' son, William Mills Ivins Jr. (1881–1961) and a long, contemporary New York Sunday Times magazine feature article, "William M. Ivins, a Man of Many Facets; A Character Study of the Republican Candidate for the Mayoralty" (October 22, 1905, page SM1).
33. ^ The Single Tax Movement in the United States by Arthur Nichols Young (Princeton, 1916), page 152
34. ^ Young, The Single Tax Movement in the United States, page 95. See also History of Socialism in the United States by Morris Hillquit (5th edition, New York 1910, reprinted New York 1971 by Dover: ISBN 0-486-22767-7), pages 249-253, and The Forging of American Socialism by Howard Quint (2nd edition, Indianapolis 1964: Bobbs-Merrill), pages 37–43.

## Sources

[edit]

Many sources have been consulted and compared, but the most important ones are these:

* [2001–2009] The Board of Elections in the City of New York – http://www.vote.nyc.ny.us/results.html Archived 2010-01-06 at the Wayback Machine
* [1997] Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (2010). The Encyclopedia of New York City (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11465-2., pages 815–816;
Cable News Network (CNN), 1997: http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1997/gen/resources/election97/results.html
* [1834–1993] The Encyclopedia of New York City (1st edition), edited by Kenneth T. Jackson (Yale University Press and The New York Historical Society, New Haven, Connecticut, 1995, ISBN 0-300-05536-6 ), especially the article "Mayoralty" by Charles W. Brecher with tables compiled by James Bradley
* [1929–1973] The New York Chronology by James Trager (HarperCollins, 2003, ISBN 0-06-074062-0 ) More details and preview available at https://books.google.com/books?id=xvGhQoNT27IC
* [1950–1953] The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1957, page 299
* [1909–1941] The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1943, page 412
* [1897–1925] The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1929 (1971 reprint by American Heritage and Workman Publishing, ISBN 0-07-071881-4), page 893
* [1867–1923 and later] The New York Times archives

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