New media art

Artworks designed and produced by means of electronic media technologies

Newskool ASCII Screenshot with the words “Closed Society II” Eduardo Kac's installation "Genesis" Ars Electronica 1999 10.000 moving cities, Marc Lee, 2013, National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art Seoul, Korea

New media art includes artworks designed and produced by means of electronic media technologies. It comprises virtual art, computer graphics, computer animation, digital art, interactive art, sound art, Internet art, video games, robotics, 3D printing, immersive installation and cyborg art. The term defines itself by the thereby created artwork, which differentiates itself from that deriving from conventional visual arts such as architecture, painting or sculpture.

New media art has origins in the worlds of science, art, and performance. Some common themes found in new media art include databases, political and social activism, Afrofuturism, feminism, and identity, a ubiquitous theme found throughout is the incorporation of new technology into the work. The emphasis on medium is a defining feature of much contemporary art and many art schools and major universities now offer majors in "New Genres" or "New Media" and a growing number of graduate programs have emerged internationally.[1]

New media art may involve degrees of interaction between artwork and observer or between the artist and the public, as is the case in performance art. Several theorists and curators have noted that such forms of interaction do not distinguish new media art but rather serve as a common ground that has parallels in other strands of contemporary art practice.[2] Such insights emphasize the forms of cultural practice that arise concurrently with emerging technological platforms, and question the focus on technological media per se. New media art involves complex curation and preservation practices that make collecting, installing, and exhibiting the works harder than most other mediums.[3] Many cultural centers and museums have been established to cater to the advanced needs of new media art.

## History

[edit]

Main article: Media art history

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The origins of new media art can be traced to the moving image inventions of the 19th century such as the phenakistiscope (1833), the praxinoscope (1877) and Eadweard Muybridge's zoopraxiscope (1879). From the 1900s through the 1960s, various forms of kinetic and light art, from Thomas Wilfred's 'Lumia' (1919) and 'Clavilux' light organs[4] to Jean Tinguely's self-destructing sculpture Homage to New York (1960) can be seen as progenitors of new media art.[5]

Steve Dixon in his book Digital Performance: New Technologies in Theatre, Dance and Performance Art argues that the early twentieth century avant-garde art movement Futurism was the birthplace of the merging of technology and performance art. Some early examples of performance artists who experimented with then state-of-the-art lighting, film, and projection include dancers Loïe Fuller and Valentine de Saint-Point. Cartoonist Winsor McCay performed in sync with an animated Gertie the Dinosaur on tour in 1914. By the 1920s many Cabaret acts began incorporating film projection into performances.[5]

Robert Rauschenberg's piece Broadcast (1959), composed of three interactive re-tunable radios and a painting, is considered one of the first examples of interactive art. German artist Wolf Vostell experimented with television sets in his (1958) installation TV De-collages. Vostell's work influenced Nam June Paik, who created sculptural installations featuring hundreds of television sets that displayed distorted and abstract footage.[5]

Beginning in Chicago during the 1970s, there was a surge of artists experimenting with video art and combining recent computer technology with their traditional mediums, including sculpture, photography, and graphic design. Many of the artists involved were grad students at The School of the Art Institute of Chicago, including Kate Horsfield and Lyn Blumenthal, who co-founded the Video Data Bank in 1976.[6] Another artists involved was Donna Cox, she collaborated with mathematician George Francis and computer scientist Ray Idaszak on the project Venus in Time which depicted mathematical data as 3D digital sculptures named for their similarities to Paleolithic Venus statues.[7] In 1982 artist Ellen Sandor and her team called (art)n Laboratory created the medium called PHSCologram, which stands for photography, holography, sculpture, and computer graphics. Her visualization of the AIDS virus was depicted on the cover of IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications in November 1988.[6] At the University of Illinois in 1989, members of the Electronic Visualization Laboratory Carolina Cruz-Neira, Thomas DeFanti, and Daniel J. Sandin collaborated to create what is known as CAVE or Cave Automatic Virtual Environment an early virtual reality immersion using rear projection.[8]

In 1983, Roy Ascott introduced the concept of "distributed authorship" in his worldwide telematic project La Plissure du Texte[9] for Frank Popper's "Electra" at the Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris. The development of computer graphics at the end of the 1980s and real time technologies in the 1990s combined with the spreading of the Web and the Internet favored the emergence of new and various forms of interactive art by Ken Feingold, Lynn Hershman Leeson, David Rokeby, Ken Rinaldo, Perry Hoberman, Tamas Waliczky; telematic art by Roy Ascott, Paul Sermon, Michael Bielický; Internet art by Vuk Ćosić, Jodi; virtual and immersive art by Jeffrey Shaw, Maurice Benayoun, Monika Fleischmann, and large scale urban installation by Rafael Lozano-Hemmer. In Geneva, the Centre pour l'Image Contemporaine or CIC coproduced with Centre Georges Pompidou from Paris and the Museum Ludwig in Cologne the first internet video archive of new media art.[10]

Maurizio Bolognini, Sealed Computers (Nice, France, 1992–1998). This installation uses computer codes to create endless flows of random images that nobody would see. (Images are continuously generated but they are prevented from becoming a physical artwork).[11] World Skin (1997), Maurice Benayoun's Virtual Reality Interactive Installation (Photo Safari in the Land of War)

Simultaneously advances in biotechnology have also allowed artists like Eduardo Kac to begin exploring DNA and genetics as a new art medium.[12]

Influences on new media art have been the theories developed around interaction, hypertext, databases, and networks. Important thinkers in this regard have been Vannevar Bush and Theodor Nelson, whereas comparable ideas can be found in the literary works of Jorge Luis Borges, Italo Calvino, and Julio Cortázar.

