New York State Legislature

Bicameral legislature of New York State

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New York State Legislature

Great Seal of the State of New York

Type
Type|

Bicameral

Houses| Senate
Assembly
History
Preceded by| General Assembly of New York
Leadership

President of the Senate

Antonio Delgado (D)
since May 25, 2022

Temporary President of the Senate

Andrea Stewart-Cousins (D)
since January 2, 2019

Speaker of the Assembly

Carl Heastie (D)
since February 3, 2015

Structure
Seats| 213

Political groups

| Majority caucus

* Democratic (42)

Minority caucus

* Republican (21)

Political groups

| Majority caucus

* Democratic (102)

Minority caucus

* Republican (48)

Salary| $142,000/year + per diem
Elections

Last election

| November 8, 2022

Next election

| November 3, 2026
Meeting place
New York State Capitol
Albany
Website
public.leginfo.state.ny.us

The New York State Legislature consists of the two houses that act as the state legislature of the U.S. state of New York: the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly. The Constitution of New York does not designate an official term for the two houses together; it says only that the state's legislative power "shall be vested in the senate and assembly".[1] Session laws passed by the Legislature are published in the official Laws of New York.[2][3] Permanent New York laws of a general nature are codified in the Consolidated Laws of New York.[2][4] As of January 2021[update], the Democratic Party holds supermajorities in both houses of the New York State Legislature, which is the highest paid state legislature in the country.

Legislative elections are held in November of every even-numbered year.[5] Both Assembly members and Senators serve two-year terms.[6]

In order to be a member of either house, one must be a citizen of the United States, a resident of the state of New York for at least five years, and a resident of the district for at least one year prior to election.[7]

The Assembly consists of 150 members; they are each chosen from a single-member district. The New York Constitution allows the number of Senate seats to vary; as of 2014[update], the Senate had 63 seats.[8]

## Leaders

[edit]

The Assembly is headed by the speaker, while the Senate is headed by the president, a post held ex officio by the State lieutenant governor. the lieutenant governor, as president of the Senate, has only a tie-breaking "casting vote". More often, the Senate is presided over by the temporary president,[9] or by a senator of the majority leader's choosing.[citation needed]

The assembly speaker and Senate majority leader control the assignment of committees and leadership positions, along with control of the agenda in their chambers. The two are considered powerful statewide leaders and along with the governor of New York control most of the agenda of state business in New York.[citation needed]

## Drafting and research

[edit]

The Legislative Bill Drafting Commission (LBDC) aids in drafting legislation; advises as to the constitutionality, consistency or effect of proposed legislation; conducts research; and publishes and maintains the documents of the Legislature, such as the Laws of New York.[10][11] The LBDC consists of two commissioners, the commissioner for administration and the commissioner for operations, each appointed jointly by the temporary president of the Senate and the speaker of the Assembly.[12]

## Party control

[edit]

In the 2018 elections, Democrats won control of the State Senate and increased their majority in the State Assembly. At the beginning of the 2019–2020 legislative session, the Senate Democratic Conference held 39 of the chamber's 63 seats[13] and the Assembly Democratic Conference held 106 of the 150 seats in that chamber.[14] The Senate Democratic Conference increased to 40 seats after Democratic senator Simcha Felder was re-accepted into the Conference.[15]

Title page of volume 1 of the Consolidated Laws of New York

## Constitutional powers

[edit]

The Legislature is empowered to make law, subject to the governor's power to veto a bill. However, the veto may be overridden by the Legislature if there is a two-thirds vote in favor of overriding in each House. Furthermore, it has the power to propose New York Constitution amendments by a majority vote, and then another majority vote following an election. If so proposed, the amendment becomes valid if agreed to by the voters at a referendum.[citation needed]

## History

[edit]

The legislature originated in the revolutionary New York Provincial Congress, assembled by rebels when the New York General Assembly would not send delegates to the Continental Congress.[citation needed]

The New York State Legislature has had several corruption scandals during its existence. These include the Black Horse Cavalry and Canal Ring.[16][17]

In the 1840s, New York launched the first great wave of civil procedure reform in the United States by enacting the Field Code. The Code inspired the enactment of similar codes in 26 other states, and gave birth to the term "code pleading" for the system of civil procedure it created.[18]

