New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990

New Zealand statute

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Not to be confused with Bill of Rights 1689.

New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990
Te Ture Pire o ngā Tika 1990 (in Māori)

New Zealand Parliament

Long title

* An Act (a) To affirm, protect, and promote human rights and fundamental freedoms in New Zealand; and (b) To affirm New Zealand's commitment to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

Royal assent| 28 August 1990[1]
Commenced| 25 September 1990[2]
Legislative history
Introduced by| Geoffrey Palmer
First reading| 10 October 1989[3]
Second reading| 14 August 1990[4]
Committee of the whole| 24 August 1990[5]
Third reading| 24 August 1990[5]
Related legislation
Human Rights Act 1993
Status: Current legislation

The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 (sometimes known by the acronym NZBORA or simply BORA) is a statute of the Parliament of New Zealand and part of New Zealand's uncodified constitution[6] that sets out the rights and fundamental freedoms of anyone subject to New Zealand law as a bill of rights.[7] It imposes a legal requirement on the attorney-general to provide a report to parliament whenever a bill is inconsistent with the Bill of Rights.

The High Court of New Zealand in Taylor v Attorney-General issued an unprecedented declaration that the restriction on prisoners' voting rights was a limit on their right to vote in periodic elections and that it had not been justified under the Bill of Rights.[8][9] On appeal, the Supreme Court confirmed that senior courts had jurisdiction to make such a declaration,[10] and in 2022 a law was passed to establish procedures to require the New Zealand Government a reporting and response mechanism to inconsistency declarations.[11]

## History

[edit]

Minister of Justice Geoffrey Palmer introduced the Bill of Rights and several constitutional changes.

### A Bill of Rights for New Zealand: A White Paper

[edit]

In 1985, the Minister of Justice, Geoffrey Palmer introduced to Parliament a document titled A Bill of Rights for New Zealand: A White Paper.[12] The paper proposed the enactment of a law to protect certain rights and freedoms considered crucial for upholding liberty in a democratic society.[13]

The White Paper proposed that the Bill of Rights become entrenched law so that it could not be amended or repealed without a qualified majority in Parliament or a simple majority in a referendum, therefore having status as supreme law. Furthermore, the Treaty of Waitangi was to be fully incorporated into the Bill of Rights, also elevating the Treaty's status to that of supreme law.[14] Lastly, the judiciary would have the power to invalidate any act of Parliament, common law rule or official act that was contrary to the Bill of Rights. Due to its status as supreme law and the ability for the judiciary to invalidate legislation, the Bill of Rights would contradict parliamentary sovereignty in New Zealand.[15] As a result, it sparked widespread debate due to those controversial features.[16]

The Justice and Law Reform Select Committee considered the White Paper, and recommended that New Zealand was "not yet ready" for a bill of rights in the form proposed. The Committee recommended that the Bill of Rights be introduced as an ordinary statute, which would not have the status of superior or entrenched law.[13]

### First reading

[edit]

On 10 October 1989, the 42nd New Zealand Parliament debated and passed the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 in its first reading. The proposed bill followed the recommendations of the select committee and was an ordinary statute without entrenchment.[3] Despite this, Palmer introduced the legislation with the aim of providing some protection for civil and democratic rights. He highlighted the importance of the bill in ensuring that the government's actions are able to be subject to judicial scrutiny to uphold individual rights.[3]

Opponents of the bill questioned the purpose of the bill as it would lack supreme law status. One opponent, Doug Graham, said that "a Bill of Rights has some merit, but it has no merit at all as an ordinary law."[3] He quoted an excerpt from the White Paper, which said, "to enact a Bill of Rights which can be overridden, either expressly or impliedly, by a simple majority of the Government's parliamentary supporters would be no real advance on our present situation with respect to the protection of our basic rights and freedoms."[3][17]