## Themes

[edit]

In the book New Media Art, Mark Tribe and Reena Jana named several themes that contemporary new media art addresses, including computer art, collaboration, identity, appropriation, open sourcing, telepresence, surveillance, corporate parody, as well as intervention and hacktivism.[13] In the book Postdigitale,[14] Maurizio Bolognini suggested that new media artists have one common denominator, which is a self-referential relationship with the new technologies, the result of finding oneself inside an epoch-making transformation determined by technological development.

New media art does not appear as a set of homogeneous practices, but as a complex field converging around three main elements: 1) the art system, 2) scientific and industrial research, and 3) political-cultural media activism.[15] There are significant differences between scientist-artists, activist-artists and technological artists closer to the art system, who not only have different training and technocultures, but have different artistic production.[16] This should be taken into account in examining the several themes addressed by new media art.

Non-linearity can be seen as an important topic to new media art by artists developing interactive, generative, collaborative, immersive artworks like Jeffrey Shaw or Maurice Benayoun who explored the term as an approach to looking at varying forms of digital projects where the content relays on the user's experience. This is a key concept since people acquired the notion that they were conditioned to view everything in a linear and clear-cut fashion. Now, art is stepping out of that form and allowing for people to build their own experiences with the piece. Non-linearity describes a project that escape from the conventional linear narrative coming from novels, theater plays and movies. Non-linear art usually requires audience participation or at least, the fact that the "visitor" is taken into consideration by the representation, altering the displayed content. The participatory aspect of new media art, which for some artists has become integral, emerged from Allan Kaprow's Happenings and became with Internet, a significant component of contemporary art.

The inter-connectivity and interactivity of the internet, as well as the fight between corporate interests, governmental interests, and public interests that gave birth to the web today, inspire a lot of current new media art.

### Databases

[edit]

One of the key themes in new media art is to create visual views of databases. Pioneers in this area include Lisa Strausfeld, Martin Wattenberg[17] and Alberto Frigo.[18] From 2004 to 2014 George Legrady's piece "Making Visible the Invisible" displayed the normally unseen library metadata of items recently checked out at the Seattle Public Library on six LCD monitors behind the circulation desk.[19] Database aesthetics holds at least two attractions to new media artists: formally, as a new variation on non-linear narratives; and politically as a means to subvert what is fast becoming a form of control and authority.

### Political and social activism

[edit]

Many new media art projects also work with themes like politics and social consciousness, allowing for social activism through the interactive nature of the media. New media art includes "explorations of code and user interface; interrogations of archives, databases, and networks; production via automated scraping, filtering, cloning, and recombinatory techniques; applications of user-generated content (UGC) layers; crowdsourcing ideas on social- media platforms; narrowcasting digital selves on "free" websites that claim copyright; and provocative performances that implicate audiences as participants".[20]

### Afrofuturism

[edit]

Afrofuturism is an interdisciplinary genre that explores the African diaspora experience, predominantly in the United States, by deconstructing the past and imagining the future through the themes of technology, science fiction, and fantasy. Musician Sun Ra, believed to be one of the founders of Afrofuturism, thought a blend of technology and music could help humanity overcome the ills of society.[21] His band, The Sun Ra Arkestra, combined traditional Jazz with sound and performance art and were among the first musicians to perform with a synthesizer.[22] The twenty-first century has seen a resurgence of Afrofuturism aesthetics and themes with artists and cooperation's like Jessi Jumanji and Black Quantum Futurism and art educational centers like Black Space in Durham, North Carolina.[23]

### Feminism and the female experience

[edit]

Japanese artist Mariko Mori's multimedia installation piece Wave UFO (1999–2003) sought to examine the science and perceptions behind the study of consciousness and neuroscience. Exploring the ways that these fields undertake research in a materially reductionist manner. Mori's work emphasized the need for these fields to become more holistic and incorporate insights and understanding of the world from philosophy and the humanities.[24] Swiss artist Pipilotti Rist's (2008) immersive video installation Pour Your Body Out explores the dichotomy of beauty and the grotesque in the natural world and their relation to the female experience. The large-scale 360-degree installation featured breast-shaped projectors and circular pink pillows that invited viewers to relax and immerse themselves in the vibrant colors, psychedelic music, and partake in meditation and yoga.[24] American filmmaker and artist Lynn Hershman Leeson explores in her films the themes of identity, technology and the erasure of women's roles and contributions to technology. Her (1999) film Conceiving Ada depicts a computer scientist and new media artist named Emmy as she attempts and succeeds at creating a way to communicate through cyberspace with Ada Lovelace, an Englishwoman who created the first computer program in the 1840s via a form of artificial intelligence.[25]

### Identity

[edit]

With its roots in outsider art, New Media has been an ideal medium for an artist to explore the topics of identity and representation. In Canada, Indigenous multidisciplinary artists like Cheryl L'Hirondelle and Kent Monkman have incorporated themes about gender, identity, activism, and colonization in their work.[26] Monkman, a Cree artist, performs and appears as their alter ego Miss Chief Eagle Testickle, in film, photography, painting, installation, and performance art. Monkman describes Miss Chief as a representation of a two-spirit or non-binary persona that does not fall under the traditional description of drag.[27]

## Future of new media art

[edit]

The emergence of 3D printing has introduced a new bridge to new media art, joining the virtual and the physical worlds. The rise of this technology has allowed artists to blend the computational base of new media art with the traditional physical form of sculpture. A pioneer in this field was artist Jonty Hurwitz who created the first known anamorphosis sculpture using this technique.