The first African-American elected to the legislature was Edward A. Johnson, a Republican, in 1917.[19] The first women elected to the legislature were Republican Ida Sammis and Democrat Mary Lilly, both in 1919.[20] The first African-American woman elected to the legislature was Bessie A. Buchanan in 1955.[21]

Five assemblymen were expelled in 1920 for belonging to the Socialist Party.[22]

In 2008, when the U.S. Supreme Court reluctantly affirmed the constitutionality of a statute enacted by the New York legislature, Justice John Paul Stevens wrote in a concurring opinion: "[A]s I recall my esteemed former colleague, Thurgood Marshall, remarking on numerous occasions: 'The Constitution does not prohibit legislatures from enacting stupid laws.'"[23]

There is said to be a compact to which members of the New York Legislature unofficially adhere a code of silence regarding behavior such as illicit extramarital affairs or other embarrassing behavior.[24]

Since January 1, 2025, lawmakers are subject to a limit on outside income set to $35,000. Republican members of both chambers were expected to be majorly impacted by the rule and sued to block it, but New York Supreme Court justice Alison Napolitano upheld the limit.[25] It is unclear how the rule will be enforced, roughly 26 assemblymembers and 12 senators would likely have to resign or forfeit their outside income to remain in office.[26]

## Legislative leadership

[edit]

### New York State Senate

[edit]

* President of the Senate: Antonio Delgado
* Majority leader: Andrea Stewart-Cousins
* Minority leader: Rob Ortt

### New York State Assembly

[edit]

* Speaker of the Assembly: Carl Heastie
* Majority leader of the Assembly: Crystal Peoples-Stokes
* Minority leader of the Assembly: William A. Barclay

## See also

[edit]

* George G. Barnard
* Gibbons v. Ogden
* The Frawley committee
* The Hepburn Committee
* List of New York Legislature members expelled or censured
* List of New York State legislatures
* New York Provincial Congress
* New York State Assembly
* New York state public-benefit corporations
* New York State Senate

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "New York State Constitution". New York State Department of State. Archived from the original on February 7, 2016.
2. ^ a b Gibson, Ellen M.; Manz, William H. (2004). Gibson's New York Legal Research Guide (PDF) (3rd ed.). Wm. S. Hein Publishing. p. 30\. ISBN 1-57588-728-2. LCCN 2004042477. OCLC 54455036.
3. ^ Gibson & Manz 2004, pp. 47–48.
4. ^ Gibson & Manz 2004, pp. 56–57.
5. ^ Warren, Olivia A. (June 23, 2008). "A House Divided in Washington Heights". Gotham Gazette.
6. ^ "Everything You Need to Know About New York's Primary Election on Thursday". Vogue. September 10, 2018.
7. ^ "New York State Constitution". New York State Department of State. Archived from the original on February 7, 2016. Article III, Section VII.
8. ^ McKinley, Jesse (February 24, 2014). "What Is a Majority Vote in the State Senate? The Answer Goes Beyond Simple Math". The New York Times.
9. ^ "Branches of Government in New York State". NY State Senate. March 25, 2009. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
10. ^ Legislative Law § 25
11. ^ Kallos, Ben (June 9, 2014). "Set the Law Free, Say Council Members Lander, Vacca, Kallos: Legislation to Put Law Online for Free Instead of Behind Paid Subscriptions" (Press release). Retrieved June 12, 2014.
12. ^ Legislative Law § 24
13. ^ Campbell, Jon (January 9, 2019). "History made: Andrea Stewart-Cousins sworn in as NY Senate leader". lohud.com.
14. ^ Klepper, David; Carola, Chris (January 9, 2019). "Democrat-controlled NY state Legislature starts 2019 session". AP News.
15. ^ Reisman, Nick (July 1, 2019). "Felder Joins Senate Dem Fold". NY State of Politics. Archived from the original on July 1, 2019. Retrieved October 22, 2019.
16. ^ Archdeacon, Thomas J. (1978). "The Erie Canal Ring, Samuel J. Tilden, and the Democratic Party". New York History. 59 (4): 408–429\. ISSN 0146-437X. JSTOR 23170015.
17. ^ Giroux, Gary (July 12, 2013). Business Scandals, Corruption, and Reform: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 255\. ISBN 978-1-4408-0068-9.
18. ^ Hepburn, Charles McGuffey (1897). The Historical Development of Code Pleading in America and England. Cincinnati: W.H. Anderson & Co. p. 15. Retrieved November 18, 2023.
19. ^ "Edward A. Johnson (Edward Austin), 1860-1944". Documenting the American South.
20. ^ "Early Women Elected to the NYS Legislature". St. Lawrence County Branch. Archived from the original on January 28, 2010.
21. ^ Jessie Carney Smith, ed. (1996). Notable Black American Women. Vol. 2\. Detroit Michigan: Gale Research Inc. pp. 73–75\. ISBN 0-8103-9177-5. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
22. ^ Confessore, Nicholas (October 21, 2009). "When the Assembly Expelled Socialists for Disloyalty". New York Times (blog).
23. ^ New York State Bd. of Elections v. Lopez Torres, 552 U.S. 196, 209 (2008) (Stevens, J., concurring).
24. ^ Baker, Al (May 16, 2004). "Albany Faces Its Sex Problem, and Nobody's Snickering". The New York Times.
25. ^ Aprey, Jack (March 19, 2025). "State Supreme Court ruling upholds outside income limit for New York lawmakers". Spectrum News 1. Retrieved March 20, 2025.
26. ^ Lyons, Brendon (March 18, 2025). "'Chaos' after judge upholds law limiting outside income for NY lawmakers". Times Union. Retrieved March 20, 2025.