Voting at first reading (10 October 1989)[3] Party | Voted for | Voted against

|
|

| Labour (56)  |

* Geoff Braybrooke
* David Butcher
* David Caygill
* Helen Clark
* Anne Fraser
* Sonja Davies
* Peter Dunne
* Harry Duynhoven
* Jack Elder
* Fred Gerbic
* Phil Goff
* Bruce Gregory
* Jonathan Hunt
* Bill Jeffries
* Judy Keall
* Graham Kelly
* Annette King
* Trevor Mallard
* Russell Marshall
* Clive Matthewson
* Ralph Maxwell
* Colin Moyle
* Peter Neilson
* Geoffrey Palmer
* Richard Prebble
* Ross Robertson
* David Robinson
* Stan Rodger
* Noel Scott
* Margaret Shields
* Larry Sutherland
* Jim Sutton
* Elizabeth Tennet
* John Terris
* Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan
* Bob Tizard
* Allan Wallbank
* Koro Wētere
* Philip Woollaston
* Trevor Young

| 0
| National (40)  | 0  |

* Derek Angus
* John Banks
* Bill Birch
* Jim Bolger
* John Carter
* Warren Cooper
* Wyatt Creech
* John Falloon
* George Gair
* Doug Graham
* Jeff Grant
* Doug Kidd
* Graeme Lee
* John Luxton
* Roger McClay
* Don McKinnon
* Ian McLean
* Maurice McTigue
* Denis Marshall
* Robert Muldoon
* Rob Munro
* Katherine O'Regan
* Winston Peters
* Ruth Richardson
* Jenny Shipley
* Lockwood Smith
* Rob Storey
* Simon Upton
* Merv Wellington

Tellers[a] | Margaret Austin and Richard Northey | Robert Anderson and Robin Gray
Totals  | 40  | 29

### Second reading

[edit]

On 14 August 1990, the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 was debated and passed at its second reading, almost a year after its initial introduction. Largely the same concerns echoed in the first reading were made in the second reading, with a greater emphasis on concern of judicial overreach and bias in the second reading. Warren Kyd, speaking against the bill, argued a hypothetical that a conservative judiciary could say that the right not to be deprived of life prohibits a person from having an abortion.[4]

Voting at second reading (14 August 1990)[4] Party | Voted for | Voted against

|
|

| Labour (56)  |

* Margaret Austin
* Fred Gerbic
* Peter Neilson
* Jim Sutton
* Geoff Braybrooke
* Phil Goff
* Richard Northey
* Peter Tapsell
* David Butcher
* Bruce Gregory
* Richard Prebble
* Elizabeth Tennet
* David Caygill
* Jonathan Hunt
* Ross Robertson
* Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan
* Helen Clark
* Annette King
* David Robinson
* Allan Wallbank
* Anne Fraser
* Jenny Kirk
* Stan Rodger
* Philip Woollaston
* Michael Cullen
* David Lange
* Noel Scott
* Trevor Young
* Sonja Davies
* Russell Marshall
* Margaret Shields
* Trevor de Cleene
* Clive Matthewson
* Ken Shirley
* Peter Simpson
* Jack Elder
* Roger Douglas
* Colin Moyle
* Larry Sutherland
* Judy Keall

| 0
| National (40)  | 0  |

* Robert Anderson
* Jeff Grant
* Ian McLean
* Rob Storey
* Warren Cooper
* Doug Kidd
* Denis Marshall
* Simon Upton
* Wyatt Creech
* Warren Kyd
* Katherine O'Regan
* Merv Wellington
* Paul East
* Graeme Lee
* Winston Peters
* Venn Young
* John Falloon
* John Luxton
* Ruth Richardson
* Jenny Shipley
* John Carter
* Doug Graham
* Murray McCully
* Lockwood Smith
* Robin Gray

Tellers[a] | Bill Dillon and Ralph Maxwell | Jim Gerard and Roger McClay
Totals  | 40  | 25

### Third reading

[edit]

New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 passed its third reading on 24 August 1990 and received royal assent on 28 August 1990.[5][1] It came into force on 25 September 1990.[2]

Voting at third reading (24 August 1990)[5] Party | Voted for | Voted against

|
|

| Labour (56)  |

* Peter Neilson
* Jim Sutton
* Geoff Braybrooke
* Richard Northey
* Peter Tapsell
* David Butcher
* Bruce Gregory
* Richard Prebble
* Elizabeth Tennet
* David Caygill
* Jonathan Hunt
* Ross Robertson
* Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan
* Helen Clark
* David Robinson
* Allan Wallbank
* Anne Fraser
* Jenny Kirk
* Stan Rodger
* Philip Woollaston
* Michael Cullen
* Trevor Young
* Sonja Davies
* Russell Marshall
* Clive Matthewson
* Ken Shirley
* Peter Simpson
* Jack Elder
* Roger Douglas
* Colin Moyle
* Larry Sutherland
* Judy Keall