## Longevity

[edit]

As the technologies used to deliver works of new media art such as film, tapes, web browsers, software and operating systems become obsolete, New Media art faces serious issues around the challenge to preserve artwork beyond the time of its contemporary production. Currently, research projects into New media art preservation are underway to improve the preservation and documentation of the fragile media arts heritage (see DOCAM – Documentation and Conservation of the Media Arts Heritage).

Methods of preservation exist, including the translation of a work from an obsolete medium into a related new medium,[28] the digital archiving of media (see the Rhizome ArtBase, which holds over 2000 works, and the Internet Archive), and the use of emulators to preserve work dependent on obsolete software or operating system environments.[29][30]

Around the mid-90s, the issue of storing works in digital form became a concern. Digital art such as moving images, multimedia, interactive programs, and computer-generated art has different properties than physical artwork such as oil paintings and sculptures. Unlike analog technologies, a digital file can be recopied onto a new medium without any deterioration of content. One of the problems with preserving digital art is that the formats continuously change over time. Former examples of transitions include that from 8-inch floppy disks to 5.25-inch floppies, 3-inch diskettes to CD-ROMs, and DVDs to flash drives. On the horizon is the obsolescence of flash drives and portable hard drives, as data is increasingly held in online cloud storage.[31]

Museums and galleries thrive off of being able to accommodate the presentation and preservation of physical artwork. New media art challenges the original methods of the art world when it comes to documentation, its approach to collection and preservation. Technology continues to advance, and the nature and structure of art organizations and institutions will remain in jeopardy. The traditional roles of curators and artist are continually changing, and a shift to new collaborative models of production and presentation is needed.[32]

### Preservation

[edit]

See also Conservation and restoration of new media art

New media art encompasses various mediums all which require their own preservation approaches.[3] Due to the vast technical aspects involved no established digital preservation guidelines fully encompass the spectrum of new media art.[33] New media art falls under the category of "complex digital object" in the Digital Curation Centre's digital curation lifecycle model which involves specialized or totally unique preservation techniques.  Complex digital objects preservation has an emphasis on the inherent connection of the components of the piece.[34]

## Education

[edit]

In New Media programs, students are able to get acquainted with the newest forms of creation and communication. New Media students learn to identify what is or isn't "new" about certain technologies.[35] Science and the market will always present new tools and platforms for artists and designers. Students learn how to sort through new emerging technological platforms and place them in a larger context of sensation, communication, production, and consumption.

When obtaining a bachelor's degree in New Media, students will primarily work through practice of building experiences that utilize new and old technologies and narrative. Through the construction of projects in various media, they acquire technical skills, practice vocabularies of critique and analysis, and gain familiarity with historical and contemporary precedents.[35]

In the United States, many Bachelor's and Master's level programs exist with concentrations on Media Art, New Media, Media Design, Digital Media and Interactive Arts.[36]

## Theorists and historians

[edit]

Notable art theorists and historians working in this field include:

* Roy Ascott
* Maurice Benayoun
* Christine Buci-Glucksmann
* Jack Burnham
* Mario Costa
* Edmond Couchot
* Fred Forest
* Oliver Grau
* Margot Lovejoy
* Lev Manovich
* Robert C. Morgan
* Dominique Moulon
* Christiane Paul
* Catherine Perret
* Frank Popper
* Edward A. Shanken

## Types

[edit]

The term New Media Art is generally applied to disciplines such as:

* Artistic computer game modification
* ASCII art
* Bio Art
* Cyberformance
* Computer art
* Critical making
* Digital art
* Demoscene
* Digital poetry
* Electronic art
* Experimental musical instrument building
* Evolutionary art
* Fax art
* Generative art
* Glitch art
* Hypertext
* Information art
* Interactive art
* Kinetic art
* Light art
* Motion graphics
* Net art
* Performance art
* Radio art
* Robotic art
* Software art
* Sound art
* Systems art
* Telematic art
* Video art
* Video games
* Virtual art

## Artists

[edit]

Main article: List of new media artists

## Cultural centres

[edit]

* Australian Network for Art and Technology
* Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe
* Centre pour l'Image Contemporaine
* Daniel Langlois Foundation
* Eyebeam Art and Technology Center
* FACT Liverpool
* Foundation for Art and Creative Technology
* Gray Area Foundation for the Arts
* Harvestworks
* InterAccess
* Los Angeles Center for Digital Art (LACDA)
* Netherlands Media Art Institute
* NTT InterCommunication Center
* Rhizome (organization)
* RIXC
* School for Poetic Computation (SFPC)
* School of the Art Institute of Chicago
* Squeaky Wheel: Film and Media Arts Center
* V2 Institute for the Unstable Media
* WORM

## See also

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to New media art.

* ART/MEDIA
* Artmedia
* Aspect magazine
* Culture jamming
* Digital media
* Digital puppetry
* Electronic Language International Festival
* Electronic literature
* Expanded Cinema
* Experiments in Art and Technology
* Interactive film
* Interactive media
* Intermedia
* LA Freewaves
* Net.art
* New media art festivals
* New media artist
* New media art journals
* New media art preservation
* Remix culture
* VJing