## Further reading

[edit]

* "Compiling the Legislative History of a New York State Law". New York State Library. Archived from the original on December 29, 2005. Retrieved June 20, 2014.

## External links

[edit]

* Official site of the New York Senate
* Official site of the New York Assembly
* Legislative information from the Legislative Bill Drafting Commission
* Legislative Retrieval System (subscription required) from the Legislative Bill Drafting Commission
* The New York State Legislature Portrait Prints Collection at the New York Historical Society

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Members of the New York State Senate

204th New York Legislature (2021–2022)

President of the Senate
Antonio Delgado (D)
President pro tempore and Majority Leader
Andrea Stewart-Cousins (D)
Minority Leader
Rob Ortt (R)

1. ▌Anthony Palumbo (R)
2. ▌Mario Mattera (R)
3. ▌Dean Murray (R)
4. ▌Monica Martinez (D)
5. ▌Steven Rhoads (R)
6. ▌Siela Bynoe (D)
7. ▌Jack Martins (R)
8. ▌Alexis Weik (R)
9. ▌Patricia Canzoneri-Fitzpatrick (R)
10. ▌James Sanders Jr. (D)
11. ▌Toby Ann Stavisky (D)
12. ▌Michael Gianaris (D)
13. ▌Jessica Ramos (D)
14. ▌Leroy Comrie (D)
15. ▌Joseph Addabbo Jr. (D)
16. ▌John Liu (D)
17. ▌Steve Chan (R)
18. ▌Julia Salazar (D)
19. ▌Roxanne Persaud (D)
20. ▌Zellnor Myrie (D)
21. ▌Kevin Parker (D)
22. ▌Sam Sutton (D)
23. ▌Jessica Scarcella-Spanton (D)
24. ▌Andrew Lanza (R)
25. ▌Jabari Brisport (D)
26. ▌Andrew Gounardes (D)
27. ▌Brian P. Kavanagh (D)
28. ▌Liz Krueger (D)
29. ▌José M. Serrano (D)
30. ▌Cordell Cleare (D)
31. ▌Robert Jackson (D)
32. ▌Luis R. Sepúlveda (D)
33. ▌Gustavo Rivera (D)
34. ▌Nathalia Fernandez (D)
35. ▌Andrea Stewart-Cousins (D)
36. ▌Jamaal Bailey (D)
37. ▌Shelley Mayer (D)
38. ▌Bill Weber (R)
39. ▌Robert Rolison (R)
40. ▌Peter Harckham (D)
41. ▌Michelle Hinchey (D)
42. ▌James Skoufis (D)
43. ▌Jake Ashby (R)
44. ▌Jim Tedisco (R)
45. ▌Dan Stec (R)
46. ▌Patricia Fahy (D)
47. ▌Brad Hoylman-Sigal (D)
48. ▌Rachel May (D)
49. ▌Mark Walczyk (R)
50. ▌Chris Ryan (D)
51. ▌Peter Oberacker (R)
52. ▌Lea Webb (D)
53. ▌Joseph Griffo (R)
54. ▌Pam Helming (R)
55. ▌Samra Brouk (D)
56. ▌Jeremy Cooney (D)
57. ▌George Borrello (R)
58. ▌Tom O'Mara (R)
59. ▌Kristen Gonzalez (D)
60. ▌Patrick M. Gallivan (R)
61. ▌Sean Ryan (D)
62. ▌Rob Ortt (R)
63. ▌April Baskin (D)