| 0
| National (40)  | 0  |

* Robert Anderson
* Jeff Grant
* Ian McLean
* Rob Storey
* Warren Cooper
* Doug Kidd
* Simon Upton
* Wyatt Creech
* Warren Kyd
* Katherine O'Regan
* Merv Wellington
* Winston Peters
* John Falloon
* John Luxton
* Ruth Richardson
* John Carter
* Doug Graham
* Murray McCully
* Robin Gray
* Roger Maxwell
* Don McKinnon
* George Gair
* Jim Gerard
* Roger McClay

Tellers[a] | Jack Elder and Colin Moyle | John Falloon and John Luxton
Totals  | 32  | 24

## Application of the Act

[edit]

The Act applies to acts done by the three branches of government, the executive, legislature and judiciary of New Zealand, or by any person or body in the "performance of any public function, power, or duty" imposed by the law.[18]

Section 4 of the Act denies the Bill of Rights supremacy over other legislation. The section states that courts looking at cases under the Act cannot implicitly repeal or revoke, or make invalid or ineffective, or decline to apply any provision of any statute made by parliament, whether before or after the Act was passed because it is inconsistent the Bill of Rights. Section 6 states, where another act can be interpreted that is consistent with the Bill of Rights, the courts are obliged to use the most consistent interpretation.[19][20]

In section 5, one of the core provisions in the Act allows for "justified limitations" on the rights guaranteed throughout the Bill of Rights. It says that the rights are "subject only to such reasonable limits prescribed by law as can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society", which is the same wording as in Canada's Charter of Rights and Freedoms.[21][22]

English Wikisource has original text related to this article:

New Zealand Bill of Rights Act

In section 7 of the Act, the attorney-general is required to draw the attention of parliament to the introduction of any bill that is inconsistent with the Bill of Rights.[23] The Ministry of Justice, which prepares this advice for the attorney-general, requires a minimum of two weeks to review draft legislation.[24]

## Rights guaranteed by the Act

[edit]

### Life and the security of the person

[edit]

The Act guarantees a range of rights as part of the right to life and security of person in sections 8 to 11 to every person.[25] These are the right not to be deprived of life except in accordance with fundamental justice. Furthermore, that every person has a right in section 8 not to be subjected to torture or to cruel, degrading, or disproportionately severe treatment or punishment. In addition, it guarantees the right not to be subject to medical or scientific experimentation without consent, and the right to refuse to undergo any medical treatment, except where a person is involuntarily committed.[25][26]

### Democratic and civil rights

[edit]

The Act guarantees two fundamental electoral rights in section 12 for New Zealand citizens who are of or over the age of 18. Firstly, it guarantees the right to vote in elections to elect members of the New Zealand Parliament, guaranteeing that they are held by equal suffrage and secret ballot. Secondly, it guarantees the right to become a member of the New Zealand House of Representatives.[26][27]

Furthermore, in section 13, the Act guarantees everyone the right to freedom of thought, conscience, religion and belief, including the right to adopt and hold opinions without interference.[26][28] The Act also guarantees, in section 15, everyone the right to manifest their religion or belief in worship, observance, practice, or teaching, either individually or in a community with others, and either in public or in private.[29]

In addition, in section 14, it confirms a right to freedom of expression, which includes the freedom to seek, receive and impart information and opinions of any kind and in any form.[30] The right of peaceful assembly is also guaranteed by section 16 and the right to freedom of association is guaranteed in section 17.[26][31][32]

The right to freedom of movement and residence is also guaranteed in section 18, with New Zealand citizens given the right to enter New Zealand, and everyone else the right to leave New Zealand. It also guarantees that non-New Zealand citizens who are lawfully in New Zealand have a right to not be required to leave except under a decision taken under grounds prescribed in law.[26][33]

### Non-discrimination and the rights of minorities

[edit]

Freedom from discrimination under the prohibited grounds of discrimination as set out in the Human Rights Act 1993 is guaranteed in section 19 of the Act.[26][34] The prohibited grounds of discrimination notably include a right against discrimination on the basis of sex, sexual orientation, disability, race, and ethnic and national origins, among others.[35]