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Shanken, Edward A. (2005). "Artists in Industry and the Academy: Collaborative Research, Interdisciplinary Scholarship and the Creation and Interpretation of Hybrid Forms". Leonardo. 38 (5). MIT Press - Journals: 415–418\. doi:10.1162/leon.2005.38.5.415. ISSN 0024-094X. S2CID 55958365.
2. ^ "Contemporary Art and New Media: Toward a Hybrid Discourse?". 15 February 2011.
3. ^ a b Paul, Christiane (2012). "The myth of immateriality – presenting new media art". Technoetic Arts. 10 (2): 167–172\. doi:10.1386/tear.10.2-3.167_7.
4. ^ Eskilson, Stephen (2003). "Thomas Wilfred and Intermedia: Seeking a Framework for Lumia". Leonardo. 36 (1). MIT Press - Journals: 65–68\. doi:10.1162/002409403321152347. ISSN 0024-094X. S2CID 57568475.
5. ^ a b c Dixon, S. (2015). Digital Performance: A History of New Media in Theater, Dance, Performance Art, and Installation. Leonardo. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-52752-1.
6. ^ a b Cox et al. 2018, p. 50-70.
7. ^ Cox et al. 2018, p. 165–169.
8. ^ Cox et al. 2018, p. 85-91.
9. ^ "La Plissure du Texte". 1904.cc. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02.
10. ^ "Nouveaux Media – New Media – Neue Medien". www.newmedia-art.org.
11. ^ Broeckmann, Andreas (2007). "Image, Process, Performance, Machine: Aspects of an Aesthetics of the Machinic". In Oliver Grau (ed.). Media Art Histories. Cambridge: MIT Press. pp. 204–205\. doi:10.7551/mitpress/4530.003.0014. ISBN 978-0-262-07279-3.
12. ^ Kac, E. (2007). "Art that looks you in the eye: hybrids, clones, mutants, synthetics, and transgenics". Signs of life: Bio art and beyond. MIT Press. pp. 1–27.
13. ^ Mark Tribe, Reena Jana (2007), New Media Art, Introduction, Rome: Taschen, ISBN 978-3-8228-2537-2
14. ^ Maurizio Bolognini (2008), Postdigitale (in Italian), Rome: Carocci Editore, ISBN 978-88-430-4739-0
15. ^ Catricalà, Valentino (2015). Media Art. Toward a new Definition of Arts in the Age of Technology. Gli Ori. ISBN 978-88-7336-564-8.
16. ^ Maurizio Bolognini (2010). From interactivity to democracy. Towards a post-digital generative art. Artmedia X Proceedings, Paris.
17. ^ Bulajic, Viktorija Vesna (2007). Database aesthetics: art in the age of information overflow. University of Minnesota Press.
18. ^ Moulon, Dominique (2013). Contemporary new media art. Nouvelles éditions Scala.
19. ^ van der Meulen, Sjoukje (2017). "A Strong Couple: New Media and Socially Engaged Art". Leonardo. 50 (2). MIT Press - Journals: 170–176\. doi:10.1162/leon_a_00963. hdl:1874/361010. ISSN 0024-094X.
20. ^ Hudson, D.; Zimmermann, P. (2015-04-09). Thinking Through Digital Media. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-43362-6.
21. ^ Womack, Y.L. (2013). Afrofuturism: The World of Black Sci-Fi and Fantasy Culture. Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-61374-799-5.
22. ^ Youngquist, Paul (2016). A pure solar world: Sun Ra and the birth of Afrofuturism. Austin: University of Texas Press. doi:10.7560/726369. ISBN 978-1-4773-1117-2.
23. ^ Peattie, Peggy (2021-08-26). "Afrofuturism Revelation and Revolution; Voices of the Digital Generation". Journal of Communication Inquiry. 46 (2). SAGE Publications: 161–184\. doi:10.1177/01968599211041117. ISSN 0196-8599. S2CID 239684575.
24. ^ a b Mondloch, K. (2018). A Capsule Aesthetic: Feminist Materialisms in New Media Art. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-5511-7.
25. ^ Kinder, M. (2005). "A cinema of intelligent agents: conceiving ada and teknolust". In Tromble, M. (ed.). The art and films of lynn Hershman leeson: Secret agents, private. University of California Press. pp. 167–181.
26. ^ Nagam, Julie; Swanson, Kerry (2014). "Decolonial Interventions in Performance and New Media Art: In Conversation with Cheryl L'Hirondelle and Kent Monkman". Canadian Theatre Review. 159. University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress): 30–37\. doi:10.3138/ctr.159.006. ISSN 0315-0836. S2CID 194059689.
27. ^ Scudeler, June (2015-12-01). ""Indians on Top": Kent Monkman's Sovereign Erotics". American Indian Culture and Research Journal. 39 (4). California Digital Library (CDL): 19–32\. doi:10.17953/aicrj.39.4.scudeler. ISSN 0161-6463.
28. ^ "Digital Rosetta Stone" (PDF). ercim.org.
29. ^ Rinehart, Richard. "Preserving the Rhizome ArtBase (report)". rhizome.org. Archived from the original on 2005-01-16.
30. ^ Rose, Frank (2016-10-21). "The Mission to Save Vanishing Internet Art". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-11-14.
31. ^ "Longevity of Electronic Art". besser.tsoa.nyu.edu. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
32. ^ Paul, Christiane (2008). New Media in the White Cube and Beyond. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25597-5. OCLC 225871513.
33. ^ Almeida, Nora (2012). "Dismantling the Monolith: post-media art and the culture of instability". Art Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries Society of North America. 31 (1). University of Chicago Press: 2–11\. doi:10.1086/664932. ISSN 0730-7187. JSTOR 664932. S2CID 109627137.
34. ^ Post, Colin (2017). "Preservation practices of new media artists". Journal of Documentation. 73 (4): 716–732\. doi:10.1108/JD-09-2016-0116.
35. ^ a b "The School of Art and Design – University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign". illinois.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-03-02. Retrieved 2013-04-30.
36. ^ "New Media Programs in the United States — Dr. Edgar Huang". www.iupui.edu.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Wardrip-Fruin, Noah; Montfort, Nick, eds. (2003). The New Media Reader. The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-23227-8.
* Maurice Benayoun (July 2011). The Dump, 207 Hypotheses for Committing Art (in French). France: Fyp éditions. ISBN 978-2-916571-64-5.
* Timothy Murray; Derrick de Kerckhove; Oliver Grau; Kristine Stiles; Jean-Baptiste Barrière; Dominique Moulon; Jean-Pierre Balpe (2011). Maurice Benayoun - Open Art (in French). Nouvelles éditions Scala. ISBN 978-2-35988-046-5.
* Bush, Vannevar (1945-07-01). "As We May Think". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 2012-08-22.
* Ascott, Roy (2003). Telematic Embrace: Visionary Theories of Art, Technology, and Consciousness. Berkeley, Calif.: Univ of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21803-1.
* Barreto, Ricardo; Perissinotto, Paula (2002). The Culture of Immanence. INTERNET ART FILE 2002, São Paulo, IMESP. ISBN 85-7060-038-0. Archived from the original (DOC) on 2008-06-25.
* Jorge Luis Borges (1941). "The Garden of Forking Paths." Editorial Sur.
* Bourriaud, Nicolas (2020) [1998]. Relational Aesthetics. Les presses du réel. ISBN 978-2-37896-371-2.
* Buci-Glucksmann, Christine (1999). "L'art à l'époque virtuel". In Olive, Jean-Paul; Amey, Claude (eds.). Les frontières esthétiques de l'art (in French). Paris Montréal (Québec): Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN 2-7384-8262-7.
* Buci-Glucksmann, Christine (2002). La folie du voir: Une esthétique du virtuel (in French). Paris: Editions Galilée. ISBN 978-2-7186-0599-9.