* ▌Democratic (41)
* ▌Republican (22)

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Members of the New York State Assembly

205th New York Legislature (2023–2024)

Speaker of the Assembly
Carl Heastie (D)
Speaker pro tempore
Pamela Hunter (D)
Majority Leader
Crystal Peoples-Stokes (D)
Minority Leader
William A. Barclay (R)

1. ▌T. John Schiavoni (D)
2. ▌Jodi Giglio (R)
3. ▌Joe DeStefano (R)
4. ▌Rebecca Kassay (D)
5. ▌Douglas M. Smith (R)
6. ▌Philip Ramos (D)
7. ▌Jarett Gandolfo (R)
8. ▌Michael J. Fitzpatrick (R)
9. ▌Michael Durso (R)
10. ▌Steve Stern (D)
11. ▌Kwani O'Pharrow (D)
12. ▌Keith P. Brown (R)
13. ▌Charles D. Lavine (D)
14. ▌David McDonough (R)
15. ▌Jake Blumencranz (R)
16. ▌Daniel Norber (D)
17. ▌John Mikulin (R)
18. ▌Noah Burroughs (D)
19. ▌Ed Ra (R)
20. ▌Ari Brown (R)
21. ▌Judy Griffin (D)
22. ▌Michaelle C. Solages (D)
23. ▌Stacey Pheffer Amato (D)
24. ▌David Weprin (D)
25. ▌Nily Rozic (D)
26. ▌Edward Braunstein (D)
27. ▌Sam Berger (D)
28. ▌Andrew Hevesi (D)
29. ▌Alicia Hyndman (D)
30. ▌Steven Raga (D)
31. ▌Khaleel Anderson (D)
32. ▌Vivian E. Cook (D)
33. ▌Clyde Vanel (D)
34. ▌Jessica González-Rojas (D)
35. ▌Larinda Hooks (D)
36. ▌Zohran Mamdani (D)
37. ▌Claire Valdez (D)
38. ▌Jenifer Rajkumar (D)
39. ▌Catalina Cruz (D)
40. ▌Ron Kim (D)
41. ▌Kalman Yeger (D)
42. ▌Rodneyse Bichotte Hermelyn (D)
43. ▌Brian Cunningham (D)
44. ▌Robert Carroll (D)
45. ▌Michael Novakhov (R)
46. ▌Alec Brook-Krasny (R)
47. ▌William Colton (D)
48. ▌Simcha Eichenstein (D)
49. ▌Lester Chang (R)
50. ▌Emily Gallagher (D)
51. ▌Marcela Mitaynes (D)
52. ▌Jo Anne Simon (D)
53. ▌Maritza Davila (D)
54. ▌Erik Martin Dilan (D)
55. ▌Latrice Walker (D)
56. ▌Stefani Zinerman (D)
57. ▌Phara Souffrant Forrest (D)
58. ▌Monique Chandler-Waterman (D)
59. ▌Jaime Williams (D)
60. ▌Nikki Lucas (D)
61. ▌Charles Fall (D)
62. ▌Michael Reilly (R)
63. ▌Sam Pirozzolo (R)
64. ▌Michael Tannousis (R)
65. ▌Grace Lee (D)
66. ▌Deborah J. Glick (D)
67. ▌Linda Rosenthal (D)
68. ▌Eddie Gibbs (D)
69. ▌Micah Lasher (D)
70. ▌Jordan Wright (D)
71. ▌Al Taylor (D)
72. ▌Manny De Los Santos (D)
73. ▌Alex Bores (D)
74. ▌Harvey Epstein (D)
75. ▌Tony Simone (D)
76. ▌Rebecca Seawright (D)
77. ▌Landon Dais (D)
78. ▌George Alvarez (D)
79. ▌Chantel Jackson (D)
80. ▌John Zaccaro Jr. (D)
81. ▌Jeffrey Dinowitz (D)
82. ▌Michael Benedetto (D)
83. ▌Carl Heastie (D)
84. ▌Amanda Septimo (D)
85. ▌Emerita Torres (D)
86. ▌Yudelka Tapia (D)