Rights of ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities are also guaranteed, with section 20 of the Act providing protection against minorities, individually and as part of their community, being denied the right to enjoy their culture, profess and practice their religion, or to use their language.[26][36]

### Search, arrest and detention

[edit]

Everyone is guaranteed under the Act in section 21 a right to be secure from unreasonable search or seizure of the person, their property and correspondence.[37] The right against arbitrary arrest and detention is also guaranteed by section 22.[38]

People who are arrested or detained are guaranteed a set of rights relating to their arrest or detention in section 23 of the Act. These are the right to be informed of the reason for the arrest or detention at the time it occurs, the right to consult and instruct a lawyer without delay and to be informed of that right, and the right to challenge the validity of the arrest or detention without delay by habeas corpus and to be released if the arrest or detention is unlawful. Furthermore, everyone arrested or detained has the right to be treated with humanity and dignity, and the right to refrain from making any statement and to be informed of that right. In addition, people who are arrested for a crime have both a right to be charged promptly or to be arrested, and those who are not released have a right to be promptly brought before a court or tribunal.[39]

### Criminal procedure

[edit]

Everyone who is charged with an offence is guaranteed a set of rights under section 24 of the Act. They are guaranteed the right to be informed promptly and in detail the nature and reasoning of the charge, to be released under reasonable terms and conditions unless there is a just cause to continue their detention, the right to consult a lawyer and to adequate time and facilities to prepare a defence, the right to a lawyer without a cost if it is in the interests of justice and the person does not have the funds to pay for legal assistance, and the right to a free interpreter if the person cannot understand or speak the language used in court.[40]

Furthermore, everyone charged has a right to a trial by jury if the offence they are charged with carries a term of imprisonment of 2 years or longer. However, this right does not apply to people being tried by a military tribunal under military law.[40]

### Fair trial

[edit]

Everyone who is charged with a crime is guaranteed with a set of rights to ensure their fair trial as a defendant by section 25 of the Act. These rights are, the right to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial court, the right to be tried without an undue delay, the right to a presumption of innocence, the protection against self-incrimination through the right not to be compelled to be a witness or profess guilt.[41]

Furthermore, the defendant has the right to be present at their own trial and present a defence, the right to examine the prosecution's witnesses and to call their own witnesses, the right to retroactive application of the more lenient law, the right to appeal their conviction or sentence to a higher court, and the right for a child to be tried in a manner that is appropriate for their age.[41]

### Double jeopardy and natural justice

[edit]

Double jeopardy is covered in section 26 of the Act, which guarantees that no one should be held liable for an act or omission that at the time it occurred, was not an offence. This protects people from being charged under new crimes for acts or omissions they committed prior to the new crime existing. Furthermore, the protects people from being tried or punished for a crime that they have already been finally convicted, pardoned, or acquitted for.[42]

Everyone is granted the right, in section 27, to the observance of the principles of natural justice by any tribunal or other public authority that has the power to make a determination regarding a person's rights, obligations, or interests that are protected or recognised by law. Furthermore, every person also has the right to bring civil proceedings against, and to defend civil proceedings brought by, the Crown, and to have those proceedings heard, according to law, in the same way as civil proceedings between individuals.[43]

## Remedies

[edit]

The Act does not provide express remedies for when one of the rights contained in the Act has been breached. Despite this, the Court of Appeal has held on several occasions that it has the jurisdiction to develop remedies as it sees fit.[44] The focus remedies under the Act is to provide vindication in such a way that upholds the importance of the right, rather than invokes punishment for its breach.[45] As such, court decisions can often include a combination of remedies in order for the breached right to be properly vindicated.[44]

### Exclusion of evidence

[edit]

A common remedy under the Act is that the evidence obtained through breaching a right is inadmissible in court. This initially developed in the courts as a presumption of exclusion but was subsequently lessened to a balancing exercise where various factors are weighed up to determine the admissibility of evidence tainted by a breach of the Act.[46] This remedy is now reflected in section 30 of the Evidence Act 2006.[47]

### Reduction in sentence

[edit]

A reduction in sentence can be granted as a remedy in cases where section 25(b) of the Act has been breached: the right to be tried without undue delay.[41] In Williams v R [2009] NZSC 41, the Supreme Court held that a reduction in sentence was a more appropriate remedy than a stay of proceedings, except for extremely minor offending.[48]