* Catricalà, Valentino (2015-01-01). "Media Art. Towards a New Definition of Arts in the Age of Technology". Academia.edu.
* Graham, Beryl; Cook, Sarah (2010). Rethinking Curating: Art After New Media. Cambridge: MIT Press (MA). ISBN 978-0-262-01388-8.
* "Curating New Media – Beryl Graham & Sarah Cook on the challenges of exhibiting massless media". Art Monthly. No. 261\. November 2002.
* Cook, Sarah (2010). A Brief History of Curating New Media Art – Conversations with Curators. Berlin: Damaris Publishing. ISBN 978-3-941644-20-5.
* Cook, Sarah (2010). A Brief History of Working with New Media Art – Conversations with Artists. Berlin: The Green-Box-Kunst-Ed. ISBN 978-3-941644-21-2.
* Fleischmann, Monika; Reinhard, Ulrike (2004). Digitale Transformationen : Medienkunst als Schnittstelle von Kunst, Wissenschaft, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft [Digital Transformations – Media Art as at the Interface between Art, Science, Economy and Society] (in German). Heidelberg: WHOIS Verlags- & Vetriebsgesellschaft. ISBN 978-3-934013-38-4.
* Fleischmann, Monika; Strauss, Wolfgang, eds. (2001). CAST01//Living in Mixed Realities. ISSN 1618-1387.
* Shapiro, Alan N. (2010). "Preface". In Gatti, Gianna Maria (ed.). The Technological Herbarium. Avinus Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86938-012-4.
* Gere, Charlie (2002). Digital Culture. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-143-3.
* Paul Brown; Charlie Gere; Nicholas Lambert; Catherine Mason, eds. (2008). White Heat Cold Logic: British Computer Art 1960–1980. MIT Press/Leonardo Books. ISBN 978-0-262-02653-6.
* Graham, Philip Mitchell, New Epoch Art, InterACTA: Journal of the Art Teachers Association of Victoria, Published by ACTA, Parkville, Victoria, No 4, 1990, ISSN 0159-9135, Cited In APAIS. This database is available on the Informit Online Internet Service or on CD-ROM, or on Australian Public Affairs – Full Text
* Grau, Oliver (2003). Virtual Art: From Illusion to Immersion. Cambridge (Mass.): Mit Press. ISBN 0-262-07241-6.
* Grau, Oliver (2007). MediaArtHistories. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-07279-3.
* Hansen, Mark (2004). New Philosophy for New Media. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-08321-8.
* Higgins, Dick (February 1966). "Intermedia". The Something else Newsletter. 1 (1).
* Lopes, Dominic McIver. (2009). A Philosophy of Computer Art. London: Routledge
* Manovich, Lev (2002-02-22). The Language of New Media. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-63255-1.
* Manovich, Lev (2002). "Ten Key Texts on Digital Art: 1970-2000". Leonardo. 35 (5). MIT Press - Journals: 567–575\. doi:10.1162/002409402320774385. ISSN 0024-094X. S2CID 57566892.
* Manovich, Lev (2003-02-14). "New Media from Borges to HTML" (PDF). In Wardrip-Fruin, Noah; Montfort, Nick (eds.). The New Media Reader. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-23227-2.
* Mondloch, Kate (2010). Screens: Viewing Media Installation Art. Minneapolis, Minn: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-6522-8.
* Paul, Christiane (2003). Digital Art. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-20367-9.
* Paul, Christiane (2007-01-27). "Challenges for a Ubiquitous Museum: Presenting and Preserving New Media". NeMe.
* Robert C. Morgan, Commentaries on the New Media Arts Pasadena, CA: Umbrella Associates,1992
* Janet Murray (2003). "Inventing the Medium", The New Media Reader. MIT Press.
* Frank Popper (2007) From Technological to Virtual Art, MIT Press/Leonardo Books
* Frank Popper (1997) Art of the Electronic Age, Thames & Hudson
* Edward Shanken (2009-02-09). "Writings on Contemporary Art and New Media".
* Shanken, Edward A. (2009-02-21). Art and Electronic Media. London New York [Lagny-sur-Marne]: Phaidon. ISBN 978-0-7148-4782-5.
* Tribe, Mark; Jana, Reena (2009). New Media Art. Basic art series. Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8365-1413-2. Archived from the original on 2010-07-05.
* Usselmann, Rainer (2003). "The Dilemma of Media Art: Cybernetic Serendipity at the ICA London". Leonardo. 36 (5). MIT Press - Journals: 389–396\. doi:10.1162/002409403771048191. ISSN 0024-094X. S2CID 263470200.
* Rainer Usselmann, (2002) "About Interface: Actualisation and Totality", University of Southampton
* Wands, Bruce (2006). Art of the Digital Age. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-23817-0.
* Whitelaw, Mitchell (2006). Metacreation: Art and Artificial Life. Cambridge, Mass London: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-73176-2.
* Dietz, Steve (2004-02-16). "Collecting New Media Art: Just Like Anything Else, Only Different". NeMe.
* Worms, Anne-Cécile (2008). Arts Numériques: Tendances, Artistes, Lieux et Festivals (in French). M21 Editions. ISBN 978-2-916260-33-4. Archived from the original on 2018-06-25.
* Youngblood, Gene (1970). Expanded Cinema. New York. E.P. Dutton & Company.
* Prada, Juan Martín (2012-04-12). Prácticas artísticas e internet en la época de las redes sociales (in Spanish). Ediciones Akal, S.A. ISBN 978-84-460-3517-6.
* New Media Faculty, (2011). "New Media", University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
* Hiekel, Jörn Peter (2009). Vernetzungen: Neue Musik im Spannungsfeld von Wissenschaft und Technik (in German). Institut für Neue Musik und Musikerziehung Darmstadt. OCLC 320198124.
* Bailey, Chris; Gardiner, Hazel (2016-04-08). Revisualizing Visual Culture. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315606286. ISBN 978-1-317-06349-0.
* Hudson, Dale; Zimmermann, Patricia R. (2009). "Taking things apart: Migratory archives, locative media, and micropublics". Afterimage. 36 (4): 14–19\. doi:10.1525/aft.2009.36.4.15.
* Moss, Ceci (2008-12-03). "Thoughts on "New Media Artists vs Artists With Computers"". Rhizome.
* Nechvatal, Joseph (2013-08-20). "Whither Art? David Joselit's Digital Art Problem". Hyperallergic.
* Joselit, David (2013). After Art. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15044-4.
* Guertin, Carolyn (2012-04-26). Digital Prohibition: Piracy and authorship in new media art. London: Continuum. ISBN 978-1-4411-0610-0.
* Catricalà, Valentino (2013-01-01). "Come l'avanguardia inventò il futuro. L'Optofono di Raoul Hausman, la "visione elettromeccanica di Lissitzky e le forme dell'energia" [How the avant-garde invented the future. The Raoul Hausmann’s Optophone, the Lissitzky‘s "electromecchanic vision" and the shapes of energies]. In "Imago. Rivista di studi sul cinema e i media" (in Italian).
* Hudson, D.; Zimmermann, P. (2015-04-09). Thinking Through Digital Media: Transnational Environments and Locative Places. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-43362-6.
* Strehovec, Janez; Baldwin, Sandy (2016-10-08). Text as Ride: Electronic Literature and New Media Art. Computing Literature. West Virginia University Press. ISBN 9781943665372. OCLC 959956315.
* Cox, D.; Sandor, E.; Fron, J.; Wainwright, L.; Balsamo, A.; Malloy, J.; Cruz-Niera, C.; Bushell, C.; Goggin, N.; Rasmussen, M. (2018). New Media Futures: The Rise of Women in the Digital Arts. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-05018-3.