87. ▌Karines Reyes (D)
88. ▌Amy Paulin (D)
89. ▌J. Gary Pretlow (D)
90. ▌Nader Sayegh (D)
91. ▌Steven Otis (D)
92. ▌MaryJane Shimsky (D)
93. ▌Chris Burdick (D)
94. ▌Matt Slater (R)
95. ▌Dana Levenberg (D)
96. ▌Patrick Carroll (D)
97. ▌Aron Wieder (D)
98. ▌Karl A. Brabenec (R)
99. ▌Chris Eachus (D)
100. ▌Paula Kay (D)
101. ▌Brian Maher (R)
102. ▌Christopher Tague (R)
103. ▌Sarahana Shrestha (D)
104. ▌Jonathan Jacobson (D)
105. ▌Anil Beephan Jr. (R)
106. ▌Didi Barrett (D)
107. ▌Scott Bendett (R)
108. ▌John T. McDonald III (D)
109. ▌Gabriella Romero (D)
110. ▌Phil Steck (D)
111. ▌Angelo Santabarbara (D)
112. ▌Mary Beth Walsh (R)
113. ▌Carrie Woerner (D)
114. ▌Matthew Simpson (R)
115. ▌Billy Jones (D)
116. ▌Scott Gray (R)
117. ▌Ken Blankenbush (R)
118. ▌Robert Smullen (R)
119. ▌Marianne Buttenschon (D)
120. ▌William A. Barclay (R)
121. ▌Joe Angelino (R)
122. ▌Brian Miller (R)
123. ▌Donna Lupardo (D)
124. ▌Christopher S. Friend (R)
125. ▌Anna Kelles (D)
126. ▌John Lemondes Jr. (R)
127. ▌Albert A. Stirpe Jr. (D)
128. ▌Pamela Hunter (D)
129. ▌Bill Magnarelli (D)
130. ▌Brian Manktelow (R)
131. ▌Jeff Gallahan (R)
132. ▌Phil Palmesano (R)
133. ▌Andrea Bailey (R)
134. ▌Josh Jensen (R)
135. ▌Jennifer Lunsford (D)
136. ▌Sarah Clark (D)
137. ▌Demond Meeks (D)
138. ▌Harry Bronson (D)
139. ▌Stephen Hawley (R)
140. ▌William Conrad III (D)
141. ▌Crystal Peoples-Stokes (D)
142. ▌Patrick B. Burke (D)
143. ▌Patrick Chludzinski (R)
144. ▌Paul Bologna (R)
145. ▌Angelo Morinello (R)
146. ▌Karen McMahon (D)
147. ▌David DiPietro (R)
148. ▌Joe Sempolinski (R)
149. ▌Jonathan Rivera (D)
150. ▌Andrew Molitor (R)

Majority caucus (103)
▌Democratic (103)
Minority caucus (47)
▌Republican (47)

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* 154 (1931)
* 155 (1932)
* 156 (1933)
* 157 (1934)
* 158 (1935)
* 159 (1936)
* 160 (1937)
* 161 (1938)
* 162 (1939)
* 163 (1941)
* 164 (1943)
* 165 (1945)
* 166 (1947)
* 167 (1949)
* 168 (1951)
* 169 (1953)
* 170 (1955)
* 171 (1957)
* 172 (1959)
* 173 (1961)
* 174 (1963)
* 175 (1965)
* 176 (1966)
* 177 (1967)
* 178 (1969)
* 179 (1971)
* 180 (1973)
* 181 (1975)
* 182 (1977)
* 183 (1979)
* 184 (1981)
* 185 (1983)
* 186 (1985)
* 187 (1987)
* 188 (1989)
* 189 (1991)
* 190 (1993)
* 191 (1995)
* 192 (1997)
* 193 (1999)
* 194 (2001)
* 195 (2003)
* 196 (2005)
* 197 (2007)
* 198 (2009)
* 199 (2011)
* 200 (2013)
* 201 (2015)
* 202 (2017)
* 203 (2019)
* 204 (2021)
* 205 (2023)
* 206 (2025)