### Costs

[edit]

The regular rule that costs will follow the event is not always the case under the Act. In some cases, the court can reduce costs for claims under the Act that were worthy, even if they were ultimately unsuccessful.[49]

### Compensation

[edit]

In Simpson v Attorney-General, the Court of Appeal awarded compensation under the Act. This was a new remedy under the Act. In this case, the plaintiffs were seeking damages for a search warrant executed on their place of residence that was obtained on the basis of incorrect information. The police were informed that the warrant was based on false information, but they continued with the search nonetheless.[50] The Court of Appeal held that the Court had an inherent jurisdiction to develop remedies under the Act, and that compensation was an appropriate remedy in this case. Cooke P stated that the court would "fail in our duty if we did not give an effective remedy to a person whose legislatively affirmed rights have been infringed".[44] The Court of Appeal thus held that there is a public law action available against the Crown for a breach of the Act. It is likely to only be available to those who do not attain a suitable alternative remedy for a breach of the Act.[44]

Compensation under Act is discretionary and the Supreme Court of New Zealand has emphasised that it is just one of many public law remedies and that non-monetary remedies will often be more appropriate.[45] Indeed, there are relatively few examples of where compensation for violations of the Bill of Rights have been awarded.[51] In Udompun v Attorney General, Justice Glazebrook of the Court of Appeal stated that monetary compensation will not be awarded where a more suitable remedy exists.[52] Most significantly, in Taunoa v Attorney-General the Supreme Court of New Zealand awarded compensatory damages for breaches of the Bill of Rights by the Department of Corrections' Behaviour Management Regime.[45]

#### Exemplary damages

[edit]

It is often cited that exemplary damages are an inappropriate remedy under the Act, because the focus should be on compensation rather than punishment.[53] Exemplary damages were awarded in Archbold v Attorney-General [2003] NZAR 563, but William Young J qualified this remedy by stating that he would alternatively have awarded the same amount as public law compensation for the breach. Whether a court can award exemplary damages for a public claim of a breach of the Act is therefore uncertain.[54]

### Declaration of inconsistency

[edit]

A declaration of inconsistency is a remedy in the form of a formal declaration by a court of law that legislation is inconsistent with a right contained in the Act. It was first made available as a remedy following the litigation in Taylor v Attorney-General [2015] 3 NZLR.

The first suggestion that a declaration of inconsistency could be available was in 1992.[55] Following this, Temese v Police (1992) C CRNZ 425 and Quilter v Attorney-General (1998) 1 NZLR 153 both suggested that it could be available in the appropriate case, but fell short of making a declaration. In Moonen v Film and Literature Board of Review [2000] 2 NZLR 9, Tipping J stated that the courts had a duty to indicate when legislation was inconsistent with the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, but it was unclear whether he meant a formal declaration of inconsistency or a mere indication of inconsistency contained within the judgment. In R v Poumako [2000] 2 NZLR 695, Thomas J dissented by making a formal declaration of inconsistency. It followed in Zaoui v Attorney-General [2005] 1 NZLR 577 that the Court held that Moonen and Poumako had established a jurisdiction for courts to issue a formal declaration of inconsistency. However, in R v Hansen [2007] NZSC 7, while the Court of Appeal established that courts could inquire into the consistency of legislation with the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, they did not make a formal declaration of inconsistency.

In July 2015, Heath J at the High Court of Auckland in Taylor v Attorney-General issued a formal declaration of inconsistency that an electoral law amendment introduced by the Fifth National Government that removed the ability of inmates voting rights, section 80(1)(d) Electoral Act 1993, was an unjustified limitation under section 12(a) of the Act, which prescribes voting rights to all citizens aged 18 years and over.[56] This was the first declaration of inconsistency in New Zealand.[9]

This was appealed to the Court of Appeal by the Attorney-General who argued that the Court had no jurisdiction to issue a declaration of inconsistency unless it was expressly authorised by legislation, the Court of Appeal called this a "bold argument"[57] and said that "inconsistency between statutes is a question of interpretation...and it lies within the province of the courts."[58] Furthermore Speaker of the House David Carter in the case challenged the use of parliamentary proceedings in the High Court decision and argued that this was a breach of parliamentary privilege.[8] In its ruling, concluded that no breach of parliamentary privilege occurred and that senior courts had the jurisdiction to make a declaration of inconsistency.[59] This was then further appealed by the Attorney-General to the Supreme Court which dismissed the appeal and upheld the judgment by the Court of Appeal.[10] As such, declarations of inconsistency are an available remedy under the Act.