* v
* t
* e

Premodern, Modern and Contemporary art movements

List of art movements/periods

Premodern
(Western)|

| Ancient|

* Thracian
* Dacian
* Nuragic
* Aegean
* Cycladic
* Minoan
* Minyan ware
* Mycenaean
* Greek
* Sub-Mycenaean
* Protogeometric
* Geometric
* Orientalizing
* Archaic
* Black-figure
* Red-figure
* Severe style
* Classical
* Kerch style
* Hellenistic
* "Baroque"
* Indo-Greek
* Greco-Buddhist
* Neo-Attic
* Etruscan
* Scythian
* Iberian
* Gaulish
* Roman
* Republican
* Gallo-Roman
* Julio-Claudian
* Pompeian Styles
* Trajanic
* Severan

|

Medieval|

* Late antique
* Early Christian
* Coptic
* Ethiopian
* Migration Period
* Anglo-Saxon
* Hunnic
* Insular
* Lombard
* Visigothic
* Donor portrait
* Pictish
* Mozarabic
* Repoblación
* Viking
* Byzantine
* Iconoclast
* Macedonian
* Palaeologan
* Italo-Byzantine
* Frankish
* Merovingian
* Carolingian
* Pre-Romanesque
* Ottonian
* Romanesque
* Mosan
* Spanish
* Norman
* Norman-Sicilian
* Opus Anglicanum
* Gothic
* Gothic art in Milan
* International Gothic
* International Gothic art in Italy
* Lucchese school
* Crusades
* Moscow school
* Novgorod school
* Vladimir-Suzdal school
* Duecento
* Sienese school
* Mudéjar
* Medieval cartography
* Italian school
* Majorcan school
* Mappa mundi

Renaissance|

* Italian Renaissance
* Trecento
* Proto-Renaissance
* Florentine school
* Pittura infamante
* Quattrocento
* Ferrarese school
* Forlivese school
* Venetian school
* Cinquecento
* High Renaissance
* Bolognese school
* Mannerism
* Counter-Maniera
* Northern Renaissance
* Early Netherlandish
* World landscape
* Ghent–Bruges school
* Northern Mannerism
* German Renaissance
* Cologne school
* Danube school
* Dutch and Flemish Renaissance
* Antwerp Mannerism
* Romanism
* Still life
* English Renaissance
* Tudor court
* Cretan school
* Turquerie
* Fontainebleau school
* Art of the late 16th century in Milan