* Senate
* Assembly
* List

* v
* t
* e

New York State Legislature districts

Senate|

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* 49
* 50
* 51
* 52
* 53
* 54
* 55
* 56
* 57
* 58
* 59
* 60
* 61
* 62
* 63

Assembly|

* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
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* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* 15
* 16
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* 19
* 20
* 21
* 22
* 23
* 24
* 25
* 26
* 27
* 28
* 29
* 30
* 31
* 32
* 33
* 34
* 35
* 36
* 37
* 38
* 39
* 40
* 41
* 42
* 43
* 44
* 45
* 46
* 47
* 48
* 49
* 50
* 51
* 52
* 53
* 54
* 55
* 56
* 57
* 58
* 59
* 60
* 61
* 62
* 63
* 64
* 65
* 66
* 67
* 68
* 69
* 70
* 71
* 72
* 73
* 74
* 75
* 76
* 77
* 78
* 79
* 80
* 81
* 82
* 83
* 84
* 85
* 86
* 87
* 88
* 89
* 90
* 91
* 92
* 93
* 94
* 95
* 96
* 97
* 98
* 99
* 100
* 101
* 102
* 103
* 104
* 105
* 106
* 107
* 108
* 109
* 110
* 111
* 112
* 113
* 114
* 115
* 116
* 117
* 118
* 119
* 120
* 121
* 122
* 123
* 124
* 125
* 126
* 127
* 128
* 129
* 130
* 131
* 132
* 133
* 134
* 135
* 136
* 137
* 138
* 139
* 140
* 141
* 142
* 143
* 144
* 145
* 146
* 147
* 148
* 149
* 150

* v
* t
* e

Legislatures of the United States

United States Congress|

* United States House of Representatives
* United States Senate

State legislatures|

* Alabama (H, S)
* Alaska (H, S)
* Arizona (H, S)
* Arkansas (H, S)
* California (A, S)
* Colorado (H, S)
* Connecticut (H, S)
* Delaware (H, S)
* Florida (H, S)
* Georgia (H, S)
* Hawaii (H, S)
* Idaho (H, S)
* Illinois (H, S)
* Indiana (H, S)
* Iowa (H, S)
* Kansas (H, S)
* Kentucky (H, S)
* Louisiana (H, S)
* Maine (H, S)
* Maryland (H, S)
* Massachusetts (H, S)
* Michigan (H, S)
* Minnesota (H, S)
* Mississippi (H, S)
* Missouri (H, S)
* Montana (H, S)
* Nebraska
* Nevada (A, S)
* New Hampshire (H, S)
* New Jersey (GA, S)
* New Mexico (H, S)
* New York (A, S)
* North Carolina (H, S)
* North Dakota (H, S)
* Ohio (H, S)
* Oklahoma (H, S)
* Oregon (H, S)
* Pennsylvania (H, S)
* Rhode Island (H, S)
* South Carolina (H, S)
* South Dakota (H, S)
* Tennessee (H, S)
* Texas (H, S)
* Utah (H, S)
* Vermont (H, S)
* Virginia (H, S)
* Washington (H, S)
* West Virginia (H, S)
* Wisconsin (A, S)
* Wyoming (H, S)

Other legislatures|

* District of Columbia
* American Samoa (H, S)
* Guam
* Northern Mariana Islands (H, S)
* Puerto Rico (H, S)
* U.S. Virgin Islands

Legislative elections|

* 2000
* 2001
* 2002
* 2003
* 2004
* 2005
* 2006
* 2007
* 2008
* 2009
* 2010
* 2011
* 2012
* 2013
* 2014
* 2015
* 2016
* 2017
* 2018
* 2019
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024
* 2025
* 2026

* List of U.S. state legislators
* Lists of past U.S. state legislatures

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF

National|

* United States
* Israel

Other|

* SNAC
* Yale LUX

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