On 29 August 2022, the New Zealand Bill of Rights (Declarations of Inconsistency) Amendment Act 2022 received Royal assent and commenced on the same day. The amendment act introduced a legal requirement for the Attorney-General to notify parliament when a declaration of inconsistency is made, and further that the responsible Minister must present a report to parliament that details the government's response to the declaration.[11] On 21 November 2022, the Supreme Court in Make It 16 Incorporated v Attorney-General affirmed the jurisdiction confirmed by the court in Attorney-General v Taylor and noted the passing of the amendment act.[60]

### Other remedies

[edit]

Several other remedies were suggested to be available in R v Taylor (1996) 14 CRNZ 426. These included a reduction in the penalty, police disciplinary proceedings, criminal prosecution, a declaration, or future-looking relief.[61] Other remedies have included special jury directions, and orders that witness testimony be disregarded.[62] It can often depend on the nature of the right breached as to what remedy will be appropriate to vindicate that breach.[45]

### The future of Bill of Rights remedies

[edit]

Article 2(3) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights requires parties to the treaty to ensure that any person whose rights and freedoms have been breached to have an effective remedy. It is often argued by New Zealand academics that the lack of express remedies in the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 does not meet this requirement.[63] Such as, the lack of an express remedy like the judicial power to strike down legislation that is inconsistent with the Act.[63]

It is an ongoing conversation amongst legal academics in New Zealand as to whether there should be an entrenched constitutional Bill of Rights that gives the court the power to strike down inconsistent legislation.[64] This would provide a remedy to breaches of the Act as the courts could uphold the right, rather than finding it to be subservient to the contradictory legislation under section 4. The UN Human Rights Committee criticised New Zealand for the lack of court power to strike down legislation inconsistent with the Act. They equated this lack of power with a lack of human rights protection.[65] Geoffrey Palmer and Andrew Butler published a book in 2016 entitled A Constitution for Aotearoa New Zealand that laid out a proposed entrenched bill of rights, including a judicial power of strike down.[66] This was intended to start a conversation in New Zealand as to whether entrenching their Bill of Rights in a constitution was the way forward.[67][68]

The resistance to an entrenched Bill of Rights in New Zealand is partly because the country is currently governed by parliamentary sovereignty. Giving the courts the power to strike down Parliament's legislation would be contrary to the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy.[69] There is also resistance because the protection of human rights is not regarded as the courts' responsibility, but instead seen as requiring involvement by all branches of government.[70]

## See also

[edit]

* Constitution of New Zealand
* New Zealand Human Rights Commission

## External links

[edit]

* New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990
* Ministry of Justice pamphlet on the Bill of Rights (PDF)
* Public Address: A Clayton's Bill of Rights
* New Zealand Herald: Bill of Rights unlikely to grow up
* A Constitution for Aotearoa New Zealand