17th century|

* Baroque
* Baroque in Milan
* Flemish Baroque
* Caravaggisti
* in Utrecht
* Tenebrism
* Louis XIII style
* Lutheran Baroque
* Stroganov school
* Animal painting
* Guild of Romanists
* Dutch Golden Age
* Delft school
* Capriccio
* Heptanese school
* Classicism
* Louis XIV style
* Poussinists and Rubenists

18th century|

* Rococo
* Rocaille
* Louis XV style
* Frederician
* Chinoiserie
* Fête galante
* Neoclassicism
* Goût grec
* Louis XVI style
* Adam style
* Directoire style
* Neoclassical architecture in Milan
* Picturesque

Colonial art|

* Art of the African diaspora
* African-American
* Caribbean
* Haitian
* Colonial Asian art
* Arts in the Philippines
* Letras y figuras
* Tipos del País
* Colonial Asian Baroque
* Company style
* Latin American art
* Casta painting
* Indochristian art
* Chilote school
* Cuzco school
* Quito school
* Latin American Baroque

Art borrowing
Western elements|

* Islamic
* Moorish
* Manichaean
* Mughal
* Qajar
* Qing handicrafts
* Western influence in Japan
* Akita ranga
* Uki-e

Transition
to modern
(c. 1770 – 1862)|

* Romanticism
* Fairy painting
* Danish Golden Age
* Troubadour style
* Nazarene movement
* Purismo
* Shoreham Ancients
* Düsseldorf school
* Pre-Raphaelites
* Hudson River School
* American luminism
* Orientalism
* Norwich school
* Empire style
* Historicism
* Revivalism
* Biedermeier
* Realism
* Barbizon school
* Costumbrismo
* Verismo
* Macchiaioli
* Academic art
* Munich school
* in Greece
* Neo-Grec
* Etching revival

Modern
(1863–1944)|

| 1863–1899|

* Neo-romanticism
* National romanticism
* Yōga
* Nihonga
* Japonisme
* Anglo-Japanese style
* Beuron school
* Hague school
* Peredvizhniki
* Impressionism
* American
* Hoosier Group
* Boston school
* Amsterdam
* Canadian
* Heidelberg school
* Aestheticism
* Arts and Crafts
* Art pottery
* Tonalism
* Decadent movement
* Symbolism
* Romanian
* Russian
* Volcano school
* Incoherents
* Post-Impressionism
* Neo-Impressionism
* Luminism
* Divisionism
* Pointillism
* Pont-Aven School
* Cloisonnism
* Synthetism
* Les Nabis
* American Barbizon school
* California tonalism
* Costumbrismo

|

1900–1914|

* Art Nouveau
* Art Nouveau in Milan
* Primitivism
* California Impressionism
* Secessionism
* School of Paris
* Munich Secession
* Vienna Secession
* Berlin Secession
* Sonderbund
* Pennsylvania Impressionism
* Mir iskusstva
* Ten American Painters
* Fauvism
* Expressionism
* Die Brücke
* Der Blaue Reiter
* Noucentisme
* Deutscher Werkbund
* American Realism
* Ashcan school
* Cubism
* Proto-Cubism
* Orphism
* A Nyolcak
* Neue Künstlervereinigung München
* Futurism
* Cubo-Futurism
* Art Deco
* Metaphysical
* Rayonism
* Productivism
* Synchromism
* Vorticism

1915–1944|

* Sosaku-hanga
* Suprematism
* School of Paris
* Crystal Cubism
* Constructivism
* Latin American
* Universal Constructivism
* Dada
* Shin-hanga
* Neoplasticism
* De Stijl
* Purism
* Return to order
* Novecento Italiano
* Figurative Constructivism
* Stupid
* Cologne Progressives
* Arbeitsrat für Kunst
* November Group
* Australian tonalism
* Dresden Secession
* Social realism
* Functionalism
* Bauhaus
* Kinetic art
* Anthropophagy
* Mingei
* Group of Seven
* New Objectivity
* Grosvenor school
* Neues Sehen
* Surrealism
* Iranian
* Latin American
* Mexican muralism
* Neo-Fauvism
* Precisionism
* Aeropittura
* Asso
* Scuola Romana
* Cercle et Carré
* The Group
* Harlem Renaissance
* Kapists
* Regionalism
* California Scene Painting
* Heroic realism
* Socialist realism
* Nazi art
* Streamline Moderne
* Concrete art
* Abstraction-Création
* Tiki
* The Ten
* Dimensionism
* Boston Expressionism
* Leningrad school

Contemporary
and Postmodern
(1945–present)|

| 1945–1959|

* International Typographic Style
* Abstract expressionism
* Washington Color School
* Visionary art
* Vienna School of Fantastic Realism
* Spatialism
* Color field
* Lyrical abstraction
* Tachisme
* Arte Informale
* COBRA
* Nuagisme
* Generación de la Ruptura
* Jikken Kōbō
* Metcalf Chateau
* Mono-ha
* Nanyang Style
* Action painting
* American Figurative Expressionism
* in New York
* New media art
* New York school
* Hard-edge painting
* Bay Area Figurative Movement
* Les Plasticiens
* Gutai Art Association
* Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai
* Pop art
* Situationist International
* Soviet Nonconformist
* Ukrainian underground
* Lettrism
* Letterist International
* Ultra-Lettrist
* Florida Highwaymen
* Cybernetic art
* Antipodeans