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b c Tellers are considered as voting with their respective side, but their votes are not officially cast and therefore not included in the final vote.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990.
2. ^ a b New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, s 1(2).
3. ^ a b c d e f "New Zealand Bill of Rights Bill". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 502\. New Zealand Parliament: New Zealand House of Representatives. 10 October 1989.
4. ^ a b c "New Zealand Bill of Rights Bill". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 510\. New Zealand Parliament: New Zealand House of Representatives. 14 August 1990.
5. ^ a b c d "New Zealand Bill of Rights Bill". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 510\. New Zealand Parliament: New Zealand House of Representatives. 24 August 1990.
6. ^ Cabinet Manual 2017. Cabinet Office, Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet. 2017. p. 2\. ISBN 978-0-947520-02-1. "The other major sources of the constitution include: [...] Other relevant New Zealand statutes, such as [...] the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990."
7. ^ Rishworth, Paul; Huscroft, Grant; Optican, Scott; Mahoney, Richard (2003). The New Zealand Bill of Rights. Oxford University Press. p. 40\. ISBN 978-0-19-558361-8.
8. ^ a b Attorney-General v Taylor [2017] NZCA 1706 at [215].
9. ^ a b Ip, John (2020). "Attorney-General v Taylor: A Constitutional Milestone?". New Zealand Law Journal. 35.
10. ^ a b Attorney-General v Taylor [2018] NZSC 104.
11. ^ a b New Zealand Bill of Rights (Declarations of Inconsistency) Amendment Act 2022, s 4.
12. ^ Palmer, Geoffrey (1985). "A Bill of Rights for New Zealand: A White Paper". Government Printer, Wellington.
13. ^ a b McGrath, John (May 1992). "The Bill of Rights and the Legislative Process" (PDF). New Zealand Legal Research Foundation Seminar Papers. 5: 98–108\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
14. ^ Mapp, Wayne (1994). "New Zealand's Bill of Rights: A Provisional Assessment". Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. 1 (1): 82. JSTOR 43198666.
15. ^ A. V., Dicey (1915). Introduction to the Study of Law and the Constitution (8th ed.). pp. 37–38.
16. ^ Butler, Andrew S. (Summer 1997). "The Bill of Rights Debate: Why the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 Is a Bad Model for Britain". Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. 17 (2): 324. JSTOR 764594.
17. ^ Palmer, Geoffrey (1985). "A Bill of Rights for New Zealand: A White Paper". Government Printer, Wellington: 53.
18. ^ New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, s 3.
19. ^ New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, s 4 and 6.
20. ^ Dr A S Butler and Dr P Butler Laws of New Zealand Human Rights: Operation of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 (online ed) at [44] to [50].
21. ^ New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, s 5.
22. ^ Branch, Legislative Services (9 April 2024). "Consolidated federal laws of Canada, The Constitution Acts 1867 to 1982". laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Retrieved 23 April 2025.
23. ^ New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, s 7.
24. ^ Patel, Nilay B. (Spring 2007). "Strengthening Section 7 of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act" (PDF). Australasian Parliamentary Review. 22 (2): 60. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
25. ^ a b New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, ss 8 to 11.
26. ^ a b c d e f g "Limitations on the government: your minimum rights - The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act (BORA)". Community Law. Archived from the original on 29 June 2025. Retrieved 29 June 2025.
27. ^ New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, s 12.
28. ^ New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, s 13.
29. ^ New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, s 15.
30. ^ New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, s 14.
31. ^ New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, ss 16 and 17.
32. ^ Ip, John (2010). "What a Difference a Bill of Rights Makes? The Case of the Right to Protest in New Zealand". New Zealand Universities Law Review. 24 (2).
33. ^ New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, s 18.
34. ^ New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, s 19.
35. ^ Human Rights Act 1993, s 21.
36. ^ New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, s 20.
37. ^ New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, s 21.
38. ^ New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, s 22.
39. ^ New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, s 23.
40. ^ a b New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, s 24.
41. ^ a b c New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, s 25.
42. ^ New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, s 26.
43. ^ New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, s 27.
44. ^ a b c d Simpson v Attorney General [1993] NZHC 350, [1994] 3 NZLR 667, [Baigent's case].
45. ^ a b c d Taunoa v Attorney-General [2007] NZSC 70, [2008] 1 NZLR 462.
46. ^ R v Shaheed [2002] 2 NZLR 377.
47. ^ Evidence Act 2006, s 30.
48. ^ Williams v R [2009] NZSC 41 at [18].
49. ^ Wong v Registrar of the Auckland High Court [2008] NZHC 231, (2008) 19 PRNZ 32.
50. ^ Simpson v Attorney General [1993] NZHC 350 at [44], [1994] 3 NZLR 667, [Baigent's case].
51. ^ Upton v Green (No 2) (1996) 3 HRNZ 179; Binstead v Northern Region Domestic Violence (Programmes) Approval Panel [2000] NZAR 865; Brown v Attorney-General [2005] 2 NZLR 405
52. ^ Attorney-General v Udompun [2005] NZCA 128.
53. ^ Small v Attorney-General (2000) 6 HRNZ 218 (HC).
54. ^ S v Attorney-General [2003] NZCA 149, [2003] 3 NZLR 450.
55. ^ F M Brookfield “Constitutional Law” [1992] NZ Recent Law Review 231.
56. ^ Taylor v Attorney-General [2015] NZHC 1706 at [112].
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Data related to New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 at Wikidata