|

1960–1969|

* Otra Figuración
* Afrofuturism
* Nueva Presencia
* ZERO
* Happening
* Neo-Dada
* Neo-Dada Organizers
* Op art
* Nouveau réalisme
* Nouvelle tendance
* Capitalist realism
* Art & Language
* Arte Povera
* Black Arts Movement
* The Caribbean Artists Movement
* Chicano art movement
* Conceptual art
* Land art
* Systems art
* Video art
* Minimalism
* Fluxus
* Generative art
* Post-painterly abstraction
* Intermedia
* Psychedelic art
* Nut Art
* Photorealism
* Environmental art
* Performance art
* Process art
* Institutional critique
* Light and Space
* Street art
* Feminist art movement
* in the US
* Saqqakhaneh movement
* The Stars Art Group
* Tropicália
* Yoru no Kai
* Artificial intelligence visual art

1970–1999|

* Post-conceptual art
* Installation art
* Artscene
* Postminimalism
* Endurance art
* Sots Art
* Moscow Conceptualists
* Pattern and Decoration
* Pliontanism
* Punk art
* Neo-expressionism
* Transavantgarde
* Saint Soleil school
* Guerrilla art
* Lowbrow art
* Telematic art
* Appropriation art
* Neo-conceptual art
* New European Painting
* Tunisian collaborative painting
* Memphis Group
* Cyberdelic
* Neue Slowenische Kunst
* Scratch video
* Transgressive
* Retrofuturism
* Young British Artists
* Superfiction
* Taring Padi
* Superflat
* New Leipzig school
* Artist-run initiative
* Artivism
* The Designers Republic
* Grunge design
* Verdadism
* Chinese Apartment Art

2000–
present|

* Amazonian pop art
* Altermodern
* Art for art
* Art game
* Art intervention
* Brandalism
* Classical Realism
* Contemporary African art
* Africanfuturism
* Contemporary Indigenous Australian art
* Crypto art
* Cyborg art
* Excessivism
* Fictive art
* Flat design
* Corporate Memphis
* Hypermodernism
* Hyperrealism
* Idea art
* Internet art
* Post-Internet
* iPhone art
* Kitsch movement
* Lightpainting
* Massurrealism
* Modern European ink painting
* Neo-futurism
* Neomodern
* Neosymbolism
* Passionism
* Post-YBAs
* Relational art
* Skeuomorphism
* Software art
* Sound art
* Stuckism
* Superflat
* SoFlo Superflat
* Superstroke
* Toyism
* Unilalianism
* Vaporwave
* Walking Artists Network

Related topics|

* History of art
* Abstract art
* Asemic writing
* Anti-art
* Avant-garde
* Ballets Russes
* Christian art
* Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation
* Catholic art
* Icon
* Lutheran art
* Digital art
* Fantastic art
* Folk art
* Hierarchy of genres
* Genre painting
* History painting
* Illuminated manuscript
* Illustration
* Interactive art
* Jewish art
* Kitsch
* Landscape painting
* Modernism
* Modern sculpture
* Late modernism
* Naïve art
* Outsider art
* Portrait
* Prehistoric European art
* Queer art
* Realism
* Shock art
* Trompe-l'œil
* Western painting

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Visual arts and the art world

Artwork|

* Appropriation
* Collage
* Conceptual art
* Cultural artifact
* Drawing
* Fine art
* Fine-art photograph
* Found object
* Installation art
* Kinetic art
* Mixed media
* bricolage
* Mural
* fresco
* graffiti
* New media art
* history
* digital
* virtual
* Painting
* Performance art
* Plastic arts
* Portrait
* Printmaking
* Public art
* street art
* Sculpture
* carving
* relief
* statue
* tallest
* Site-specific art
* Social sculpture
* Soft sculpture
* Stained glass
* Artwork title

Roles|

* Artist
* Collector
* Conservator-restorer
* paintings
* frescos
* Critic
* Curator
* Dealer
* Model
* Patron
* Visual arts education
* Europe

Places
and events|

* Art auction
* Art colony
* Art commune
* Art exhibition
* alternative exhibition space
* Art gallery
* Contemporary art gallery
* Art museum
* Single-artist museum
* Art school
* Europe
* Arts centre
* Arts festival
* Artist collective
* Artist cooperative
* Artist-in-residence program
* Artist-run initiative
* Artist-run space
* Biennale
* Commission
* Sculpture garden
* Sculpture trail
* Virtual museum

History of art|

* Timeline of art
* Art history (academic study)
* Art manifesto
* Art movements
* Criticism
* feminist
* History of painting
* outline
* Periods in Western art history
* Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America

Related|

* Art market
* The arts
* Catalogue raisonné
* Classificatory disputes
* Museum collection management
* deaccessioning
* Conservation-restoration
* paintings
* Cultural policy
* Depiction
* Destination painting
* Eclecticism in art
* Economics of art
* art finance
* art valuation
* Elements of art
* Forgery
* Index of painting-related articles
* Outline of the visual arts
* painting
* sculpture
* Provenance
* Sociology of art
* Style
* Unfinished work

Lists|

* Art magazines
* Art media
* Art techniques
* Art movements
* Art museums
* largest
* most visited
* sculpture parks
* single artist
* Art reference books
* Colossal sculptures in situ
* Contemporary artists
* Contemporary art galleries
* Modern artists
* National galleries
* Painters
* by name
* by nationality
* Photographers
* Sculptors
* female
* Stolen paintings
* Most expensive paintings, sculptures, works by living artists

* Painting portal
* Visual arts portal
* Arts portal

Authority control databases

National|

* Germany
* Japan
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Latvia

Other|

* Yale LUX

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